Deck 10: Psychology and Health

Question 1

Persistent or continuing stress is best described as

A) neurotic.
B) anxiety-inducing.
C) depressing.
D) annoying.
E) chronic.

Answer 1

chronic.

Question 2

Regarding sources of stress,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) When obstacles are placed in one's path that prevents one from achieving important goals,the source of stress is called conflict.
B) Although negative emotions can be associated with poor states of health,positive emotions may be linked to positive states of health.
C) The accumulation of a large number of daily hassles may contribute to chronic stress and affect psychological and physical well-being.
D) Conflicts are most stressful when opposing goals are equally strong and no clear resolution is in sight.
E) The Type A behavior pattern is characterized by impatience,competitiveness,aggressiveness,and time urgency.

Answer 2

When obstacles are placed in one's path that prevents one from achieving important goals,the source of stress is called conflict.

Question 3

Major changes in life circumstances are called

A) hassles.
B) chronic stressors.
C) life markers.
D) life events.
E) unresolved conflicts.

Answer 3

life events.

Question 4

Which life event is associated with the highest stress rating on the College Life Stress Inventory?

A) death of a close friend
B) death of a family member
C) concerns about being pregnant or your partner being pregnant
D) flunking a class
E) being raped or being accused of rape

Question 5

Pressures or demands placed on an organism to adjust or adapt to its environment describes

A) stress.
B) sublimation.
C) anxiety.
D) disease.
E) conflict.

Question 6

Distress is an _______ state that may take the form of ______ problems.

A) external; psychological
B) external; physical or psychological
C) internal; psychological
D) internal; physical
E) internal; psychological or physical

Question 7

In psychology,stress is generally defined as:

A) Environmental pressures that exceed the organism's ability to adjust.
B) Pressures or demands placed on an organism to adjust or adapt to its environment
C) A state of tension brought about by conflicting demands.
D) Distress caused by excessive demands.
E) A state of tension created by environmental pressures.

Question 8

According to a survey by the APA reported in your text,what percentage of adult Americans suffer adverse health effects due to stress?

A) 7%
B) 18%
C) 28%
D) 43%
E) 85%

Question 9

John was late for work after being caught in a traffic jam.Then he got caught in the rain walking from the parking garage to his office.John's experiences are best described as

A) life events.
B) trauma.
C) hassles.
D) anxiety.
E) distress.

Question 10

Which of the following definitions best describes distress?

A) a state of emotional or physical suffering,discomfort,or pain
B) annoyances of daily life that impose a stressful burden
C) continuing or lingering sources of stress
D) pressure or demand placed on an organism to adjust or adapt to environmental demands
E) a state of tension brought about by opposing motives operating simultaneously

Question 11

Which of the following people is experiencing stress because of frustration?

A) Andor wants to attend Harvard,but does not have the grades or money to achieve his goal.He attends the local community college instead,but is angry about it.
B) Nanette gets married,has a baby,and buys a new house all within the same year.
C) Marcus experiences PTSD after serving in the military in Iraq for a year.
D) Katie wants to ask her colleague Mark for a date,but she fears that he will turn her down and tell their co-workers.
E) Aubrey has a tendency to be hostile.When his boss criticizes Aubrey's work,Aubrey punctures his boss's tires.

Question 12

Research has associated distress with all but which of the following physical problems?

A) headaches
B) digestive problems
C) cancer
D) heart conditions
E) skin rashes

Question 13

Psychologist Dr.James works in a field of psychology that studies the interrelationships between psychology and physical health.What is Dr.James's specialty?

A) clinical psychology
B) health psychology
C) psychiatry
D) developmental psychology
E) environmental psychology

Question 14

Sources of stress are called

A) pressures.
B) distress.
C) anxieties.
D) hassles.
E) stressors

Question 15

Chan experiences emotional distress.Which psychological disorders might Chan be most likely experiencing?

A) anxiety and schizophrenia
B) schizophrenia and personality disorder
C) personality disorder and depression
D) depression and anxiety
E) bipolar disorder and paranoia

Question 16

Which of the following statements is the best description of the relationship between life events and health problems?

A) There is no relationship between life events and health problems.
B) Life events increase health problems.
C) Health problems cause life events.
D) There is a small relationship between life events and health problems.
E) There is a strong relationship between life events and health problems.

Question 17

Regarding the relationship between life events and stress,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) People who encounter a relatively greater number of life events are more likely to suffer psychological health problems.
B) Both positive and negative life events have the potential to increase a person's experience of stress.
C) The findings from a recent study discussed in the text shows that life events clearly do have a causal effect on psychological and physical functioning.
D) Compared to life events,hassles occur more regularly and less unexpectedly.
E) People who encounter a relatively greater number of life events are more likely to suffer physical health problems.

Question 18

All but which of the following would be considered hassles?

A) coping with inclement weather
B) being stuck in a traffic jam
C) having a bunch of household chores to complete
D) balancing school demands with social relationships
E) flunking a class

Question 19

As defined in the text in the discussion of stress,the term "stressors" is best described as

A) effects of stress.
B) various types of stress.
C) sources of stress.
D) sources of conflicts.
E) types of conflicts.

Question 20

Regarding health psychology,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Health psychologists work mostly in universities,hospitals,and government agencies.
B) Health psychology is the study of interrelationships between psychological factors and physical health.
C) One of the primary concerns of health psychologists is the effect of stress on physical health.
D) Health psychologists develop health promotion and disease prevention programs.
E) Health psychology is a subfield of clinical psychology,and health psychologists first train as therapists.

Question 21

Shandra experiences tension because she has two competing goals that must both be resolved.Psychologists use the term _____ to describe Shandra's source of stress.

A) conflict
B) frustration
C) aggression
D) anxiety
E) distress

Question 22

Henri has the opportunity to go to a party.His best friend from high school,whom Henri has not seen for five years,will be there.However,Henri's former girlfriend will also be there.They had a big fight recently and Henri still gets upset when he sees her.He is facing what sort of conflict?

A) approach-avoidance
B) avoidance-avoidance
C) approach-approach
D) multiple approach-avoidance
E) multiple approach-approach

Question 23

Matilda is at a reception.The dinner choices are chicken and beef,her two favorite entrees.However,chicken sometimes upsets her stomach and the beef has a lot of saturated fat,which Matilda is trying to avoid for health reasons.She is facing what sort of conflict?

A) approach-avoidance
B) avoidance-avoidance
C) approach-approach
D) frustration
E) multiple approach-avoidance

Question 24

Which type of conflict is generally considered the least stressful?

A) approach-avoidance
B) avoidance-avoidance
C) approach-approach
D) multiple approach-avoidance
E) multiple approach-approach

Question 25

Which type of conflict will most likely cause feelings of ambivalence?

A) approach-approach
B) frustration
C) avoidance-avoidance
D) distress
E) approach-avoidance

Question 26

All of the following are symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder EXCEPT

A) reduced arousal.
B) emotional numbing.
C) impaired functioning.
D) reexperiencing the traumatic event.
E) avoidance of reminders of the traumatic event.

Question 27

Pauline would like to be a full-time college student.However,she also would like to work full-time.She is a single mother and would prefer to not have her child in day care.The state of tension that Pauline feels is most accurately labeled

A) frustration.
B) aggression.
C) conflict.
D) neurosis.
E) acculturative stress.

Question 28

People who take a slower,more relaxed approach to life fit the profile of which personality type?

A) Bipolar
B) Type B
C) Type A
D) Introverted
E) Hardy

Question 29

Antonio is faced with a multiple approach-avoidance conflict.This means Antonio is facing

A) a goal that is simultaneously attractive yet unpleasant.
B) two equally attractive goals that are mutually exclusive.
C) two equally unpleasant goals.
D) two or more goals,each of which is simultaneously attractive yet unpleasant.
E) two equally pleasant goals.

Question 30

The key element in Type A behavior pattern that appears to account for the increased risk for health problems is

A) hostility.
B) impatience.
C) competitiveness.
D) aggression.
E) ambition.

Question 31

A psychological disorder characterized by maladaptive reactions to traumatic events or stressors is

A) posttraumatic stress disorder.
B) generalized anxiety disorder.
C) antisocial personality disorder.
D) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
E) dissociative identity disorder.

Question 32

Emilio arrives at the movie theater planning to see a new thriller.When he gets there,he is surprised to see that a new comedy that he has wanted to see is also playing.Based on this description,which type of conflict is he most likely experiencing?

A) approach-avoidance
B) avoidance-avoidance
C) approach-approach
D) multiple approach-avoidance
E) multiple approach-approach

Question 33

Keisha suffers from posttraumatic stress disorder.Her primary symptom is being unable to relax and difficulty falling asleep.Based on this description,Keisha's symptoms are an example of which aspect of PTSD?

A) emotional numbing
B) avoidance of cues associated with the trauma
C) impaired functioning
D) reexperiencing the traumatic event
E) heightened arousal

Question 34

Regarding posttraumatic stress disorder,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) PTSD is found almost entirely in Western cultures.
B) PTSD is quite common among trauma survivors.
C) Social support can help bolster a person's ability to cope with stress.
D) People with PTSD experience lingering problems,often for years after the traumatic event.
E) Cultural factors play a role in how people manage and cope with PTSD.

Question 35

Psychologists have identified ______ types of conflict,and they are called ______.

A) 3; stressors,hassles,and life events
B) 3; alarm,resistance,and exhaustion
C) 2; frustration and aggression
D) 2; burnout and pessimism
E) 4; approach-approach,avoidance-avoidance,approach-avoidance,and multiple approach-avoidance

Question 36

An approach-avoidance conflict is when someone faces

A) a goal that is simultaneously attractive yet unpleasant.
B) a goal with multiple unpleasant qualities.
C) two equally attractive goals that are mutually exclusive.
D) two equally unpleasant goals.
E) two or more goals,each of which is simultaneously attractive yet unpleasant.

Question 37

People with Type A behavior pattern have a modestly high risk of

A) depression.
B) generalized anxiety disorder.
C) diabetes.
D) coronary heart disease.
E) bipolar personality disorder.

Question 38

Eduardo is stressed because he aspires to join the full-time faculty at a local university,but the university will only hire him as a temporary instructor because he lacks a Ph.D.In Eduardo's case,the source of stress is

A) conflict.
B) stress.
C) distress.
D) frustration.
E) anxiety.

Question 39

Which of the following definitions best describes frustration?

A) A state of tension resulting from the presence of multiple competing goals
B) A negative emotional state that results when efforts to pursue a goal are blocked
C) Pressure or demands placed upon an organism
D) An internal state of psychological or physical pain
E) The accumulation of multiple daily hassles

Question 40

After being raped,Clarita develops a psychological disorder.Her symptoms include impaired functioning,heightened arousal,and nightmares of the rape.Based on this description,what is Clarita's disorder most likely to be?

A) generalized anxiety disorder
B) obsessive-compulsive disorder
C) bipolar disorder
D) schizophrenia
E) posttraumatic stress disorder

Question 41

Another name for the resistance stage of the general adaptation syndrome is

A) adaptation.
B) alarm.
C) mobilization.
D) exhaustion.
E) stabilization.

Question 42

Regarding the general adaptation syndrome,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) The body's response in the alarm stage varies depending on whether the perceived threat is physical or psychological.
B) The body attempts to adapt and restore energy during the resistance stage.
C) The body's response in the alarm stage is called the fight-or-flight response.
D) Diseases of adaptation occur during the exhaustion stage.
E) The alarm stage responses are prewired into the human nervous system.

Question 43

Which of the following is the correct order of stages in the general adaptation syndrome?

A) resistance,alarm,exhaustion
B) alarm,exhaustion,resistance
C) exhaustion,alarm,resistance
D) resistance,exhaustion,alarm
E) alarm,resistance,exhaustion

Question 44

Benita was just in a car accident.Although her physical injuries are minor,her body mobilized for the stress response.Benita's adrenal glands have just released hormones known as the "stress hormones." Based on this description,what are these hormones?

A) corticotrophin-releasing hormones
B) androgens
C) adrenocorticotrophic hormones
D) insulin and melatonin
E) epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 45

______ are specialized white blood cells that protect the body against disease-causing organisms.

A) Lymphocytes
B) Antigens
C) Antibodies
D) Immunozoids
E) Corticosteroids

Question 46

The fight-or-flight response occurs during which stage of the GAS?

A) resistance
B) alarm
C) exhaustion
D) alert
E) adaptation

Question 47

Harriet was the recent victim of a mugging.Right now,her body is attempting to return to a normal biological state.Arousal is somewhat high,and Harriet exhibits anger and fatigue.Based on this description,in which stage of the GAS is Harriet?

A) exhaustion
B) mobilization
C) resistance
D) recovery
E) alarm

Question 48

During a stress response,Lorna's heart rate,respiration,and blood pressure all increase.These changes describe the effects of increased amounts of

A) corticosteroids.
B) corticotrophin-releasing hormone.
C) adrenocorticotrophic hormone.
D) epinephrine and norepinephrine.
E) immunoglobulin A.

Question 49

During a stress response,the adrenal cortex secretes

A) corticotrophin-releasing hormone.
B) adrenocorticotrophic hormone.
C) corticosteroids.
D) norepinephrine.
E) insulin.

Question 50

In the stress response,_______ is to corticotrophin-releasing hormone as ______ is to adrenocorticotrophic hormone.

A) pituitary gland; hypothalamus
B) adrenal gland; hypothalamus
C) adrenal gland; pituitary gland
D) hypothalamus; adrenal gland
E) hypothalamus; pituitary gland

Question 51

Molly goes to live in Italy for three years.Molly feels a lot of pressure to adapt to the values,linguistic preferences,and customs of the Italian people.Molly may be described as at risk to experience

A) immigration stress.
B) acculturative stress.
C) Type A behavior.
D) multiple approach-avoidance conflict.
E) posttraumatic stress disorder.

Question 52

All but which of the following factors help moderate the effects of acculturative stress?

A) economic opportunities
B) being proficient in the language
C) having a social network
D) maintaining a sense of ethnic identity
E) experiencing fewer life events

Question 53

Regarding gender and behavioral responses to stress,which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) Under stress,women tend to be more nurturing while men tend to be more aggressive.
B) Under stress,men tend to be more nurturing while women tend to be more aggressive.
C) Under stress,both women and men tend to be more nurturing than aggressive.
D) Under stress,both women and men tend to be more aggressive than nurturing.
E) There are no gender differences in response to stress.

Question 54

Xavier is under the demands of several stressors.Which hormones will help Xavier's body resist stress by making stored nutrients more available to meet the demands of his stressors?

A) corticosteroids
B) corticotrophin-releasing hormone
C) adrenocorticotropic hormone
D) norephinephrine and epinephrine
E) lymphocytes

Question 55

Which part of the brain coordinates the endocrine's system response to stress?

A) pineal gland
B) hypothalamus
C) medulla
D) pituitary gland
E) hippocampus

Question 56

All but which of the following are antigens?

A) foreign proteins
B) viruses
C) hormones
D) bacteria
E) cancerous body cells

Question 57

During stress,corticotrophin-releasing hormone targets the ______,while adrenocorticotrophic hormone targets the _______.

A) hypothalamus; pituitary gland
B) pituitary gland; adrenal glands
C) adrenal cortex; adrenal medulla
D) adrenal medulla; adrenal cortex
E) pituitary gland; hypothalamus

Question 58

Kendra takes the test of Type A personality in your text.Responding "yes" to which statement will increase her score on "Type A"?

A) I am patient with people who are late for appointments with me.
B) I tend to interrupt other people when they are talking.
C) I tend to direct conversation to things that interest other people.
D) I ignore work when I go on vacation.
E) When I play a game,I focus on the fun of the experience.

Question 59

Persephone experiences the first stage of the general adaptation syndrome.What term best characterizes this experience?

A) frustration
B) alarm
C) conflict
D) anticipation
E) resistance

Question 60

Which researcher is nicknamed "Dr.Stress"?

A) Suzanne Kobasa
B) Martin Seligman
C) Erik Erikson
D) Aaron Beck
E) Hans Selye

Question 61

Michael has an internal locus of control,so he believes that

A) he must control everything.
B) his rewards are a direct consequence of his actions.
C) his outcomes are controlled by fate.
D) he can accomplish whatever he attempts.
E) his reinforcements are unpredictable and uncontrollable.

Question 62

All but which of the following are considered psychological moderators of stress?

A) optimism
B) type behavior pattern
C) psychological hardiness
D) self-efficacy
E) perceptions of control

Question 63

One way that stress may damage the immune system is by increasing levels of

A) antigens.
B) interleukin-6.
C) corticotrophin-releasing hormone.
D) adrenocorticotrophic hormone.
E) lymphocytes.

Question 64

Which of the following best describes the role of social support in coping with stress?

A) It is irrelevant to coping with stress.
B) It has not been studied with regard to stress.
C) It has positive and negative effects on response to stress.
D) It has positive effects on psychological aspects of stress but not on physical aspects.
E) It has primarily positive effects in coping with stress.

Question 65

Regarding psychological hardiness,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Those with psychological hardiness have an internal locus of control.
B) Psychological hardiness is characterized by openness to challenges.
C) People with psychological hardiness have a strong commitment to their work and a belief that their work is important.
D) Psychological hardiness is associated with increased resilience to stress.
E) People with psychological hardiness try to avoid change.

Question 66

Among Asian Americans,which acculturation practice(s)result in the least amount of stress?

A) withdrawal from the majority culture
B) separation from the ethnic culture
C) establishing contacts with the majority culture while maintaining individual ethnic identity
D) both withdrawal and separation are the least stressful
E) there are no differences; all the practices result in high stress

Question 67

One way that chronic stress weakens the immune system is through _____ levels of _______.

A) increasing; immunoglobulin A
B) maintaining; immunoglobulin A
C) maintaining; interleukin-6
D) increasing; interleukin-6
E) decreasing; interleukin-6

Question 68

The stress response is also known as

A) the general adaptation syndrome.
B) the Selye syndrome.
C) the conflict conundrum.
D) posttraumatic stress disorder.
E) burnout.

Question 69

Regarding stress and the immune system,which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Antibodies lock onto antigens and mark them for destruction by killer lymphocytes.
B) Continued secretion of corticosteroids dampens the functioning of immune-system cells.
C) Psychological techniques,like journaling,can help improve immunological functioning.
D) The only way to acquire immunity to antigens is through immunization or vaccination.
E) During examination periods,college students often experience compromised immune system responses.

Question 70

Compared to people with low self-efficacy,people with high self-efficacy

A) are able to ignore stress.
B) are more susceptible to stress-related psychological illness.
C) have a tendency to view stressful situations more as challenges than as obstacles.
D) are more vulnerable to stress-related physical illness.
E) have fewer stressors in their lives.

Question 71

Generalizing from the College Life Stress Inventory,which college student is predicted to be experiencing the highest amount of stress?

A) Erin,who has just contracted genital herpes
B) Elaine,who just flunked a class
C) Carrie,who just got married
D) Jordan,who just started a new job
E) Kayla,who is concerned that she might be pregnant

Question 72

Which of the following best describes the psychological concept of self-efficacy?

A) the ease with which one develops social support relationships
B) one's ideal self-image
C) one's belief that one is capable of accomplishing desired goals
D) self-assessment of one's general abilities
E) one's ability to get things done without experiencing chronic stress

Question 73

All but which of the following serve as buffers against stress?

A) self-efficacy
B) social support
C) hardiness
D) optimism
E) external locus of control

Question 74

Stressors that are ______ tend to have the greatest impact on health.

A) predictable and uncontrollable
B) unpredictable and uncontrollable
C) predictable and controllable
D) unpredictable and ambiguous
E) unpredictable and controllable

Question 75

Psychological hardiness is a

A) cluster of personality traits associated with increased resilience to stress.
B) cluster of personality traits associated with reduced resilience to stress.
C) personality style characterized by hostility and impatience.
D) personality style susceptible to coronary heart disease.
E) belief that one is capable of achieving one's goals.

Question 76

Psychological hardiness has ______ key traits,and they are ______.

A) 2; social support and self-efficacy
B) 2; predictability and control
C) 2; approach toward the positive and avoidance of the negative
D) 3; alarm,resistance,and exhaustion
E) 3; commitment,openness to challenge,and internal locus of control

Question 77

Antibodies are ______ produced by the immune system.

A) specialized white blood cells
B) specialized red blood cells
C) specialized protein molecules
D) foreign agents in the body
E) hormones that help fight stress

Question 78

Stress and physical illness are linked through the actions of

A) insulin.
B) corticotrophin-releasing hormones.
C) corticosteroids.
D) antigens.
E) lymphocytes.

Question 79

Other factors being equal,which person is MOST likely to suffer from the effects of stress?

A) Claire has a low level of self-efficacy.
B) David has a strong social support network.
C) Ruth experiences stress that is predictable.
D) Vanessa experiences stress that is controllable.
E) Nate's personality is described as "hardy."

Question 80

Answering "strongly agree" to which of the following statements will increase your score on the optimism quiz presented in your text?

A) If something can go wrong for me,it will.
B) I rarely count on good things happening to me.
C) I hardly ever expect things to go my way.
D) In uncertain times,I usually expect the best.
E) I find it difficult to relax.