Deck 11: Personality

Question 1

Regarding Freud's psychoanalytic theory,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Freud suggested that animal drives and instinctual pleasures are contained in the id.
B) Freud uses the reality principle and the pleasure principle to explain the governing principles of the ego and the id.
C) Freud believed that the id,ego,and superego were structures in the brain that would eventually be located.
D) The id is proposed to be the only psychic structure that is present at birth.
E) Freud felt that the superego develops between ages three and five.

Answer 1

Freud believed that the id,ego,and superego were structures in the brain that would eventually be located.

Question 2

Freud's psychoanalytic theory posits that the pleasure principle is _____.

A) information that we have in mind at any given moment in time.
B) the demand for instant gratification without regard to social rules or customs.
C) primitive sexual and aggressive impulses,memories of troubling emotional experiences,and unacceptable wishes or ideas.
D) information that can be retrieved from memory and brought into awareness at any time
E) the internalized moral teachings of parents or other significant others that may be partially conscious and partially unconscious.

Answer 2

the demand for instant gratification without regard to social rules or customs.

Question 3

Freud's psychoanalytic theory posits that the preconscious consists of _____.

A) information that we have in mind at any given moment in time.
B) the demand for instant gratification without regard to social rules or customs.
C) primitive sexual and aggressive impulses,memories of troubling emotional experiences,and unacceptable wishes or ideas.
D) information that can be retrieved from memory and brought into awareness at any time.
E) the internalized moral teachings of parents or other significant others that may be partially conscious and partially unconscious.

Answer 3

the demand for instant gratification without regard to social rules or customs.

Question 4

Your textbook defines personality as _____.

A) the relatively stable set of psychological characteristics and behavior patterns that make individuals unique and account for the consistency of their behavior over time
B) the complex of characteristics that distinguishes an individual or a nation or group
C) the complex of all the attributes—behavioral, temperament, emotional and mental – that characterize a unique individual
D) an assumed role or manner of behavior that makes a person or thing distinct from another
E) enduring patterns of perceiving, relating to, and thinking about the environment and oneself

Question 5

Using the iceberg analogy,which personality structure(s)lies completely below the water?

A) superego and ego
B) ego and id
C) superego and id
D) superego only
E) id only

Question 6

In Freudian theory,the level of consciousness that corresponds to our current level of awareness is the

A) unconscious.
B) conscious.
C) preconscious.
D) superego.
E) ego.

Question 7

Freud's psychoanalytic theory posits that the superego consists of _____.

A) information that we have in mind at any given moment in time.
B) the demand for instant gratification without regard to social rules or customs.
C) primitive sexual and aggressive impulses,memories of troubling emotional experiences,and unacceptable wishes or ideas.
D) information that can be retrieved from memory and brought into awareness at any time.
E) the internalized moral teachings of parents or other significant others that may be partially conscious and partially unconscious.

Question 8

Id,ego,and superego refer to which component of psychoanalytic theory?

A) They describe the levels of consciousness.
B) They are types of defense mechanisms.
C) They describe the stages of psychosexual development.
D) They are methods of psychoanalytic therapy.
E) They describe the structure of personality.

Question 9

Regarding the definition of personality,all but which of the following belong?

A) relatively unstable
B) psychological characteristics
C) behavioral patterns
D) accounting for individuality and consistency
E) environmental adaptation

Question 10

In psychoanalytic theory,______ is to reality principle as ______ is to pleasure principle.

A) ego; superego
B) superego; id
C) id; ego
D) superego; ego
E) ego; id

Question 11

The combination of psychological characteristics and behavior patterns that characterize the uniqueness of an individual and the ways in which the individual relates to the world and adapts to environmental demands is called

A) ego.
B) personality.
C) cognition.
D) superego.
E) temperament.

Question 12

According to Freud,most of the human mind resides in the ______,and primitive sexual and aggressive instincts lie in the ______.

A) preconscious; unconscious
B) unconscious; unconscious
C) conscious; preconscious
D) unconscious; preconscious
E) conscious; unconscious

Question 13

You meet a psychologist who explains behavior in terms of ego,defense mechanisms,and psychosexual stages.This psychologist represents which view of personality?

A) trait
B) social-cognitive
C) humanist
D) psychoanalytic
E) levels-of-consciousness

Question 14

Freud believed that personality consists of _____ structures,and they are called _____.

A) 3; self-concept,self-esteem,and self-efficacy
B) 5; neuroticism,extraversion,openness,agreeableness,and conscientiousness
C) 5; oral,anal,phallic,latency,and genital
D) 3; unconscious,preconscious,and conscious
E) 3; id,ego,and superego

Question 15

Using an iceberg analogy,the tip of the iceberg is most like which level of consciousness in Freud's theory?

A) preconscious
B) unconscious
C) ego
D) conscious
E) superego

Question 16

According to Freudian theory,which type of information is LEAST likely to be in the unconscious?

A) primitive urges
B) your friend's telephone number
C) memories of troubling emotional experiences
D) aggressive impulses
E) wishes and ideas you'd rather not think about

Question 17

Frank says,"My conscience is bothering me." Using Freud's terminology,Frank is referring to his

A) superego.
B) ego.
C) id.
D) conscious.
E) unconscious.

Question 18

Freud might say that someone who was displaying excessive aggression was acting according to his or her

A) id.
B) ego.
C) superego.
D) conscience.
E) reality principle.

Question 19

In psychoanalytic theory,the personality structure that organizes ways to handle delays of gratification and represents "reason and good sense" is the

A) ego.
B) id.
C) superego.
D) conscience.
E) unconscious.

Question 20

Freud developed an approach to personality called ______ theory.

A) psychoanalytic
B) trait
C) social-cognitive
D) humanistic
E) levels of consciousness

Question 21

Angela unconsciously despises old people.Yet,she volunteers two days each week at a retirement home.This is a classic case of

A) regression.
B) displacement.
C) reaction formation.
D) sublimation.
E) projection.

Question 22

Regression is

A) keeping unacceptable thoughts from awareness.
B) refusing to recognize a threatening thought.
C) the use of self-justifications to explain unacceptable behavior.
D) the return of behavior that is typical of earlier stages of development.
E) channeling unacceptable impulses into acceptable behaviors.

Question 23

Rodina has suffered from substance abuse for many years.She stopped using and now competes in extreme sports.She may be demonstrating

A) projection.
B) displacement.
C) rationalization.
D) regression.
E) sublimation.

Question 24

After six-year-old Samantha's baby brother was born,she started to have temper tantrums the way she had when she was two.This may be a case of

A) repression.
B) regression.
C) projection.
D) displacement.
E) sublimation.

Question 25

From the psychoanalytic perspective,it is possible for a person to unconsciously banish unacceptable wishes,urges,and impulses.This type of motivated forgetting,thought by Freud to be a primary defense mechanism,is called

A) sublimation.
B) repression.
C) regression.
D) reaction formation.
E) projection.

Question 26

Which part of the personality might be described as "the great compromiser"?

A) self-concept
B) self-esteem
C) superego
D) ego
E) id

Question 27

Ingmar's boss ridiculed him in front of the whole office.When Ingmar returns home,he yells at his wife and children and kicks his dog.This is an example of

A) projection.
B) reaction formation.
C) regression.
D) displacement.
E) sublimation.

Question 28

In Freudian theory,different parts of the body associated with sexual pleasure are referred to as

A) erogenous zones.
B) fixations.
C) archetypes.
D) defense mechanisms.
E) psychosexual.

Question 29

Rapists sometimes defend their actions by saying,"she asked for it." This is an example of

A) denial.
B) displacement.
C) sublimation.
D) projection.
E) regression.

Question 30

According to Freud,the purpose of defense mechanisms is to

A) satisfy the id.
B) destroy the id.
C) prevent threatening thoughts from attaining awareness.
D) unite the id and superego.
E) protect the superego from troubling impulses.

Question 31

Regarding Freud's view on personality development,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Freud believed that physical activities connected to basic life functions are basically sexual in nature.
B) Freud believed that personality formed through five stages of development.
C) Freud believed that the stages of personality development involve a shift in the focus of erogenous zones.
D) Freud believed that the stages of personality development are related to the ways in which children seek pleasure from sexually sensitive parts of the body.
E) Freud believed that boys develop womb envy and girls develop penis envy.

Question 32

In Freudian theory,the failure to acknowledge a threatening impulse or desire is called

A) rationalization.
B) regression.
C) projection.
D) denial.
E) reaction formation.

Question 33

A strategy that prevents awareness of unacceptable desires is a ______,and the ______ makes use of such strategies.

A) defense mechanism; ego
B) defense mechanism; id
C) defense mechanism; superego
D) fixation; ego
E) fixation; superego

Question 34

Ruth has conflicting feelings about getting married that she has not allowed to enter her consciousness.On the night before her wedding,Ruth says,"Tomorrow I'm going to my funeral." Ruth's comment is an example of a(n)

A) displacement.
B) projection.
C) rationalization.
D) inferiority complex.
E) Freudian slip.

Question 35

Paul forgets to call his mother-in-law on her birthday.He says it just slipped his mind.In the Freudian view,this type of forgetting may represent the defense mechanism of

A) repression.
B) sublimation.
C) rationalization.
D) reaction formation.
E) displacement.

Question 36

Imposing one's own impulses or wishes onto another is called

A) projection.
B) sublimation.
C) displacement.
D) rationalization.
E) reaction formation.

Question 37

The psychoanalytic perspective suggests that too much or too little gratification at a psychosexual stage may result in

A) an inferiority complex.
B) repression.
C) reaction formation.
D) fixation.
E) regression.

Question 38

From a psychoanalytic perspective,someone with a very strong sense of morality might be described as having a very strong

A) id.
B) superego.
C) ego.
D) preconscious.
E) conscious.

Question 39

Rationalization is

A) using self-justifications to explain away unacceptable behavior.
B) directing unacceptable impulses into socially constructive pursuits.
C) imposing one's own impulses or wishes onto another.
D) refusal to recognize a threatening impulse or desire.
E) transferring unacceptable impulses away from threatening persons toward safer or less threatening objects.

Question 40

It is often said of substance abusers that the first step in recovery is admitting they have a problem.In Freudian terms,we might say they need to overcome

A) projection.
B) denial.
C) reaction formation.
D) rationalization.
E) displacement.

Question 41

According to Adler,because of their small size and limited abilities,all children harbor feelings of

A) eroticism.
B) inferiority.
C) hostility.
D) penis envy or castration anxiety.
E) anxiety.

Question 42

Jung believed that similarities among cultures in dream images,art,and religious symbols are explained by the

A) personal unconscious.
B) collective unconscious.
C) creative self.
D) cultural consciousness.
E) reality principle.

Question 43

Regarding the phallic stage of personality development,which of the following does NOT belong?

A) anal-expulsive personality
B) Oedipus complex
C) castration anxiety
D) penis envy
E) Electra complex

Question 44

According to Freud,the Oedipus complex arises during which stage of psychosexual development?

A) anal
B) phallic
C) latency
D) genital
E) oral

Question 45

All but which of the following are premises of Adler's individual psychology?

A) All children have feelings of inferiority.
B) The creative self is a mostly unconscious part of the personality.
C) Humans have a drive for superiority that can lead to positive or negative behaviors.
D) There is a part of the personality that organizes goal-seeking behavior.
E) Feelings of inferiority lead to a desire to compensate.

Question 46

Which neo-Freudian raised the idea that men may experience "womb envy"?

A) Allport
B) Adler
C) Jung
D) Erikson
E) Horney

Question 47

Francis is passive,clingy,and dependent,with a pessimistic outlook on life.In which psychosexual stage might Francis be fixated?

A) genital
B) oral
C) latency
D) phallic
E) anal

Question 48

From Freud's perspective,a boy resolves his Oedipus complex by

A) forsaking incestuous desires for his mother and taking on an identification with her.
B) unconsciously blaming his mother for bringing him into the world "ill-equipped" to deal with life's problems,then forgiving her.
C) unconsciously blaming his mother for bringing him into the world "ill-equipped" to deal with life's problems,then identifying with his father.
D) developing the ability to control elimination.
E) forsaking incestuous desires for his mother and identifying with his father.

Question 49

Alfred Adler's individual psychology emphasized the importance of the creative self,which is _____.

A) a repository of accumulated ideas and images that is shared among all humans
B) the part of the personality that is aware of itself and organizes goal-seeking behavior
C) our feelings of "being isolated and helpless in a potentially hostile world"
D) a deep form of resentment toward their parents that is ultimately repressed
E) the banishment to the unconscious of unacceptable wishes,fantasies,urges,and impulses

Question 50

A major contribution of Jung to the psychodynamic approach was his belief in

A) castration anxiety.
B) womb envy.
C) an Electra complex.
D) a collective unconscious.
E) the creative self.

Question 51

Carl Jung's analytical psychology emphasized the importance of the collective unconscious,which is _____.

A) a repository of accumulated ideas and images that is shared among all humans
B) the part of the personality that is aware of itself and organizes goal-seeking behavior
C) our feelings of "being isolated and helpless in a potentially hostile world"
D) a deep form of resentment toward their parents that is ultimately repressed
E) the banishment to the unconscious of unacceptable wishes,fantasies,urges,and impulses

Question 52

Which of the following is the best definition of archetype?

A) the self-aware part of the personality that organizes goal-seeking efforts
B) a constellation of personality traits characteristic of a particular stage of psychosexual development
C) a relatively enduring personal characteristic
D) a deep-seated form of anxiety associated with feelings of being helpless in a threatening and hostile world
E) a primitive image that reflects ancestral or universal human experiences

Question 53

Emilio's therapist says that Emilio's personality is fixated at the earliest stage of development.In layman's terms,the therapist means that Emilio's personality is ______ at the earlier stage.

A) defended
B) mapped
C) comfortable
D) malfunctioning
E) stuck

Question 54

Federico is a perfectionist with a strong need for self-control,order,and cleanliness.Freud would describe Federico as having a(n)

A) orally-fixated personality.
B) anal-retentive personality.
C) anal-expulsive personality.
D) inferiority complex.
E) drive for superiority.

Question 55

Which of the following is most likely in Freud's phallic stage of development?

A) Jason is 16 months old and tends to bite everything (and everyone)he touches.
B) Shana is 19 months old,and her mother has noticed that she gets a particular facial expression during the act of elimination.
C) Shawn is now 4 years old and can often be seen walking around with his hand inside his pants.
D) Linda is 12 years old and,unlike some of her friends,seems to have no interest in boys.
E) William is 14 years old and has developed a strong attraction to Sarah,who resembles his mother.

Question 56

Emmanuel teaches fourth graders.At which stage of psychosexual development can Emmanuel expect the majority of his students to be?

A) phallic
B) anal
C) oral
D) genital
E) latency

Question 57

As a group,neo-Freudians placed greater emphasis than Freud on all but which of the following?

A) conscious choice
B) self-direction
C) sexuality
D) creativity
E) ways of relating to others

Question 58

In Karen Horney's theory of personality development,children may develop a deep form of resentment toward their parents.Horney labeled this

A) basic anxiety.
B) basic hostility.
C) infantile regression.
D) drive for superiority.
E) inferiority complex.

Question 59

Which of the following is most likely in Freud's latency stage of development?

A) Jason is 16 months old and tends to bite everything (and everyone)he touches.
B) Shana is 19 months old,and her mother has noticed that she gets a particular facial expression during the act of elimination.
C) Shawn is now 4 years old and can often be seen walking around with his hand inside his pants.
D) Linda is 12 years old and,unlike some of her friends,seems to have no interest in boys.
E) William is 14 years old and has developed a strong attraction to Sarah,who resembles his mother.

Question 60

What is the correct ordering of Freud's psychosexual stages of development?

A) anal,oral,latency,phallic,genital
B) oral,anal,phallic,latency,genital
C) oral,anal,latency,phallic,genital
D) oral,phallic,anal,latency,genital
E) anal,oral,phallic,latency,genital

Question 61

In Allport's view,cardinal traits are

A) the most pervasive characteristics of one's personality.
B) basic building blocks of personality.
C) specific preferences.
D) fluctuating patterns of behavior.
E) superficial traits inferred from observation.

Question 62

Stable and enduring personal characteristics are called

A) habits.
B) tendencies.
C) traits.
D) types.
E) genes.

Question 63

In Cattell's model,characteristics of personality that can be inferred from behavior are called

A) archetypes.
B) source traits.
C) central traits.
D) surface traits.
E) factors.

Question 64

Allport proposed ______ types of traits in the personality,and they are called _____.

A) 2; internal and external locus of control
B) 5; neuroticism,extraversion,openness,agreeableness,and conscientiousness
C) 3; introversion-extraversion,neuroticism,and psychoticism
D) 2; surface and source traits
E) 3; cardinal,central,and secondary traits

Question 65

Regarding the trait perspective of personality development,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Trait theorists use personality traits to predict how people are likely to behave in different situations.
B) Trait theorists are interested in learning how people differ in terms of their underlying traits.
C) Trait theorists are interested in developing ways to measure traits.
D) Trait theorists are interested in how traits are organized and structured within the personality.
E) Trait theorists believe that traits cannot be measured because they are internal structures of the mind.

Question 66

Darius scores high on psychoticism.In which way is Darius likely to be perceived by others?

A) Warm and concerned about others
B) Tense,anxious,and moody
C) Solitary,reserved,and unsociable
D) Relaxed,calm,and even-tempered
E) Antisocial,hostile,and insensitive

Question 67

Karen Horney's feminine psychology emphasized the importance of our basic anxiety,which is _____.

A) a repository of accumulated ideas and images that is shared among all humans
B) the part of the personality that is aware of itself and organizes goal-seeking behavior
C) our feelings of "being isolated and helpless in a potentially hostile world"
D) a deep form of resentment toward their parents that is ultimately repressed
E) the banishment to the unconscious of unacceptable wishes,fantasies,urges,and impulses

Question 68

Hans Eysenck thought that personality differences result from _____.

A) pervasive characteristics that influence a person's behavior in most situations
B) characteristics that influence behavior in some situations,but not others
C) characteristics that can be inferred from observable behavior
D) general traits that are composed of,or give rise to,surface traits
E) biological differences that create variations in personality traits from person to person

Question 69

Which of the following people is describing a secondary trait in Allport's model?

A) Antwone,who says,"I am a spiritual person,and the only thing important to me is becoming a priest."
B) Bettina,who says,"I like rap music,and I don't like country music."
C) Cuaron,who says,"My friends say that my basic quality is that I am generous."
D) Deva,who says,"I'm a creative person."
E) Evita,who says,"I like playing soccer because I'm a very competitive person in everything I do."

Question 70

In a study of the 16PF results of writers,airline pilots,and creative artists,writers scored higher than creative artists and airline pilots on which factors of personality?

A) outgoing and happy-go-lucky
B) self-sufficient and conscientious
C) intelligent and dominant
D) controlled and emotionally stable
E) sensitive and imaginative

Question 71

Psychodynamic theory has been criticized on all but which of the following grounds?

A) It places too much emphasis on sexual and aggressive drives.
B) There is a general lack of evidence supporting many of the principles on which the theory is based.
C) The theory was based on evidence gathered from a small number of cases studies.
D) It is difficult to test using the scientific method.
E) It places too much emphasis on social influences.

Question 72

Which of the following is not one of the four basic personality types derived from the Eysenck Personality Inventory?

A) introverted-stable
B) extraverted-psychotic
C) extraverted-stable
D) introverted-neurotic
E) extraverted-neurotic

Question 73

_____'s model of personality describes personality in terms of three major traits: introversion-extraversion,neuroticism,and psychoticism.

A) Cattell
B) Eysenck
C) Allport
D) Freud
E) Jung

Question 74

Mahatma Gandhi's lifelong commitment to non-violent solutions to social problems would likely be considered an example of a(n)______ trait.

A) ordinal
B) central
C) secondary
D) cardinal
E) primary

Question 75

Gordon Allport thought that cardinal traits are _____.

A) pervasive characteristics that influence a person's behavior in most situations
B) characteristics that influence behavior in some situations,but not others
C) characteristics that can be inferred from observable behavior
D) general traits that are composed of,or give rise to,surface traits
E) biological differences that create variations in personality traits from person to person

Question 76

Raymond Cattell thought that surface traits are _____.

A) pervasive characteristics that influence a person's behavior in most situations
B) characteristics that influence behavior in some situations,but not others
C) characteristics that can be inferred from observable behavior
D) general traits that are composed of,or give rise to,surface traits
E) biological differences that create variations in personality traits from person to person

Question 77

Who developed the 16PF personality test?

A) Eysenck
B) Cattell
C) Allport
D) Jung
E) Bandura

Question 78

Cathleen takes the 16PF test of personality.This test will measure Cathleen's _____ traits.

A) source
B) surface
C) central
D) primary
E) cardinal

Question 79

According to Allport,secondary traits

A) reflect superficial differences between people.
B) compete with primary traits for dominance.
C) are the most pervasive components of personality.
D) are the basic building blocks of personality.
E) have a widespread influence across many situations.

Question 80

Kathie is reserved and unsociable,and she prefers solitude.According to Eysenck's model,Kathie would be described as

A) shy.
B) emotionally stable.
C) introverted.
D) extraverted.
E) emotionally unstable.