Deck 13: Methods of Therapy

Question 1

Dr.Melfi is a psychodynamic therapist.Therefore,we can predict she believes that restoring psychological health involves

A) increasing efforts toward self-actualization.
B) gaining insight into unconscious psychological conflicts.
C) focusing on changing behavior.
D) suppressing unacceptable motives and desires.
E) focusing on the client's experience in the here-and-now.

Answer 1

gaining insight into unconscious psychological conflicts.

Question 2

In psychoanalysis,Hannah seems to hesitate when talking about her relationship with her father.Hannah's hesitation may describe

A) insight.
B) resistance.
C) transference.
D) systematic desensitization.
E) countertransference.

Answer 2

resistance.

Question 3

Rachel's psychoanalyst asked her to talk about what she had dreamed about the previous night.In this case,Rachel is being asked about

A) manifest content.
B) latent content.
C) transfer content.
D) repressed content.
E) subjective content.

Answer 3

manifest content.

Question 4

A general term for any psychologically based form of treatment to help people better understand their problems is

A) psychoanalysis.
B) behavior modification.
C) psychotherapy.
D) psychosurgery.
E) counseling.

Question 5

Puge has just graduated from college as a clinical social worker.Which degree has Puge earned?

A) R.N.
B) M.D.
C) Ed.D.
D) Ph.D.
E) M.S.W.

Question 6

The first form of psychodynamic therapy to be developed was

A) cognitive.
B) behavioral.
C) humanistic.
D) psychoanalysis.
E) client-centered.

Question 7

In psychoanalysis,_____ describes blocking that occurs when the therapy touches upon anxiety-evoking thoughts or feelings.

A) resistance
B) transference
C) countertransference
D) interpretation
E) insight

Question 8

All but which of the following describes the practice of psychotherapy?

A) involves a series of verbal interactions
B) is limited to the treatment of individuals
C) includes hundreds of different types
D) reflects psychological models of abnormal behavior
E) is often referred to as talk therapy

Question 9

In Freudian terms,the goal of psychoanalysis is to shine the light of the _____ on the unconscious recesses of the ______.

A) ego; id
B) ego; superego
C) id; ego
D) superego; ego
E) id; superego

Question 10

During a visit to his therapist,Ishmael was asked to begin talking about whatever was on his mind even if it seems trivial or irrelevant.This example describe

A) transference.
B) interpretation.
C) countertransference.
D) free association.
E) insight.

Question 11

Regarding psychotherapy,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) There are four types of psychotherapy-psychodynamic,behavioral,humanistic,and cognitive.
B) The most widely used types of psychotherapy are derived from the major psychological models of abnormal behavior.
C) Psychotherapy consists of one or more verbal interactions between a therapist and a client.
D) Psychotherapy is offered by different types of mental health professionals whose training and backgrounds vary.
E) Psychotherapy is often referred to as "talk therapy."

Question 12

According to a psychoanalyst,anxiety results from

A) unacceptable impulses that threaten to leak into consciousness.
B) the id's desire to meet the demands of the ego.
C) the id's desire to meet the demands of the superego.
D) the superego's attempts to satisfy the ego.
E) a failure of the superego to control the ego.

Question 13

All but which of the following describes the practice of psychotherapy?

A) based on verbal interactions
B) used to resolve emotional problems
C) used to resolve behavioral problems
D) involves the use of psychiatric drugs when needed
E) comprises many different types

Question 14

Regarding traditional psychoanalysis,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) A major technique in psychoanalysis is dream analysis,and Freud thought the latent content of dreams was particularly important.
B) Freud believed that the ability to understand transference is essential to a client's success in psychoanalysis.
C) Freud's techniques of free association,dream analysis,and interpretation are designed to help clients repress negative aspects of their personalities.
D) Freud believed when a client has self-insight her/his ego no longer needs to maintain defensive behaviors or psychological symptoms.
E) In psychoanalysis,the therapist offers interpretations to help the client gain insight into the unconscious origins of their problems.

Question 15

Regarding clinical psychologists,which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) Clinical psychologists are graduates of medical school.
B) In the majority of states in the U.S.,clinical psychologists may prescribe medications.
C) Clinical psychologists have passed a licensing exam.
D) Clinical psychologists are specifically trained in psychoanalysis.
E) Clinical psychologists mostly treat people with severe psychological disorders.

Question 16

Psychoanalysts are typically which type of mental health professional?

A) psychiatrists or psychologists
B) clinical or psychiatric social workers
C) psychiatric nurses
D) psychiatric nurses or psychiatric social workers
E) psychiatrists or psychiatric nurses

Question 17

After Raymond described his dream to his therapist,efforts were made to figure out what the dream meant,or its

A) latent content.
B) manifest content.
C) repressed content.
D) transfer content.
E) subjective content.

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT a key idea from psychodynamic therapies?

A) Psychological problems are rooted in unconscious psychological conflicts.
B) Restoring psychological health involves gaining insight into and working through unconscious conflicts.
C) Childhood conflicts need to be understood in the light of the individual's adult personality.
D) Therapy will help people develop their unique potentials.
E) Psychological problems are rooted in conflicts dating from childhood.

Question 19

All but which of the following mental health professionals are psychotherapists?

A) Cheryl,who works from the psychoanalytic perspective
B) Tim,who is a couples therapist using behavioral techniques
C) Lisa,who works from the humanistic perspective
D) Frankie,who conducts therapy with groups using cognitive techniques
E) Vernon,who administers electroconvulsive therapy to people experiencing severe depression

Question 20

As discussed in the text,a popular term often used to refer to psychotherapy is

A) talk therapy.
B) verbal therapy.
C) psychoanalysis.
D) psychological therapy.
E) psychodynamic therapy.

Question 21

The Gestalt therapist Fritz Perls was most disillusioned with which aspect of psychoanalysis?

A) implied superiority of males over females
B) emphasis on the client's early childhood experiences
C) lack of emphasis on the client's subjective experience in the present
D) emphasis on confrontation
E) the duration of psychoanalysis

Question 22

In client-centered therapy,the therapist demonstrates empathy when s/he

A) completely accepts the client.
B) can distinguish between latent and manifest dream content.
C) accurately mirrors the client's experiences and feelings.
D) maintains a direct,problem-solving focus during therapy.
E) genuinely demonstrates her/his feelings during therapy.

Question 23

Carl Rogers is to ______ therapy as Fritz Perls is to ______ therapy.

A) behavioral; Gestalt
B) Gestalt; client-centered
C) Gestalt; behavioral
D) client-centered; Gestalt
E) client-centered; behavioral

Question 24

Dr.Gomez is a Gestalt therapist.What would you expect to be the emphasis of his therapy sessions with clients?

A) uncovering clients' unconscious childhood conflicts
B) helping clients achieve self-actualization
C) changing maladaptive behaviors through systematic desensitization
D) creating a warm and accepting atmosphere for clients to share their feelings
E) unifying conflicting aspects of clients' personalities

Question 25

Compared to traditional psychoanalysis,modern psychoanalysis includes all of the following EXCEPT

A) less emphasis on sexual issues.
B) less emphasis on the distant past.
C) less confrontation.
D) a briefer and less frequent therapy format.
E) more dialogue between analyst and client.

Question 26

Regarding behavior therapy,which of the following is TRUE?

A) It focuses on changing the client's thoughts and feelings.
B) It focuses on exploring the client's feelings.
C) It helps clients see how their past conflicts affect their current behavior.
D) It is relatively brief,typically lasting only weeks or months.
E) It uses learning principles to help clients achieve a state of self-actualization.

Question 27

Regarding client-centered therapy,which of the following DOES NOT belong?

A) nondirective
B) confrontation
C) reflection
D) genuineness
E) empathy

Question 28

According to Freud,the most important use of interpretation in psychoanalysis is

A) developing strong client skills in free association.
B) helping clients understand the manifest content of their dreams.
C) analysis of the transference relationship.
D) exploration of countertransference.
E) helping clients understand the latent content of their dreams.

Question 29

Callie is participating in a behavior therapy method in which her therapist first teaches her relaxation techniques.Based on this description,what is most likely to be Callie's therapy of choice?

A) aversive conditioning
B) dream analysis
C) systematic desensitization
D) token economy
E) REBT

Question 30

Which of the following is NOT a feature of systematic desensitization?

A) fear hierarchy
B) relaxation training
C) use of an incompatible response to anxiety
D) observing non-fearful subjects interact with fearful stimuli
E) imagining or viewing fearful stimuli

Question 31

In psychoanalysis,transference is when

A) the client talks freely about whatever comes to mind.
B) the therapist directs some of his or her anxiety toward the client.
C) the manifest content of dreams evolves into latent content.
D) the client begins acting toward the therapist in ways that mirror the client's conflict-ridden relationships with others.
E) the client transfers material from the unconscious mind to the conscious mind.

Question 32

Gestalt therapy frequently uses which of the following techniques?

A) empty chair
B) free association
C) dream analysis
D) reflecting back
E) behavior modification

Question 33

Which of the following is NOT a key idea from client-centered therapy?

A) Conflicting parts of the client's personality should be integrated into a functional whole.
B) Psychological problems develop from distorted self-concepts.
C) Clients need a safe place in which to freely explore their feelings and be themselves.
D) The therapist's primary role is reflection.
E) In therapy,the client should be allowed to take the lead and set the tone of therapy.

Question 34

In therapy,unconditional positive regard is

A) the therapist's complete acceptance of the client.
B) accepting the client only when s/he behaves acceptably.
C) accepting the client only when s/he approaches self-actualization.
D) the therapist's ability to express genuine feelings.
E) the ability to accurately mirror the client's feelings and experiences.

Question 35

Randall Thurman is a client-centered therapist.Thurman has worked very hard on his ability to express his true feelings during the therapy session.Which aspect of client-centered therapy has Thurman mastered?

A) unconditional positive regard
B) systematic desensitization
C) self-actualization
D) genuineness
E) empathy

Question 36

Iqbal and his therapist have fallen into treating each other in a father-son manner.The therapist has started to react to Iqbal as if Iqbal was his son,while Iqbal plays out his troubled relationship with his own father with the therapist.In this case,Iqbal is experiencing ______,while the therapist is experiencing ______.

A) repression; resistance
B) insight; interpretation
C) countertransference; transference
D) transference; countertransference
E) resistance; repression

Question 37

Humanistic therapists emphasize all but which of the following?

A) the client's present experience
B) the client's subjective experience
C) the client's conscious experience
D) free will
E) irrational beliefs

Question 38

Behavior therapy focuses on

A) changing thoughts to correspond to behaviors.
B) helping clients achieve self-actualization.
C) changing maladaptive patterns of responding.
D) altering errors of thinking.
E) the adaptive functioning of the ego.

Question 39

Brooke goes to a Gestalt therapist.In her therapy,Brooke will probably be encouraged to

A) analyze early childhood traumas.
B) focus on how she is feeling in the here-and-now.
C) suppress uncomfortable feelings.
D) accept other people unconditionally.
E) develop a fear hierarchy.

Question 40

According to Carl Rogers,what are three important components of therapy?

A) placebos,ECT,and REBT
B) activating events,beliefs,and consequences
C) fear hierarchies,gradual exposure,and systematic desensitization
D) interpretation,dream analysis,and free association
E) empathy,genuineness,and unconditional positive regard

Question 41

Roger has been convicted of sexually assaulting several young children.In prison he undergoes aversion therapy.He is presented with pictures of young children while receiving unpleasant electric shocks.Eventually,pictures of young children become aversive stimuli.In this procedure,the electric shocks are described as

A) unconditioned stimulus.
B) conditioned stimulus.
C) conditioned response.
D) unconditioned response.
E) neutral stimulus.

Question 42

Lakeisha has a snake phobia and decides to see a behavioral therapist.Her therapist suggests systematic desensitization.What is the second step Lakeisha will take in her therapy?

A) touching a snake
B) looking at pictures of a snake
C) learning relaxation techniques
D) being in the same room as a snake
E) developing a fear hierarchy for snakes

Question 43

Regarding behavioral therapy,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Aversive conditioning uses principles of operant conditioning to help people extinguish undesirable behaviors.
B) Gradual exposure can help people overcome specific phobias,social phobias,and posttraumatic stress disorder.
C) Behavior therapy is also referred to as behavior modification.
D) In systematic desensitization,the goal is to use relaxation as an incompatible response to fear in order to weaken the bonds between the frightening stimuli and the fear response.
E) Since behavior therapy is focused on directly changing problem behaviors,it tends to be relatively brief compared to other forms of therapy.

Question 44

According to Ellis,negative emotions are

A) inevitable consequences of negative events.
B) automatic reactions of the central nervous system.
C) produced directly by life events.
D) the result of irrational beliefs about life events.
E) the logical result of overanalyzing one's life situation.

Question 45

All but which of the following are examples of operant conditioning in behavioral therapy?

A) Dr.Angelino instructs teachers to use time-out as punishment when children with ADHD misbehave.
B) Dr.Barbarino teaches Bob and Judy to use a reward system when their daughter behaves in a desirable way.
C) Dr.Chang develops a token economy for use with residents of a mental hospital.
D) Dr.Dorian uses a nausea-inducing drug with his client Eduardo,who suffers from alcoholism.
E) Dr.Eggleston teaches Edwina to withdraw attention when her child misbehaves.

Question 46

Which of the following DOES NOT belong?

A) empty chair technique
B) systematic desensitization
C) modeling
D) gradual exposure
E) aversive conditioning

Question 47

Pauline goes to a rational-emotive behavior therapist.Pauline should expect that her therapist will do all but which of the following during the course of therapy?

A) help her identify irrational beliefs
B) help her rehearse adaptive behaviors
C) give her homework assignments
D) help her replace self-defeating beliefs with self-enhancing beliefs
E) help her become more aware of long-buried feelings associated with troubling life events

Question 48

Juan is an alcoholic who has not responded to other types of treatment.Juan's therapist suggests aversive conditioning in which Juan will take a nausea-inducing drug at the same time he sniffs beer.In this treatment strategy,the beer is the ______ during conditioning and the _____ after conditioning.

A) unconditioned stimulus; neutral stimulus
B) unconditioned stimulus; conditioned stimulus
C) conditioned stimulus; neutral stimulus
D) neutral stimulus; unconditioned stimulus
E) neutral stimulus; conditioned stimulus

Question 49

Aaron Beck is to ______ therapy as Albert Ellis is to ______ therapy.

A) rational-emotive behavior; cognitive
B) cognitive; Gestalt
C) operant-based behavioral; classical-based behavioral
D) Gestalt; cognitive
E) cognitive; rational-emotive behavior

Question 50

For which of her clients is behavioral therapist Dr.Williamson most likely to choose virtual therapy?

A) Lucy has fear of public speaking.
B) Ricky has fear of flying in airplanes.
C) Ethel has fear of riding in elevators.
D) Fred has fear of snakes.
E) Desi has fear of going outside into open spaces.

Question 51

All but which of the following people are demonstrating an irrational belief,according to Ellis?

A) Antoine believes that he must always have the approval of virtually all the important people in his life.
B) Beatriz thinks it is awful and catastrophic when life does not go the way she wants it to go.
C) Carmine believes that her past will invariably affect her and determine her behavior.
D) Dominic believes that people must always treat him fairly,and it is horrible when they do not.
E) Eduardo believes that life's problems don't typically have clear and quick solutions.

Question 52

Learning desirable behavior by watching and imitating others is known as ______,and ______ pioneered the use of this technique to help people overcome phobias.

A) transference; Sigmund Freud
B) modeling; John B.Watson
C) modeling; Albert Ellis
D) transference; Albert Bandura
E) modeling; Albert Bandura

Question 53

Associating objects that elicit an undesirable response with unpleasant or negative stimuli describes the key principle of

A) systematic desensitization.
B) aversive conditioning.
C) in vivo exposure.
D) gradual exposure therapy.
E) virtual therapy.

Question 54

Wanda's therapy involves directly confronting fearful stimuli,little by little,until her fear of the stimulus is reduced or eliminated. Based on this description,which technique is Wanda's therapist utilizing?

A) aversive conditioning
B) transference
C) modeling
D) gradual exposure
E) reconditioning

Question 55

The idea that irrational beliefs lead to emotional distress is at the core of which approach to therapy?

A) behavior therapy
B) rational-emotive behavior therapy
C) humanistic therapy
D) Gestalt therapy
E) client-centered therapy

Question 56

Paul was not given a promotion.He feels upset and disappointed because he thinks of himself as a failure who will never succeed.From the perspective of rational-emotive behavior therapy,Paul's view of himself is the

A) activating event.
B) irrational belief.
C) self-defeating behavior.
D) consequence.
E) outcome.

Question 57

Computer technology has been used for a new form of exposure therapy called

A) electroconvulsive therapy.
B) rational emotive behavior therapy.
C) virtual therapy.
D) cybertherapy.
E) online therapy.

Question 58

Regarding cognitive therapies,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Cognitive therapy techniques are based on the view that distorted ways of thinking underlie emotional problems.
B) Cognitive therapies are relatively brief forms of treatment.
C) Cognitive therapies focus more on what is happening in the present than on what happened in the past.
D) Clients are given "homework assignments" in cognitive therapy.
E) Cognitive therapists believe that emotional problems are caused by negative events and life experiences.

Question 59

Which approach to therapy combines techniques like gradual exposure and modeling with efforts to challenge and correct faulty thinking patterns?

A) humanistic
B) psychodynamic
C) cognitive-behavioral
D) Gestalt
E) Gestalt-behavioral

Question 60

In behavioral therapy,another term for gradual exposure is

A) countertransference.
B) token economy.
C) in-vivo exposure.
D) transference.
E) virtual exposure.

Question 61

Dr.Thornton specializes in psychotherapy with a particular ethnic group.Compared to people from other ethnic groups,Thornton's clients are more likely to keep their feelings to themselves.Thornton understands that this should not lead him to interpret his clients as being uncooperative or avoidant.In addition,Thornton recognizes that people with this cultural background are more likely to emphasize collective values than individualism.Dr.Thornton is most likely to be working with which ethnic group?

A) Latino Americans
B) African Americans
C) Asian Americans
D) European Americans
E) Native Americans

Question 62

______ is an empirically supported treatment for enuresis (bed-wetting).

A) Interpersonal psychotherapy
B) Behavior therapy
C) Humanistic,Gestalt therapy
D) Cognitive therapy
E) Cognitive-behavioral therapy

Question 63

Dr.Lau is a couple therapist.What is the most typical problem she is likely to target in treatment?

A) sexual dysfunctions
B) communication difficulties
C) arguments about money
D) disagreements about parenting
E) infidelity

Question 64

All but which of the following are reasons given in the text as to why racial and ethnic minorities have less access to mental health care than the majority group?

A) They are less likely to have health insurance than the majority group.
B) They have less access to treatment providers who possess the appropriate language skills.
C) Their cultures have more of a stigma relating to mental illness.
D) There are fewer treatment providers in locations where more racial and ethnic minorities reside.
E) They are more likely to suffer from disorders that fall outside the range of available treatments.

Question 65

Cognitive therapists such as Aaron Beck refer to errors in thinking as

A) cognitive distortions.
B) faulty attributions.
C) cognitive appraisals.
D) activating events.
E) irrational beliefs.

Question 66

All but which of the following are advantages of group therapy over individual therapy?

A) Group therapy allows the client to see how others have coped with similar problems.
B) Because it involves group interaction,group therapy is especially helpful for people experiencing problems like loneliness and shyness.
C) Those in group therapy have the extra benefit of social support from the group.
D) Clients feel safer expressing their feelings in a group setting.
E) Group therapy is usually less costly than individual therapy.

Question 67

In research reported in your text,an analysis of 400 controlled studies evaluating the effectiveness of psychotherapy found that the average person receiving therapy did better than approximately what percentage of people placed on waiting lists for therapy?

A) 30%
B) 50%
C) 60%
D) 80%
E) 93%

Question 68

Therapies that are judged to have demonstrated effectiveness in scientifically-based studies are called

A) substantiated treatments.
B) eclectic treatments.
C) scientific therapies.
D) meta-analyzed treatments.
E) empirically-supported treatments.

Question 69

In the evaluation of different types of therapies,common characteristics of all types of therapy under study are referred to as

A) core practices.
B) expectancy effects.
C) specific factors.
D) nonspecific factors.
E) placebos.

Question 70

In a study reported in the text,which orientation was most often reported by a group of clinical and counseling psychologists?

A) Eclectic
B) Gestalt
C) Cognitive-behavioral
D) Psychoanalytic
E) Client-centered

Question 71

During her clinical internship,psychology graduate student Veronica Wiza will conduct therapy sessions with African American clients.An important consideration for Wiza to consider when treating African Americans is their

A) tendency toward open display of emotions.
B) history,as a people,of racial discrimination and oppression.
C) willingness to share personal information.
D) tendency to lack insight into the psychological origins of their problems.
E) language preferences.

Question 72

Meta-analyses of the effectiveness of psychotherapy suggest

A) traditional psychoanalysis is generally the most effective form of therapy.
B) behavior therapy is generally the most effective form of therapy.
C) humanistic therapy is generally the most effective form of therapy.
D) there is little difference in the effectiveness of the different forms of therapy.
E) group therapy is generally the most effective form of therapy.

Question 73

Generalizing from research evidence,some forms of psychodynamic therapy are predicted to produce good results in treating which of the following?

A) schizophrenia
B) anorexia
C) bulimia
D) panic disorder
E) obsessive-compulsive disorder

Question 74

Regarding the effectiveness of psychotherapy,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) While the majority of people benefit from therapy,some may deteriorate.
B) Meta-analysis is a statistical technique used to average the results across a large number of studies,and this technique has been used to evaluate the effectiveness of therapy.
C) The greatest improvements in therapy are typically gained during the last few months of treatment.
D) Research supports the overall effectives of psychotherapy,marital therapy,group therapy,and family therapy.
E) The average therapy client achieves greater improvement than the majority of people assigned to untreated control groups.

Question 75

Shannon goes to a cognitive therapist that gives her the following assignment,"Next time you have a negative thought,investigate it to determine if it is valid." Based on this description,which therapeutic technique is Shannon's therapist using?

A) reality testing
B) empathy
C) empty chair
D) gradual exposure
E) interpretation

Question 76

Which type of therapy focuses on helping families focus on changing disruptive patterns of communication and improving the ways in which members relate to each other?

A) group therapy
B) marital therapy
C) couples therapy
D) family therapy
E) behavioral modification

Question 77

Eclectic therapists

A) do not believe in using psychoanalysis.
B) generally adhere to behavioral principles.
C) are most often humanistic therapists.
D) are more often psychiatrists than psychologists.
E) integrate approaches from many different schools of therapy.

Question 78

Behavior therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapies have demonstrated impressive results in treating all of the following EXCEPT

A) panic disorder.
B) bulimia.
C) bipolar disorder.
D) depression.
E) generalized anxiety disorder.

Question 79

Dr.Stevenson just began a job treating Hispanic Americans in a rural clinic.An important cultural consideration for Stevenson to consider is the tendency for Hispanic Americans to

A) be reserved in display of emotion.
B) view the therapist as an authority figure.
C) place a strong emphasis on family interdependency.
D) be guarded and secretive when interacting with other groups.
E) express emotional problems through physical symptoms.

Question 80

Vanessa feels an attachment toward her therapist and the therapy process.Vanessa's experience is referred to as

A) a specific factor.
B) countertransference.
C) the therapeutic alliance.
D) a placebo effect.
E) transference.