Deck 18: B: Applied Psychology

Question 1

The world population is made up of approximately how many people?

A) three billion
B) seven billion
C) 12 billion
D) 25 billion

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Crowding,noise,and overstimulation are considered major sources of

A) urban stress.
B) biodata.
C) critical incidents.
D) all of these.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT an example of a territorial marker in an office space?

A) photographs
B) office furniture
C) decorations
D) a coffee mug brought from home

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Placing signs in raised flower beds protects signs from vandalism because people resist trampling the flowers to get to the sign.This is an example of how architects using psychological research are able to prevent vandalism

A) through the use of biodata.
B) by "hardening" and "de-opportunizing" public settings.
C) by appealing to the sensations and perceptions of the public.
D) by appealing to the "aesthetic nature" within each person.

Question 5

Experts estimate that the maximum sustainable population of the Earth is between

A) one and three billion people.
B) five and 20 billion people.
C) 25 and 50 billion people.
D) 60 and 100 billion people.

Question 6

College students who display posters on the walls of their dormitory rooms or apartments are demonstrating

A) the effects of crowding.
B) consumer behavior.
C) the importance of critical incidents.
D) territorial marking.

Question 7

Mr.and Mrs.Thomas have sat in the middle of the same pew at their church for 20 years.One day they are later than usual entering the church when they spy a new couple seated in their spot.They stand at the end of the pew until the new couple scoots down to the end of the pew.Mr.and Mrs.Thomas are exhibiting

A) an avoidance of situational crowding.
B) space psychology.
C) the density effect.
D) territorial behavior.

Question 8

Objects and other signs used to indicate "ownership" of a space are called

A) critical markers.
B) environmental cues.
C) behavioral maps.
D) territorial markers.

Question 9

Many architects now discourage vandalism and graffiti in public places through all of the following methods EXCEPT

A) limiting opportunities for vandalism, such as the use of tiled walls.
B) weakening the lure of likely targets, such as raised flower beds around signs.
C) expanding the amount of biodata in the surrounding areas.
D) "hardening" and "de-opportunizing" physical environments.

Question 10

The use of doorless toilet stalls and tiled walls tends to limit vandalism and graffiti through the use of

A) biodata.
B) environmental design.
C) critical incidents analysis.
D) territorial overload.

Question 11

Researchers have found that the more attached you are to an area,the more likely you are to signal your "ownership" by adorning the area with

A) critical markers.
B) environmental cues.
C) territorial markers.
D) behavioral mapping.

Question 12

When a home team plays better on their own home football field than they do on another team's football field,they are exhibiting

A) territorial behavior.
B) social gating.
C) behavioral mapping.
D) critical markers.

Question 13

Regarding territorial behavior,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Territorial behavior can involve temporary ownership of a space, such as a spot on the beach or a seat at the movies.
B) Sports teams show territorial behavior by playing better on their own home territory than on the other team's field.
C) Burglars are more likely to break into houses that have lots of obvious territorial markers.
D) Graffiti is an obvious form of territorial marking.

Question 14

When there are fences,lawn furniture,and parked cars around a house,the house is less likely to be burglarized.These objects are examples of

A) social gating.
B) social traps.
C) proxemic boundaries.
D) territorial markers.

Question 15

Examples of environmental designs that influence people's behavior include

A) the use of raised flower beds to protect signs since people resist trampling the flowers to get to the sign.
B) the twisting pathways within malls that make people linger longer to look at merchandise.
C) the arrangements of college classrooms that clearly define a speaker-audience relationship.
D) all of these.

Question 16

Vandalism in public places can be minimized by careful attention to

A) critical markers.
B) proxemics.
C) environmental design.
D) attention overload.

Question 17

"Gated communities" have sprung up in many cities because they designate a "defensible space" that discourages intrusions.They are examples of

A) social gating.
B) social traps.
C) proxemic boundaries.
D) territorial markers.

Question 18

A plant and coffee cup in an office cubicle are probably

A) signs that you are friendly.
B) invitations to socialize.
C) territorial markers.
D) parts of an environmental map.

Question 19

By the year 2050,the world population is projected to consist of how many people?

A) five billion
B) 10 billion
C) 25 billion
D) 50 billion

Question 20

Regarding overpopulation,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) The world's population is now more than 10 billion people and may exceed 25 billion by the year 2050.
B) Some experts believe that we have already exceeded the number of people the Earth can sustain indefinitely.
C) The effects of overpopulation are evident in the cities of underdeveloped nations as well as on the subways and living quarters in large cities in Western societies.
D) Animal experiments have been used to assess the effect of overcrowding.

Question 21

Overcrowding in animal colonies resulted in which of the following consequences?

A) decreased aggression
B) decreased death rates
C) increases in pregnancies
D) decreased maternal behavior

Question 22

Regarding the implications of overcrowding among people,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Most laboratory studies using human subjects have failed to produce any serious ill effects by crowding people into small places.
B) Disadvantages, such as poor nutrition and low education, influence the relationship between overcrowding and pathological behavior in humans.
C) Crowding in urban areas contributes to the stress experienced by its residents.
D) Overcrowding has been shown to be the direct cause of the violence and social disorganization seen in urban areas.

Question 23

Which of the following is NOT one of the results from Calhoun's study of rats in the overcrowded colony?

A) increased maternal protection of the young rats
B) indiscriminate aggression among the rats
C) rats experiencing stress-caused diseases
D) some rats showing sexual passivity and others displaying hypersexuality

Question 24

Which of these high density situations would be LEAST likely to be considered crowded?

A) Over 3,000 people are sitting on blankets on a hillside watching the laser show at Stone Mountain, Georgia.
B) Ten people are in an elevator riding up 50 floors.
C) There are ten patients to each ward in a mental hospital.
D) Three co-eds share one dorm room and one bathroom.

Question 25

Which of the following researchers performed a classic experiment in which he let a group of laboratory rats breed without limit in a confined space?

A) Stanley Milgram
B) John Calhoun
C) Frederick Taylor
D) Douglas McGregor

Question 26

Objective measure is to subjective measure as

A) intensity is to frequency.
B) diversity is to specificity.
C) density is to crowding.
D) sample is to population.

Question 27

Calhoun's study of overcrowding showed that animals in overcrowded conditions

A) reproduce more rapidly.
B) become more cooperative.
C) increase their maternal behavior.
D) die from stress-caused diseases.

Question 28

The subjective feeling of being overstimulated by social inputs or a loss of privacy is called

A) territorial pollution.
B) density.
C) dehumanization.
D) crowding.

Question 29

Attentional overload involves excessive demands on a person's attention from

A) sensory stimulation.
B) information.
C) social contacts.
D) all of these.

Question 30

Studies of overcrowding in a rat colony showed that

A) crowded animals become more docile and cooperative.
B) each animal, although crowded, claims a private territory and adapts effectively.
C) crowding produces pathological social behaviors and stress-caused diseases.
D) the population continued to rise rapidly as pregnancies increased and infant mortality decreased.

Question 31

Increased densities and crowding in cities tend to create a psychological condition called attentional

A) reactance.
B) bombardment.
C) overload.
D) dissonance.

Question 32

Which of the following factors plays the largest role in whether high density is experienced as crowding?

A) age of the person
B) gender of the person
C) the dominance or passivity of the persons involved
D) relationships among the people involved

Question 33

Overcrowding in animal colonies resulted in all of the following consequences EXCEPT

A) abnormal sexual behaviors.
B) increased death rates.
C) increased rates of pregnancies.
D) decreased maternal behavior.

Question 34

When researchers assess the number of individuals in a given space,they are measuring

A) density.
B) crowding.
C) overload.
D) bombardment.

Question 35

Milgram believes city dwellers learn to prevent attentional overload by doing all of the following EXCEPT

A) reducing one's territorial behavior.
B) engaging in brief, superficial interpersonal contacts.
C) disregarding nonessential events.
D) fending off others by adopting cold and unfriendly expressions.

Question 36

Regarding crowding and density,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Whether high density is experienced as crowding mainly depends on the age and gender of those present.
B) Most laboratory studies using human subjects have failed to produce any serious ill effects by crowding people into small places.
C) Stress probably explains why death rates increase among prison inmates and mental hospital patients who live in crowded conditions.
D) One result of high densities and crowding is a state that psychologist Stanley Milgram called attentional overload.

Question 37

According to Stanley Milgram,which of the following is a stressful condition caused when sensory stimulation,information,and social contacts make excessive demands on persons living in large densely-packed cities?

A) density bombardment
B) learned helplessness
C) territoriality
D) attentional overload

Question 38

A person who says,"There are too many people in my face,and I need some space," is probably suffering from

A) hypochondriasis.
B) crowding.
C) social density.
D) socialists.

Question 39

Regarding crowding and density,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Whether high density is experienced as crowding may depend on the relationships among the people involved.
B) Social density refers to subjective feelings of being overstimulated by social inputs or a loss of privacy.
C) People who live in crowded conditions often become more aggressive or become guarded and withdrawn from others.
D) When crowding causes a loss of control over one's immediate social environment, stress is likely to result.

Question 40

Regarding crowding and density,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) High densities always produce feelings of discomfort.
B) Crowding interacts with the type of situation in which it occurs to intensify existing stresses or pleasures.
C) The situation of humans in the inner-city is not directly analogous to the situation of animals overcrowded in the laboratory.
D) When crowding causes a loss of control over one's immediate social environment, stress is likely to result.

Question 41

Which of the following was observed in children subjected to noise pollution while attending school near an airport?

A) higher blood pressure
B) the development of stomach ulcers
C) increased aggression toward teachers
D) hearing damage

Question 42

Students at a large metropolitan university may have only superficial contact with others because of their need to

A) identify and defend territory.
B) reduce attentional overload.
C) prevent learned helplessness.
D) maintain self-esteem.

Question 43

Studies of children exposed to noise pollution have shown all of the following effects EXCEPT

A) decreased persistence in problem-solving.
B) decreased social contacts.
C) poor reading skills.
D) learned helplessness.

Question 44

Noise pollution is stressful or intrusive noise made by

A) machinery.
B) animals.
C) humans.
D) all of these.

Question 45

Studies of children exposed to noise pollution have shown all of the following effects EXCEPT

A) learned helplessness.
B) increased aggressiveness.
C) high blood pressure.
D) poor concentration and lack of focus.

Question 46

Regarding natural resource consumption,which of the following is ten times higher in North America than in Asia or Africa?

A) ecological footprint
B) carbon footprint
C) territorial marker
D) conservation factor

Question 47

The tendency of children subjected to noise pollution to give up or become distracted may reveal a state of

A) learned helplessness.
B) depersonalization.
C) reaction formation.
D) unhealthy compensation.

Question 48

Resource consumption can be measured as the amount of land and water area required to replenish the resources that a human population consumes.This is referred to as a(n)

A) ecological footprint.
B) carbon footprint.
C) territorial marker
D) conservation factor.

Question 49

Regarding noise pollution,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Noise pollution is a major source of environmental stress.
B) Noise pollution can add to the attentional overload people experience in urban areas.
C) Noise pollution has an immediate, damaging impact on people's hearing abilities.
D) Noise pollution can contribute to a state of learned helplessness in children who are exposed to it.

Question 50

Engaging in brief,superficial social contacts,ignoring nonessential events,and adopting a cold,callous,unfriendly expression may help city dwellers to

A) reduce territorial behavior.
B) prevent learned helplessness.
C) reduce attentional overload.
D) maintain self-esteem.

Question 51

Regarding the effects of human activity on the environment,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Exposure to toxic hazards, such as radiation, pesticides, and industrial chemicals, leads to an elevated risk of physical and mental disease.
B) The long-range impact of human activities on the environment is already becoming evident through the extinction of plants and animals.
C) Individuals do more environmental damage than corporations or governments who are required to follow environmental standards.
D) Most of the environmental problems we face can be traced back to the human tendency to overuse natural resources.

Question 52

The long-range impact of human activities on natural environments is already evident in

A) global warming.
B) the extinction of plants and animals.
C) a hole in the ozone layer.
D) all of these.

Question 53

Most of the environmental problems we face can be traced back to

A) wars and conflicts between countries.
B) the policies of greedy corporations.
C) the human tendency to overuse natural resources.
D) bias in research resulting from a political agenda.

Question 54

In the study in which a child asked a person passing by for help,which of the following was NOT one of the results?

A) About 72 percent of those approached in small town offered to help.
B) Overall, only about 46 percent of those who were asked for help in the cities gave aid.
C) Only about one-third of the people were willing to help in the largest cities tested.
D) The least helpful city in the study was Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Question 55

Regarding urban stresses,crowding,and noise pollution,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) One serious cost of urban stresses and crowding is a blunting of sensitivity to the needs of others.
B) City dwellers learn to prevent attentional overload by intensely focusing on non-essential events.
C) Noise-battered children tend to give up or become distracted.
D) Children attending noisy schools tend to have higher blood pressure than those from quieter schools.

Question 56

A lost visitor to a large city tries to ask several of the passing city dwellers for directions.Few stop to help the visitor.Milgram would say that the city dwellers are attempting to

A) reduce attentional overload.
B) prevent learned helplessness.
C) reduce territorial behaviors.
D) prevent the bystander effect.

Question 57

Research suggests that people are more likely to help a lost child if the

A) child is male.
B) child asks loudly for help.
C) setting is a small town.
D) child is female.

Question 58

In the study in which a child asked people passing by for help,

A) more people offered help in small towns.
B) more people offered help in large cities like Boston and Philadelphia.
C) most people offered help in equal amounts regardless of whether in a small town or a large city.
D) most people stopped only when other helpers were present.

Question 59

Children who were subjected to noise pollution while attending school near an airport showed

A) lower blood pressure.
B) the development of stomach ulcers.
C) a tendency to give up or become distracted.
D) hearing damage.

Question 60

The blunting of sensitivity to the needs of others may be one of the more serious costs of

A) urban stresses and crowding.
B) the learned helplessness that often occurs in city dwellers.
C) noise pollution in large cities.
D) air and water pollution within cities.

Question 61

Regarding natural resource consumption,North America has an ecological footprint that is how much larger than that of Asia or Africa?

A) three times larger
B) six times larger
C) 10 times larger
D) 20 times larger

Question 62

Which of the following would be the LEAST effective strategy to encourage recycling?

A) requiring refundable deposits on glass bottles
B) placing signs on recycling containers indicating how many aluminum cans had been deposited in the previous week
C) learning about environmental problems and pro-environmental values at school
D) a city requirement that all reusable garbage be sorted and taken to the recycling stations located in a designated area

Question 63

Don plants trees in order to offset his

A) individual conservation factor.
B) individual ecological factor.
C) carbon debt.
D) BMI index.

Question 64

Businesses that help customers recycle old computers by putting marked containers for different recycled materials in convenient locations near a college campus are promoting recycling through

A) persuasion.
B) the revision of attitudes.
C) the removal of barriers.
D) incentives.

Question 65

Which of the following would LEAST likely result in lower energy bills?

A) monthly electricity bills
B) programmable home thermostats
C) energy saving settings on appliances and electronics
D) giving monetary rewards for energy conservation

Question 66

Studies of recycling indicate that people are more likely to recycle if they receive feedback

A) about how much they recycled on a weekly basis.
B) about how much they recycled every year.
C) from public officials.
D) from people who are close to them.

Question 67

With growing public concern over global warming,many people are now calculating the volume of greenhouse gases individual consumption adds to the atmosphere,which is called a(n)

A) ecological footprint.
B) carbon footprint.
C) territorial marker.
D) conservation factor.

Question 68

If you reduce your energy consumption and offset the remainder,then you are living what is known as a(n)__________ lifestyle.

A) positive ecological
B) negative consumption
C) carbon-debt
D) carbon-neutral

Question 69

All of the following are strategies that encourage recycling EXCEPT

A) having people sign pledge cards on which they promise to recycle.
B) asking people to set goals for how much they will recycle.
C) revising attitudes so people get a sense of satisfaction from recycling.
D) having people take the materials to the recycling center themselves.

Question 70

By using energy-efficient lights,Don has reduced the volume of greenhouse gases he adds to the atmosphere and by doing so he immediately sees a reduction in his

A) conservation factor.
B) carbon footprint.
C) ecological debt.
D) BMI footprint.

Question 71

Try as you might to reduce your use of resources,such as electricity,you might find it difficult to do because environmental psychologists have long known that a major barrier to conservation is

A) individual human greed.
B) a lack of control and feedback.
C) corporate policy.
D) people's lack of faith in environmental research.

Question 72

By using energy-efficient lights and planting trees,Simone aspires to reduce her energy consumption and offset her carbon debt so that her overall impact on global warming is zero.Simone is aspiring toward a

A) perfect positive conservation factor.
B) perfect positive carbon footprint.
C) neutral ecological footprint.
D) carbon-neutral lifestyle.

Question 73

Reduction of energy consumption and increases in recycling would be most dramatic in programs that used

A) testimonials by prominent persons.
B) immediate feedback on consumption and rewards for conservation.
C) exposure to models similar to the targeted population.
D) appeals from local and national government officials.

Question 74

A city that offers curbside pickup of recyclables or accepts unsorted recycling materials is using which strategy to promote recycling?

A) persuasion
B) revision of attitudes
C) removal of barriers
D) education

Question 75

Which of the following has been one of the most effective ways to encourage pro-environmental behavior,including recycling?

A) incentives, such as refundable deposits on glass bottles
B) visible recycling bins
C) monetary fines for those who refuse to recycle
D) learning about environmental problems at school

Question 76

Requiring refundable deposits on glass bottles is a good example of using which of the following to increase recycling?

A) incentives
B) feedback
C) removal of barriers
D) persuasion and education

Question 77

Giving families and work groups daily feedback about their use of gas or electricity has been shown to

A) increase energy consumption in both groups.
B) decrease energy consumption in both groups.
C) have no change on the individual energy consumption of families.
D) have no change on the energy consumption of work groups.

Question 78

Several organizations provide websites that allow individuals to calculate,and therefore,track,their individual resource consumption.These websites are known as __________ calculators.

A) ecological footprint
B) BMI
C) territorial marker
D) conservation factor

Question 79

Which of the following would be the LEAST helpful in promoting recycling?

A) using media campaigns to persuade people to recycle
B) providing people with monetary rewards for recycling
C) encouraging people to reuse products and materials that would normally be thrown away
D) having the government set recycling goals for each household and office

Question 80

Which of the following can provide continuous feedback about energy usage to both consumers and their energy suppliers; thus,allowing electricity utilities to offer electricity at lower prices during periods of low demand?

A) smart meters
B) ecological footprints
C) carbon footprints
D) carbon debt meters