Deck 15: Gender and Leadership

Question 1

Cognitive shortcuts that influence the way people process information regarding groups and group members are defined as

A)Stereotypes
B)Prejudices
C)Ethnocentrism
D)Agentics

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which is true of human capital differences that affect the labyrinth?

A)Women assume more responsibility for domestic duties than men
B)Men are assuming fewer domestic duties and child-rearing roles
C)Women are less interested in leadership roles
D)Men leave leadership roles often to take on more domestic duties

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which statement describes the pipeline of women in the workforce?

A)Women lack the training and human capital that prepares them for upper management
B)Men have better training and human capital than women,which prepares them for upper management
C)Women have the training and human capital that prepares them for upper management
D)Training and human capital is not an issue with the leadership labyrinth

Answer 3

C

Question 4

In a meta-analysis by Eagly and Johnson,women were found to lead

A)In a more interpersonal style than men
B)In a less task-oriented style than men
C)In a more democratic style than men
D)In a more egalitarian style than men

Question 5

Women who are promoted to leadership positions that place them in precarious situations with greater risk are in positions called the

A)Glass ceiling
B)Glass labyrinth
C)Glass window
D)Glass cliff

Question 6

High level of interpersonal skills in mid-level management is consistent with the principles in which leadership model?

A)Katz's Skills Model
B)Blake and Mouton's Leadership Grid
C)The Practical Authentic Leadership Model
D)The Full Model of Transformational Leadership

Question 7

An alternative to the glass ceiling metaphor and perhaps a more accurate description of the leadership labyrinth is described as

A)Women not in the lower-level pipeline
B)The glass cliff
C)Difficulty of women to gain leadership positions at all levels of leadership
D)The glass escalator

Question 8

A global phenomenon whereby women are disproportionately concentrated in lower-level and lower-authority leadership positions is the definition of

A)The leadership jungle gym
B)The global gender gap
C)The human capital gender gap
D)The gender gap in leadership

Question 9

"Men just seem to be naturally better at leadership than women;that's just a fact!" This statement is an example of

A)Prejudice
B)Gender egalitarianism
C)Institutional collectivism
D)Diversity

Question 10

The gender leadership gap occurs because

A)Women choose the "mommy track"
B)Women using flexible time are often marginalized
C)Women are not in the pipeline
D)Women do not possess the right leadership skills

Question 11

When women use a more masculine manner of leadership

A)Their leadership was devalued
B)Their leadership was viewed positively
C)Their leadership was viewed as ineffective
D)Their leadership was viewed as effective

Question 12

Common gender stereotypes in the leadership gender gap are

A)Men take care,women take charge
B)Women take care,men take charge
C)Women do not support other women
D)Women use more power-oriented leadership styles

Question 13

A barrier to women's advancement in leadership positions is

A)Women's lack of interest in assuming high level leadership positions
B)Women have less motivation to lead
C)Women are more likely than men to view their roles as workers as secondary to their roles as parents and partners
D)Women are less likely to promote themselves for leadership positions

Question 14

Women were found to be more effective than men

A)When in gender neutral leadership roles
B)When in middle-management positions
C)In military leadership positions
D)In masculine role leadership positions

Question 15

The number of women of color in US Congress is

A)Higher than white males
B)Lower than white females
C)Higher than all males
D)Fifty percent of all women in Congress

Question 16

In middle management positions where communal interpersonal skills are highly valued

A)Men were seen as more effective than women
B)Men and women were seen as equally effective
C)Women were seen as more effective than men
D)Effectiveness was not determined

Question 17

Which statement is true about women and leadership?

A)Women are less effective leaders compared with men
B)Women are not in high level leadership positions
C)Women are underrepresented in elite leadership positions
D)Women all lead differently than men

Question 18

Women hold how many Fortune 500 CEO positions

A)4%
B)12%
C)17%
D)18.5%

Question 19

Women occupy what approximate percentage of all management and professional positions in American organizations?

A)10%
B)25%
C)50%
D)70%

Question 20

When studying gender differences in transformational leadership,which statement is true?

A)Men use more transformational leadership
B)Women using transformational leadership are highly valued
C)Women engage in more contingent reward than men
D)Men are devalued when using transformational leadership

Question 21

When we use gender stereotypes in interactions with others

A)Females benefit
B)Males benefit
C)It often leads to biased judgments
D)We solve gender-based problems using facts

Question 22

Why is it proposed that women using transformational leadership is beneficial to women aspiring to high-level leadership roles?

A)Transformational leadership includes contingent reward,which women use often
B)Transformational leadership is similar to servant leadership,which is highly valued by followers
C)Transformational leadership is motivational and keeps women leaders motivated to achieve higher-level leadership positions
D)Transformational leadership is not a markedly masculine style of leadership

Question 23

The double standard women face in leadership roles is

A)They must be competent and appropriately female
B)They must be competent and appropriately masculine
C)They must be educated and communal
D)They must be educated and agentic

Question 24

A tendency for a group to reproduce itself in its own image is the definition of

A)Homosocial reproduction
B)Gender stereotyping
C)Agentic behavior
D)Communal behavior

Question 25

Responses women have to gender-based stereotypes depend on which of the following factors?

A)Degree to which the followers engage in emotionally intelligent behaviors
B)The followers' self-efficacy
C)The power the leader holds
D)Experience the leader has in dealing with gender bias

Question 26

Applying role congruity theory,which is true about women in leadership roles?

A)Their stereotypical agentic leadership results in more promotion to leadership roles
B)Their stereotypical communal leadership results in prejudice against female leaders
C)Males' stereotypical communal leadership results in prejudice against female leaders
D)Males' stereotypical agentic leadership is inconsistent with female leadership promotion

Question 27

Women respond to the gender-based leadership stereotype by

A)Decreasing use of communal characteristics
B)Using more agentic characteristics
C)Decreasing use of power over followers
D)Avoiding conflicts in the workplace

Question 28

Which of the following is a communal characteristic?

A)Sensitivity
B)Confidence
C)Assertiveness
D)Rationality

Question 29

Which style of leadership is beneficial for women to use if they want to successfully navigate the leadership labyrinth?

A)Authentic
B)Servant
C)Transformational
D)Team style in the Leadership Grid

Question 30

Many of the difficulties women face in navigating the labyrinth stem from

A)Male dominance behaviors
B)The incongruity in gender roles and the leadership role
C)A lack of education and experience
D)Women's inability to be successful at upper-leadership roles

Question 31

A strength of studying the research on gender and leadership is

A)The inequity in gender pay is a significant factor keeping women from elite leadership roles
B)Contemporary notions of effective leadership styles is now more feminine
C)Contemporary notions of effective leadership styles is now more androgynous
D)The inequity in female-owned private businesses clearly impacts the gender leadership gap

Question 32

What is one difficulty women have in achieving higher-level leadership positions?

A)Lack of ability to run their own businesses
B)Negotiating for valued positions
C)Using too many communal characteristics
D)Using too many agentic characteristics

Question 33

Which is not a stereotype of gender influences on leadership?

A)Females are sometimes too masculine
B)Females are sometimes not feminine enough
C)Males have more communal characteristics
D)Males have more agentic characteristics

Question 34

When women experience multiple gender-based threats,they are likely to respond with

A)Self-efficacy
B)Stereotype-countering behaviors
C)Reactance
D)Deleterious vulnerability

Question 35

The bottom line of gender stereotypes for women in leadership roles is

A)Women appear more masculine than feminine
B)Women need to appear masculine,but not too manly
C)Women need to appear feminine and communal
D)Women are perceived as less able to complete high-level leadership roles

Question 36

A criticism of the gender and leadership discussion is

A)The research on gender stereotypes is focused on males
B)The research on gender stereotypes is focused on females
C)There is little research about stereotypes between the genders
D)Studying the gender demographic alone limits the understanding of leadership in other diversity demographics

Question 37

What percentage of all privately owned businesses are owned by women?

A)10%
B)20%
C)30%
D)40%

Question 38

Research has found that gender bias and leadership

A)Is overt
B)Is subtle
C)Is predominantly masculine
D)Is predominantly feminine

Question 39

Gender-biased prejudice is defined as

A)Bias based on known fact about gender differences
B)Bias based on the typically male gender leadership roles
C)Bias based on the typically female gender leadership roles
D)Bias based on gender stereotypical characteristics

Question 40

Supportive mentoring and networking for women are helpful in

A)Reducing the gender pay gap
B)Increasing female leadership power
C)Reducing the need for women to take maternity leave
D)Reducing the leadership gap

Question 41

Human capital differences for women include all the following except

A)Developmental opportunities.
B)Work-home conflict.
C)Self-promotion.
D)Education.

Question 42

Which of the following statements is false?

A)Women are showing a greater presence in top leadership positions.
B)Men earn more bachelor's degrees than women.
C)Women still have less employment continuity than men.
D)Organizations with women heading them have more financial success.

Question 43

Which of the following leadership traits or skills is more likely to belong to men than to women?

A)Intelligence
B)Initiative
C)Persuasiveness
D)Authoritative

Question 44

Factor(s)that contribute to leadership effectiveness and rise of female leaders include all of the following except

A)Organizational culture is changing.
B)Greater negotiation power for women.
C)Higher effectiveness when the majority of subordinates are men.
D)Effectiveness and predominance of women-owned businesses.

Question 45

Research on gender and leadership has been conducted primarily in

A)Western contexts
B)The United States of America
C)Eastern European contexts
D)Southeast Asian contexts

Question 46

In the "promoting leadership effectiveness" model,what is a listed goal at the interpersonal level?

A)Decreasing gender stereotypes
B)Organizational changes
C)Using effective leadership styles
D)Gender equity in domestic responsibilities

Question 47

Which of the following is not listed as a gender difference in the leadership labyrinth?

A)Self-promotion
B)Cross-pressures
C)Style and effectiveness
D)Commitment and motivation

Question 48

In the area of human capital differences,what is not true for women?

A)They have fewer responsibilities in the same jobs as men.
B)They confront greater barriers to establish mentor relationships.
C)They occupy more than half of all management and professional positions.
D)They tend to self-select themselves out of leadership tracks.

Question 49

According to research,when a woman leader encounters gender-leader stereotypes,her likely response

A)Is to ignore it if it is an isolated gender stereotype threat.
B)Is to push back more strongly if the threats are combined.
C)Is to seek support from a more powerful leader in the organization.
D)Is to display a vulnerable response if the threats are combined.

Question 50

A meta-analysis comparing the effectiveness of female and male leaders found all of these except

A)Overall,women and men were equally effective leaders.
B)Women and men were more effective in leadership roles congruent with their gender.
C)Men were more effective than women in government and education organizations.
D)Women led in a more democratic style than men.

Question 51

Research on transformational leadership did not find that

A)All four components of transformational leadership are positively related to leadership effectiveness.
B)Men tend to engage in more contingent reward behavior than women.
C)Women tend to engage in more contingent reward behavior than men.
D)Men's styles tend to be less transformational than women's.

Question 52

Norma and Joel work in a legal firm.They both are aware of a potential promotion coming up soon.In the last project they did,Joel put most of the paperwork on Norma,and she gladly took on the extra workload.However,when their boss was complimenting the project,Norma let Joel take the credit and acted as if they both did the same amount of work.This is an example of what advancement barrier for Norma?

A)Gender stereotypes
B)Work experience
C)Developmental opportunities
D)Self-promotion

Question 53

Dora is in charge of the third-shift cashiers at 24-hour superstore.She has worked there for 5 years and recently found out there is an opportunity to make more money if she can move to the stock room and manage the employees there.Dora goes to her boss,Gary,and asks if she can be considered for the transfer and promotion.Gary tells Dora,"Sorry,we really need someone that can lift and throw stock around,so I'm going to give it to one of our guys." What advancement barrier is Dora facing?

A)Developmental opportunities
B)Gender stereotypes
C)Style and effectiveness
D)Negotiation

Question 54

What is not a result found by meta-analysis on characteristics and behaviors of female and male leaders?

A)Women devalued when they worked in male-dominated environments.
B)Women devalued when the evaluators were men.
C)Women evaluated favorably when they used directive or autocratic styles.
D)Women led in a more democratic style than men.

Question 55

Which of the following statements is true?

A)Men earn more bachelor's degrees than women.
B)Thirty percent of the US Congress is made up of women.
C)Women make up 50% of people in managerial/professional positions.
D)Women have as much work experience and job continuity as men.

Question 56

Which of the following is not a cited reason for women's underrepresentation in leadership roles?

A)Human capital
B)Gender differences
C)Prejudice
D)Intelligence

Question 57

According to research,one way women can advance in leadership is

A)By blending individualized consideration with inspirational motivation.
B)By strongly resisting stereotype threats.
C)By acting masculine and assertive,and not in feminine ways.
D)By leading in a more democratic manner than men.

Question 58

What scholar(s)used meta-analysis to research gender and leadership style?

A)Eagly and Carli
B)Heilman
C)Bowles and McGinn
D)Powell and Vecchio

Question 59

Due to researchers identifying problems with the term glass ceiling,an alternative metaphor now used is

A)Glass escalator.
B)Leadership labyrinth.
C)Whirlpool effect.
D)Corporate cupboard.

Question 60

In 2014,what percentage of privately owned businesses were women owned?

A)75%
B)15%
C)40%
D)20%

Question 61

Which of the following factors are supported in research that keep women in the leadership labyrinth?

A)Women have less work experience than men
B)Women have less college education than men
C)Women have more career interruptions than men
D)Women opt out of the leadership track for the "mommy track"

Question 62

Women earn more

A)Masters degrees than men
B)Bachelors degrees than men
C)Law degrees than men
D)Money in mid-management than men

Question 63

When women use negotiation tactics to promote themselves in obtaining leadership positions

A)They are seen as unhirable
B)They face greater social costs than men
C)They are viewed positively by men
D)They are typically successful

Question 64

What characteristic is considered a gender stereotype of women?

A)Independence
B)Rationality
C)Decisiveness
D)Helpfulness

Question 65

What factors have been found successful in reducing the negative impact of the leadership gap for women leaders?

A)Flexibility in work-life balance
B)Challenges to the male model of work
C)Gender pay gap reductions
D)Parity in spousal support of high-level leadership roles

Question 66

Empirical evidence of gender stereotypes reveals that these stereotypes

A)Are less deleterious to males
B)Alter the perception and evaluation of female leaders
C)Alter the perception and evaluation of male leaders
D)Directly affect women aspiring to leadership roles

Question 67

Women could still be perceived as warm and as leaders with high-level potential by

A)Combining transactional and servant leadership styles
B)Combining agentic and communal characteristics
C)Using authoritative and achievement leader behaviors
D)Using transformational leadership behaviors

Question 68

Which of the following is an agentic characteristic?

A)Sensitivity
B)Helpfulness
C)Independence
D)Decisiveness

Question 69

According to research,which of the following is not a described level of promoting leadership effectiveness?

A)Interpersonal level
B)Organizational level
C)Governmental level
D)Individual level

Question 70

Men earn more master's degrees than women.

Question 71

In which of the following ways does empirical research support small differences in leadership styles and effectiveness between men and women?

A)Women are less effective in leading than men
B)Women are slightly more effective than men in more feminine leadership positions
C)Men use more democratic and participatory styles than women
D)Men are slightly more effective than women in more masculine leadership positions

Question 72

Developmental experiences that help people achieve top leadership positions include

A)Male bonding opportunities
B)Nepotism
C)Inclusion in key networks
D)Effective mentoring relationships

Question 73

The result of gender-biased stereotypes is

A)Less favorable attitudes toward females than males
B)Males who appear more feminine are viewed favorably
C)Greater difficulty for females to be effective in leadership roles
D)Masculine leadership is a non-issue for both genders

Question 74

Men were found to be more effective than women

A)When in gender neutral leadership roles
B)When in middle-management positions
C)In military leadership positions
D)In masculinized leadership positions

Question 75

In what decade did researchers start paying attention to issues of gender and leadership?

A)1960s
B)1970s
C)1980s
D)1990s

Question 76

Which of the following are cultural changes many organizations are making that should help women navigate the labyrinth?

A)The notion of uninterrupted full-time careers
B)Separation of work and family is being challenged
C)Male role models are becoming more feminized
D)Challenges to the male model of work

Question 77

What are the two types of responses women have when faced with gender-based leadership stereotypes?

A)Engage in emotional communication behaviors
B)Demonstrate vulnerability by assimilating to the stereotype
C)Engage in stereotype-countering behaviors
D)Confidence level in decision making is reduced

Question 78

What needs to happen in order for women to achieve elite leadership roles in the workforce?

A)Greater equity in domestic responsibilities
B)Changes in workplace norms
C)Greater equity in the gender pay gap
D)Greater involvement by women to help women into these roles

Question 79

According to the leadership labyrinth,which of the following is a characteristic of prejudice?

A)Work-home conflict
B)Cross-pressures
C)Style and effectiveness
D)Work experience

Question 80

The gender gap in influential leadership positions

A)Is non-existent in modern leadership in Western contexts
B)Is starting to close
C)Is still in existence
D)Has not changed in the last 25 years