Deck 18: C: Applied Psychology

Question 1

Regarding mental practice,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Mental practice helps athletes revise motor programs.
B) Mental practice involves imagining a skilled performance.
C) Mental practice and actual practice are equally effective in learning a skill.
D) Mental practice tends to be most valuable after you have mastered a task at a basic level.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Mental practice can best be described as

A) breaking complex skills into their subparts.
B) imagining a skilled athletic performance.
C) planning how to change one's athletic performance.
D) modeling specific motor skills.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The experience of peak performance by athletes is also referred to as

A) flow.
B) stellar enhancement.
C) star quality.
D) nirvana.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Just before the race,a sprinter at a track meet tries to become angry by picturing a rival cheating.This is likely to noticeably increase his arousal level and

A) improve his performance.
B) decrease his performance.
C) have no effect on his performance.
D) distract his rival so the rival will perform more poorly.

Question 5

According to your text,the best way for athletes to improve their performance to its peak level is by

A) using steroids.
B) making sure their arousal level is appropriate for the sport.
C) focusing on their coaches non-verbal evaluations during a performance.
D) doing none of these.

Question 6

During a sports performance when an athlete experiences intense concentration,detachment,a lack of fatigue and pain,a subjective slowing of time,and feelings of unusual power and control,he or she is experiencing what is known as

A) stellar enhancement.
B) flow.
C) the hypervigilance state.
D) nirvana.

Question 7

Regarding "flow," which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) During flow, the person experiences the subjective feeling that time is speeding up.
B) Flow cannot be forced to happen.
C) If a person stops to think about the "flow" state that is happening, this state will go away.
D) It is during "flow" that "personal bests" tend to occur.

Question 8

Imagining a skilled performance to aid learning is known as

A) mental practice.
B) kinesthetic analysis.
C) peak performance.
D) flow training.

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT associated with peak performances?

A) The athlete experiences a lack of fatigue and pain.
B) The athlete experiences a trance-like state.
C) The athlete feels as if time is speeding up.
D) The athlete experiences a sense of detachment.

Question 10

All of the following occur during a peak performance EXCEPT

A) a lack of concentration as the movements become fluid.
B) a lack of fatigue and pain.
C) a sense that time is slowing down.
D) the disappearance of the flow state if one stops to think about it.

Question 11

Regarding practice and athletic performance,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Both mental and actual practice can help in the learning and refinement of skills.
B) Practice involving artificial cues and responses is beneficial so athletes can learn to perform under a variety of conditions.
C) Actual practice is superior to mental practice when it comes to learning and improving skills.
D) Practice involving skilled models is more beneficial than practice without models.

Question 12

As Dana performs her ice skating program at the Nationals,she begins to feel like she is almost in a trance with time seeming to slow "almost to a crawl." She feels at one with her performance and flows with it,having complete and perfect control over every movement.According to sports psychologists,Dana is experiencing

A) nirvana.
B) aesthetic performance.
C) attention overload.
D) peak performance.

Question 13

When athletes experience intense concentration and feelings of unusual power or control during a performance,it is referred to as "flow," or

A) hypervigilance.
B) performance imagery.
C) peak cardiovascular output.
D) peak performance.

Question 14

A performance during which physical,mental,and emotional states are harmonious and optimal is called

A) hypervigilance.
B) performance imagery.
C) peak performance.
D) performance enhancement.

Question 15

As Greg is performing his gymnastic routine,he experiences intense concentration,a detachment to the sights and sounds of his surrounding,and the sensation that time is moving much slower than before.His muscles,which had been aching only moments before,are free from any pain,and he feels that his energy as significantly increased.Greg is experiencing a state known as

A) flow.
B) asceticism.
C) attention overload.
D) nirvana.

Question 16

Which of the following is common during "flow" or peak performance?

A) fatigue and intense pain
B) a feeling that time is racing by
C) a lack of concentration
D) detachment

Question 17

Research has shown that mental practice

A) helps athletes by allowing them to refine motor programs.
B) is just as effective as actual practice in improving performance.
C) tends to be most valuable when an athlete is trying to first learn a basic task.
D) is characterized by all of these.

Question 18

To avoid "choking" while he is putting,a golfer must try to

A) increase his arousal level.
B) decrease his arousal level.
C) increase his "flow" state through depersonalization.
D) focus on previous errors in putting so he won't repeat them.

Question 19

To refine her motor program for the upcoming ice skating competition,LaKeisha images her skilled performance of her ice skating program.LaKeisha is using an approach known as

A) mental practice.
B) kinesthetic analysis.
C) peak performance.
D) flow training.

Question 20

Which of the following involves an experience that has been called "flow" because the athlete becomes one with his or her performance and flows with it?

A) the hypervigilance state
B) stellar positioning
C) aestheticism
D) peak performance

Question 21

The specialty concerned with making machines and work environments compatible with human sensory and motor capacities is called

A) cybernetics.
B) psychophysiology.
C) ergonomics.
D) humanistics.

Question 22

Psychologists have found that painting white lines across the road makes drivers feel like they are traveling faster.This effect is even stronger if the lines get progressively closer together.Placing lines near dangerous intersections or sections of highway has dramatically lowered accident rates and illustrates the benefits of

A) cybernetics.
B) human factors engineering.
C) psychophysiological analysis.
D) behavioral management.

Question 23

Which of the following can be used to focus attention on the athlete's task and to mentally rehearse it beforehand?

A) satisficing
B) imaging techniques
C) ergonomics
D) attentional overload

Question 24

Which of the following is NOT usually used to adjust one's arousal level?

A) going through a fixed routine before each game or event
B) using satisficing
C) using imagery
D) using relaxation techniques

Question 25

Human factors psychology is also known as

A) cybernetics.
B) heuristics.
C) ergonomics.
D) humanistics.

Question 26

Which of the following would be LEAST helpful in improving athletic performance?

A) mentally rehearsing athletic skills in one's head before a performance
B) evaluating previous performances to adjust to more optimal levels
C) focusing on positive thoughts before a big performance
D) changing one's routine before an athletic event

Question 27

Jason is a psychologist who makes machine displays easy to perceive,controls easy to use,and minimizes errors on the job due to the design of machines.Jason is a __________ psychologist.

A) cybernetic
B) behavioral
C) psychophysiological
D) human factors

Question 28

An athlete evaluates his performance and makes adjustments to keep his performance at optimum levels.This athlete is using

A) task analysis.
B) self-regulation strategies.
C) mental practice.
D) kinesthetic imaging.

Question 29

Instead of berating herself for being behind in a match,a tennis player uses the time between points to savor a good shot or put an error out of her mind.This illustrates how this tennis player is using which of the following to guide her efforts?

A) cognitive-behavioral strategies
B) kinesthetic imaging
C) mental practice
D) existential strategies

Question 30

With respect to arousal level and athletic performance,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Arousal level needs to fit the task at hand.
B) A low arousal level is needed for most athletic performances.
C) Athletes are able to control their levels of arousal through relaxation.
D) A fixed routine before athletic performances is beneficial in regulating arousal levels.

Question 31

The type of psychologists who help design many of the tools we rely on each day,such as "user-friendly" computers,home appliances,digital cameras,airplane controls,and traffic signals are called __________ psychologists.

A) cybernetic
B) human factors
C) psychophysiological
D) behavioral

Question 32

Human factor psychologists are involved with

A) making machine displays easy to perceive and controls easy to use.
B) making optimal use of a person's skills on the job through testing and placement.
C) increased efficiency on the job through Theory Y leadership techniques.
D) all of these.

Question 33

Performance improvement by athletes can be achieved by all of the following EXCEPT by

A) using imagery and relaxation.
B) suspending self-regulation and not making any adjustments to his or her performance.
C) controlling their arousal by going through a fixed routine.
D) using cognitive-behavioral strategies to guide their efforts.

Question 34

In order to improve their performances,a sprinter should increase which of the following while a gymnast should decrease hers?

A) arousal level
B) kinesthetic analysis
C) the "flow" state
D) mental practice

Question 35

Any dial,screen,light,or other device used to provide information about a machine's activity to a human user is referred to as a(n)

A) cybernetic device.
B) control.
C) ergonomic device.
D) display.

Question 36

Which of the following is NOT a way that athletes can mentally improve their performances?

A) avoidance of negative and self-critical thoughts
B) the use of self-regulation strategies to evaluate their performance and make adjustments
C) mentally rehearsing non-athletic tasks before a performance to reduce anxiety
D) the use of cognitive-behavioral strategies to guide their efforts in a supportive, positive way

Question 37

Many of the mental strategies,such as imagery and relaxation,used by sports psychologists are an extension of __________ techniques.

A) Gestalt
B) psychodynamic
C) existential
D) stress inoculation

Question 38

Before each of his golf shots,the golf great Jack Nicklaus said that he "watched a movie" in his head of him "making the shot." Jack Nicklaus was using

A) satisficing.
B) imaging techniques.
C) ergonomics.
D) task analysis.

Question 39

Before each basketball game,Miguel goes through a fixed routine,which helps him to

A) prevent satisficing.
B) focus on the critical incidents in the upcoming game.
C) maintain attentional overload.
D) control his arousal level.

Question 40

Going through a fixed routine before each game or using imagery or relaxation techniques

A) are used to adjust one's arousal level.
B) often lead to satisficing.
C) have been shown to decrease one's performance.
D) are used in task analysis.

Question 41

One way to create more natural designs in machines is to use which of the following to create similarities between different subjects?

A) convergences
B) divergences
C) metaphors
D) flexible models

Question 42

Human factors psychologists directly measure the ease with which people can learn to use a machine,a process known as

A) pragmatic testing.
B) usability testing.
C) humanistic assessments.
D) operational acquisition.

Question 43

Providing information is to altering activity as a(n)

A) cybernetic device is to an ergonomic device.
B) control is to a display.
C) ergonomic device is to a cybernetic device.
D) display is to a control.

Question 44

Regarding ergonomics,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Psychologist Donald Norman referred to successful human factors engineering as intuitive design.
B) Effective designs provide feedback.
C) The cause of many accidents is not just "human error," but poor design.
D) The design of all current personal computers uses a metaphor of an office desk.

Question 45

Digital cameras are designed to look a lot like film cameras so that you can use your knowledge of how a mechanical camera works to start using a digital camera.This is an example of __________ design.

A) natural
B) intuitive
C) convergent
D) divergent

Question 46

One famous example of a natural design is the design of all current personal computers,which presents images,such as "files," "folders," an even a "trash can." This is referred to as the

A) "desktop metaphor."
B) cybernetic model.
C) "brain metaphor."
D) "filing cabinet model."

Question 47

In the past,construction workers who installed steel rods in the floors of large buildings had been spending most of their work days awkwardly bent over.To avoid injuries and to minimize fatigue,machines were designed that allowed workers to do the job while standing upright.Through testing,it was found that the construction workers were able to use the newer machines faster,and they spent less time in backbreaking positions.Thus,more effective and healthier construction approaches were devised through

A) pragmatic testing.
B) operational acquisition.
C) humanistic assessments.
D) usability testing.

Question 48

Regarding usability testing,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Usability testing directly measures the ease with which people can learn to use a machine.
B) Health and safety are important targets of usability testing.
C) One form of usability testing is the situational judgments tests.
D) Usability testing is a process conducted by human factors psychologists.

Question 49

One interesting form of usability testing involves people verbalizing their thoughts as they use a machine.This is called the

A) marketing metaphor.
B) thinking aloud protocol.
C) telepresence design.
D) natural design metaphor.

Question 50

Effective design provides information about the effect of making a response,which is called

A) feedback.
B) multi-sensory interactions.
C) ergonomics.
D) attention control.

Question 51

The thinking aloud protocol,in which people are asked to verbalize their thoughts as they use a machine,is an example of

A) usability testing.
B) marketing.
C) telepresence.
D) natural design metaphors.

Question 52

Luis is directly measuring the ease with which people can learn to use a new construction tool.Luis is doing

A) pragmatic testing.
B) usability testing.
C) humanistic assessments.
D) operational acquisition.

Question 53

The row of vertical buttons in elevators that mimic the layout of the floors is an example of __________ design.

A) intuitive
B) natural
C) convergent
D) divergent

Question 54

The design of all current personal computers is a "desk metaphor," which presents images,such as "files," "folders," and "trash can." This is an example of __________ design.

A) natural
B) intuitive
C) convergent
D) divergent

Question 55

In which of the following approaches are people's actual performances compared with what they are thinking and make it possible to fine-tune the details of a design?

A) marketing metaphor
B) thinking aloud protocol
C) telepresence design
D) natural design metaphor

Question 56

The audible click designed into many computer keyboards is an example of how effective designs provide

A) feedback
B) multi-sensory interactions
C) ergonomics
D) attention control

Question 57

Which of the following psychologists first referred to successful human factors engineering as natural design,because it is based on perceptual signals that people understand naturally,without needing to learn them?

A) Donald Norman
B) Leon Festinger
C) Douglas McGregor
D) Stanley Milgram

Question 58

Examples of natural designs include

A) the "desktop metaphor" for personal computers.
B) digital cameras being designed to look like film cameras.
C) the vertical buttons in elevators that mimic the layout of the floors.
D) all of these.

Question 59

Any knob,handle,button,lever,or other device used to alter the activity of a machine is referred to as a(n)

A) cybernetic device.
B) control.
C) ergonomic device.
D) display.

Question 60

Because it is based on perceptual signals that people already understand without needing to learn them,Psychologist Donald Norman refers to successful human factors engineering as __________ design.

A) intuitive
B) natural
C) convergent
D) divergent

Question 61

To prevent misusing or underusing your new advanced cell phone,you should do all of the following EXCEPT

A) try to satisfice by jumping right in and using the phone.
B) try to understand the tool by reading the instruction manual.
C) look for valuable capacities hidden several layers down in the menu of the phone.
D) try to understand the specific tasks your new tool is designed to help you accomplish.

Question 62

Which of the following was utilized in 2001 by a surgeon in New York who removed the diseased gallbladder of a patient an ocean away in France?

A) psychokinesis
B) kinesthetic imagery
C) telepresence
D) virtual travel

Question 63

Traditionally,machines of the past were designed to make us

A) stronger.
B) dependent.
C) safer.
D) smarter.

Question 64

Tia has just bought a digital camera and is able to take a basic photo with it.However,she is not using all the options this new camera has to offer.Tia is exhibiting

A) pseudostupidity.
B) satisficing.
C) a compensatory urge.
D) complacency.

Question 65

Regarding current human-computer interactions,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) The typical laptop computer today relies on a keyboard, touch pad, or voice recognition for output and a display screen for input.
B) Telepresence involves a computer interface that creates a sense of being present in a remote location to the extent that surgery can be performed.
C) The Wii wand allows players to interface with the game through more natural hand and body movements.
D) Microsoft's Kinect offers an even more natural interface by eliminating the hand-held controller, allowing players to play just by moving and speaking to the computer.

Question 66

The challenges of living in space habitats include which of the following?

A) restricted physical movement
B) noise
C) sensory monotony
D) all of these

Question 67

In the world of human-computer interaction,controls are also called __________ devices.

A) cybernetic
B) output
C) ergonomic
D) input

Question 68

Computer interfaces can create a sense of being present in a remote location,which is called

A) psychokinesis.
B) kinesthetic imagery.
C) telepresence.
D) virtual travel.

Question 69

Regarding satisficing,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Satisficing is not just a matter of being lazy, sometimes it can be a survival skill.
B) If a device is user friendly, it is unnecessary to read an instruction manual.
C) People are often tempted to satisfice because of our hectic modern world.
D) Satisficing refers to just "getting by" in using a tool rather than using the tool to its fullest capacity.

Question 70

The challenges of living in space habitats include all of the following EXCEPT

A) restricted physical movement.
B) confinement in close quarters.
C) constant changes in sensory input.
D) the need for privacy.

Question 71

In the world of human-computer interaction,input devices are also called

A) cybernetic devices.
B) controls.
C) ergonomic devices.
D) displays.

Question 72

In the world of human-computer interaction,displays are also called __________ devices.

A) cybernetic
B) output
C) ergonomic
D) input

Question 73

Using human factors methods to design computers and software is referred to as

A) the thinking aloud protocol (TAP).
B) worldwide interactive networking (WIN).
C) human-computer interaction (HCI).
D) cybernetic programming research (CPR).

Question 74

Regarding satisficing,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Satisficing involves engaging in behavior that achieves a minimum result, rather than maximizing the outcome of that behavior.
B) Reading the instruction manual can prevent some aspects of satisficing.
C) People who exhibit satisficing are totally incapable of learning the new skill.
D) Satisficing can be a survival skill.

Question 75

Humans communicate with computers through a set of input and output devices called a(n)

A) cybernetic device.
B) ergonomic device.
C) interface.
D) algorithm.

Question 76

Before telesurgery can become more common,the telepresence system must be improved to provide more of which type of feedback for surgeons?

A) visual
B) kinesthetic
C) auditory
D) tactile

Question 77

In the world of human-computer interaction,output devices are also called

A) cybernetic devices.
B) controls.
C) ergonomic devices.
D) displays.

Question 78

Engaging in behavior that achieves a minimum result,rather than maximizing the outcome of that behavior is known as

A) pseudostupidity.
B) satisficing.
C) compensatory urge.
D) complacency.

Question 79

Computers are machines designed to make us

A) stronger.
B) cooperative.
C) interdependent.
D) smarter.

Question 80

The thinking aloud protocol,which compares people's actual performances to what they are thinking makes it possible to

A) determine whether people will buy the product.
B) create a telepresence within a design.
C) fine-tune the details of a design.
D) write the user manual and instructions for the machine.