Deck 3: Forming a New Life

Question 1

Tasha has just given birth to healthy twins.One of the twins has an X and Y chromosome,while the other has two X chromosomes.These twins are

A)monozygotic.
B)dizygotic.
C)unizygotic.
D)either monozygotic or dizygotic.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Twins formed by the fertilization of two ova by two sperm are

A)fraternal.
B)the least common type of twins.
C)genetically the same.
D)more likely in first pregnancies than in later ones.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Ovulation refers to

A)the fertilization of an ovum by a sperm.
B)the expulsion of an ovum from the ovary.
C)the passage of an ovum through the vagina and out of a woman's body.
D)the absorption of an ovum by a woman's white blood cells.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

A zygote is created when a sperm and an egg combine in the fallopian tube to form a single cell.This process is referred to as

A)implantation.
B)ovulation.
C)fertilization.
D)menstruation.

Question 5

In recent years there has been a rise in multiple births.This rise is a result of

A)delayed childbearing.
B)increased use of fertility drugs.
C)assisted reproduction.
D)All of these

Question 6

In human development class,Tasha and Vladimir learned that it is the chromosomes of __________ that will determine the sex of the child they hope to have together.

A)the mother
B)the father
C)both parents
D)chance

Question 7

You tell your parents that in college you wish to study the science of genetics.What will be the focus of your study?

A)The inborn,inherited factors that affect development.
B)The effects of environmental influences on phenotypic development.
C)The interactions of the environment with nurturing factors.
D)The factors responsible for all differences between people.

Question 8

Epigenises is a process that shows that monozygotic twins tend to

A)become more alike as they get older.
B)show more differences as they get older.
C)show little impact from environmental factors as they age.
D)demonstrate nearly total similarity throughout life regardless of the environment.

Question 9

Which of the following describes the path sperm travel after they enter the women's body through the vagina?

A)Uterus,cervix,fallopian tube
B)Cervix,uterus,fallopian tube
C)Fallopian tube,cervix,uterus
D)Cervix,fallopian tube,uterus

Question 10

Genetic action that triggers the development of the body and brain are often regulated by

A)the specific strength and viability of growth genes.
B)hormone levels that stimulate genes.
C)the amount of stress present in the environment.
D)adequate nutrition during the developmental process.

Question 11

A process by which non-sex cells divide in half over and over again is

A)meiosis.
B)mitosis.
C)menstruation.
D)multiple splitosis.

Question 12

The name for a leading cause of mental retardation caused by mothers who drink alcohol heavily during their pregnancies is

A)drinker's syndrome.
B)fetal alcohol syndrome.
C)drunk woman's syndrome.
D)mental retardation syndrome.

Question 13

The view by society that it is desirable to have only two children is an example of Bronfrenbrenner's

A)microsystem.
B)macrosystem.
C)exosystem.
D)Any of the above depending upon the parent

Question 14

Which of the following statements about monozygotic twins is TRUE?

A)They are no more similar to one another than normal siblings.
B)They will always have identical temperaments.
C)They will always be born with identical physical characteristics.
D)One twin may be right-handed while the other is left-handed.

Question 15

The name for the process of cell division that produces copies of cells with the 46 chromosomes is

A)diffusion.
B)meiosis.
C)translocation.
D)mitosis.

Question 16

Which of the following is TRUE of the process of meiosis?

A)Meiosis results in two cells,each with 46 chromosomes.
B)It results in the number of chromosomes being reduced by half.
C)The process adds an extra twenty-first chromosome.
D)Meiosis is the process by which the egg and sperm combine.

Question 17

A woman's "fertile window" is typically between the __________ of the menstrual cycle.

A)6th and 21st days
B)14th and 15th days
C)25th and 28th days
D)1st and 2nd month

Question 18

Within each cell nucleus are coils of DNA called

A)genes.
B)human genomes.
C)chromosomes.
D)zygotes.

Question 19

How many pairs of chromosomes does the normal human being have?

A)22
B)23
C)44
D)46

Question 20

The increased use of fertility drugs,along with delayed childbearing,has resulted in

A)an increase in multiple births.
B)a decrease in multiple births.
C)no change in multiple births.
D)no relationship between these factors.

Question 21

Which birth defect afflicts European Jews at a rate of 1 in 3,000?

A)Tay-Sachs disease
B)Sickle-cell anemia
C)Cystic fibrosis
D)Cooley's anemia

Question 22

Social competence was measured in girls with Turner's syndrome,a defect in which the individual is missing an X chromosome.Those who received the single X from their fathers did better and were better adjusted than those that received the single X from their mothers.The dad's gene seemed to override the mother's chemically altered gene.This is an example of

A)genetic imprinting.
B)a sex-linked characteristic.
C)a recessive trait.
D)incomplete dominance.

Question 23

Permanent alterations in genetic material that occur due to environmental conditions such as radiation or environmental hazards is/are called

A)incomplete dominations.
B)recessive defects.
C)alleles.
D)mutations.

Question 24

The process of sexual differentiation that occurs during the early weeks of prenatal development is now recognized as being __________ complex than was previously thought.

A)less
B)significantly less
C)more
D)undifferentiated and less

Question 25

Marsha's nickname as a child was "Shirley Temple" because of her curly hair.Although her hair is curly,she carries a gene for straight hair.Her phenotype is

A)curly hair.
B)the gene for straight hair.
C)genes for both curly and straight hair.
D)her total genetic makeup.

Question 26

A person's genotype may INCLUDE the ability for musical giftedness.Which of the following experiences will encourage the expression of that musical talent?

A)Good nutrition on the part of the mother
B)Access to musical instruments/lessons
C)Lack of interest in music
D)Parents who have little or no musical interest or talent

Question 27

Joan has the most common lethal genetic defect among white people and will probably not live to be 30 years of age.Joan suffers from

A)PKU.
B)cystic fibrosis.
C)spina bifida.
D)Tay-Sachs.

Question 28

If Laurie has albinism but neither of her parents exhibits this inherited condition,the trait must be __________ and Laurie's genotype for this trait is _________.

A)dominant;homozygous
B)recessive;homozygous
C)dominant;heterozygous
D)recessive;heterozygous

Question 29

Traits that are affected by many genes are

A)only expressed through homozygous alleles.
B)usually recessive for females.
C)generally dominant in monozygotic twins.
D)influenced through polygenic inheritance.

Question 30

Marlin has been asked to go on a blind date with his friend Roger's sister.If Marlin wants to know facts like hair color,body type,etc.,Roger will need to describe his sister's

A)incomplete dominance.
B)phenotype.
C)genotypic manifestation.
D)allele differentiation.

Question 31

Christopher has a gene for Huntington's disease and will definitely have the disorder.This is an example of transmission by __________ inheritance.

A)recessive
B)dominant
C)sex-linked
D)multifactorial

Question 32

A person's observable characteristics are his or her

A)alleles.
B)genetic imprint.
C)phenotype.
D)genotype.

Question 33

Thomas suffers from a sex-linked blood-clotting disorder called hemophilia that is transmitted by a recessive gene.Neither his mother nor his father has ever shown symptoms of this disease.What can we conclude about the genetic makeup of John's parents?

A)Both the mother and the father have the faulty gene.
B)The mother is a carrier for hemophilia,while the father does not have the gene.
C)The mother is homozygous for the faulty gene,while the father is heterozygous.
D)The father has the faulty gene,while the mother does not.

Question 34

Sexual differentiation in human embryos normally occurs during the ___________ after conception.

A)sixth to eighth weeks
B)second trimester
C)first few moments
D)12th week

Question 35

Some infants are born with sex-linked disorders.These disorders are

A)never seen in females.
B)generally passed from father to son.
C)generally passed from mother to daughter.
D)often carried by a female although not apparent in her phenotype.

Question 36

A hereditary characteristic that is carried by an individual but is NOT expressed in that individual's phenotype is

A)recessive.
B)partially dominant.
C)homozygous.
D)regressive.

Question 37

Recessive inheritance occurs only when a person receives two _____ alleles,one from each parent.

A)dominant
B)recessive
C)homozygous
D)heterozygous

Question 38

The chromosomes that do NOT determine sex are called

A)zygotes.
B)genes.
C)gametes.
D)autosomes.

Question 39

When neither of two alleles is dominant,the resulting trait reflects the influence of both.This is called

A)polygenic inheritance.
B)dominant inheritance.
C)codominance.
D)recessive inheritance.

Question 40

When tall homozygous pea plants are crossbred with homozygous short pea plants,the resulting hybrids are tall,but in the next generation,one out of four plants is short.This experiment demonstrates Mendel's law of

A)independent segregation.
B)dominant inheritance.
C)incomplete dominance.
D)multifactorial inheritance.

Question 41

Family studies fail to rule out the extent to which environmental factors influence certain traits.To separate the effects of heredity from those of environment researchers do

A)twin studies.
B)experimental studies.
C)adoption studies.
D)longitudinal studies.

Question 42

A factor that increases the probability of having a baby with Down syndrome is

A)increased age of mother or father.
B)parents' use of tobacco.
C)parents' use of alcohol.
D)a defective XY chromosome pattern.

Question 43

Which of the following statements about environmental influences is NOT true?

A)Children growing up in the same family have the same environment.
B)Some individual experiences,like illness and injury,become environmental influences.
C)Siblings are usually more different than alike.
D)The home is the primary environment in the early years of life.

Question 44

Although Jean-Paul's adoptive parents are quite short,he is growing to be quite tall like his biological mother.What might we conclude about Jean-Paul's height?

A)It is influenced primarily by the positive environment of the adoptive family.
B)It is influenced primarily by heredity.
C)Nutrition did not influence his height.
D)It is primarily a result of independent segregation.

Question 45

Emanuel's friend,Natalie,has just given birth to a child with Down syndrome.What should he tell her about the future prospects for the child?

A)After the first three years,the child's intellectual development will catch up with normal children.
B)The child's retardation will be so severe that she must place the child in an institution.
C)Although the child will be retarded,she can learn useful skills to support herself as an adult.
D)The child is likely to die of respiratory problems before 10 years of age.

Question 46

A statistical estimate of how much contribution heredity makes toward individual differences in a specific trait at a certain time within a given population is referred to as

A)inheritance.
B)heritability.
C)heredity.
D)genetics.

Question 47

Which of the following most clearly demonstrates the influence of environment?

A)Bill,who was adopted at birth,died at the same age as his biological father.
B)Patty,who was adopted at the age of 2,walks like her adoptive mother.
C)Matt and Jason,identical twins who were separated at birth,are both overweight.
D)Marie and Amy are fraternal twins who were reared apart.Marie has high blood pressure and Amy does not.

Question 48

The most frequently stated cause for Down syndrome is

A)a recessive gene.
B)seasonal fluctuations of hormones.
C)exposure to X-rays and pesticides.
D)an accident in chromosome distribution.

Question 49

Which of the following statements regarding Down syndrome is TRUE?

A)It is due to a defect in the sex chromosomes.
B)If one identical twin has the disorder,the other twin will not have the disorder.
C)These individuals have brain shrinkage and are at risk for Alzheimer's disease as they age.
D)Individuals with the disorder must be hospitalized throughout much of their lives.

Question 50

Of the following,the child likely to exhibit the SMALLEST reaction range for the trait of intelligence is the one born with

A)severe brain damage.
B)mild brain damage.
C)parents of normal intelligence.
D)parents of extremely high intelligence.

Question 51

Which of the following statements about the influences of heredity and environment is correct according to your textbook?

A)A person's height is determined by his or her genes.
B)A person's potential range of height is genetically determined,but actual height may be influenced by nutrition.
C)The genetic upper limit or range of height can be raised by improved nutrition.
D)Nutrition is more important than genetic limits or range.

Question 52

Which of the following statements about persons with Down syndrome is TRUE?

A)Most are profoundly retarded.
B)Most have severe health problems and die before age 30.
C)Most require total care for life.
D)Most can function to some degree in society.

Question 53

Latrice was born with an extra fold of skin at the corners of her eyes,a small head,protruding tongue,and mental retardation.She probably has

A)Turner's syndrome.
B)Klinefelter's syndrome.
C)Down syndrome.
D)hemophilia.

Question 54

Who would show more concordance for a chiefly hereditary trait?

A)Fraternal twins
B)Identical twins
C)Both identical and fraternal twins
D)Siblings who are not twins

Question 55

New guidelines regarding obesity and overweight place a child as overweight when they fall between the________ and ______ percentiles on BMI.

A)5th and 10th
B)50th and 75th
C)85th and 95th
D)95th and 99th

Question 56

The most common chromosomal abnormality that takes place in the autosomes is

A)Klinefelter's syndrome.
B)Down syndrome.
C)Turner's syndrome.
D)Walker syndrome.

Question 57

A researcher compares monozygotic and dizygotic twins for their level of similarity on a trait.This researcher is attempting to determine the __________ of the trait activity levels.

A)teratogenesis
B)genotype
C)karyotype
D)heritability

Question 58

Of the following,the family with the LEAST need for genetic counseling is the one who

A)already had a child with a genetic defect.
B)has a family history of hereditary illness.
C)has a general concern about defects.
D)includes a parent who suffers from conditions suspected to be inherited.

Question 59

A couple's genetic counselor shows them magnified photographs of each parent's chromosomes arranged on a chart according to size and structure.What is this chart called?

A)Allele typing
B)Phenotype
C)Gamete analysis
D)Karyotype

Question 60

Emma is a 5-year-old and weighs 90 pounds.Family studies tell us that her obesity is a result of

A)heredity.
B)environment.
C)behavior.
D)a combination of all three factors.

Question 61

Adoption studies of intelligence indicate that

A)environment is a very small factor.
B)environment is more important than heredity.
C)environment has some impact,but less so than heredity.
D)genetic influence is very slight.

Question 62

The fluid-filled sac surrounding the developing human organism is the

A)placenta.
B)amniotic sac.
C)trophoblast.
D)blastocyst.

Question 63

The thickened mass of cells on the blastocyst from which the baby will develop is called the

A)embryonic disk.
B)germinal disk.
C)amniotic thickening.
D)lateral ridge.

Question 64

A strongly canalized trait is one that

A)is easily influenced by environmental conditions.
B)is affected little by environmental conditions.
C)only appears in certain situations.
D)has a large reaction range.

Question 65

Which of the following would be considered the most highly canalized trait at birth?

A)Sequence of motor development
B)Tendency toward early sexual activity
C)Antisocial behavior
D)Language development

Question 66

Generalizing from the text,one would predict that characteristics that exhibit a ___________ degree of canalization would display a ___________ level of concordance in monozygotic twins.

A)high;high
B)low;high
C)high;negative
D)low;stable

Question 67

A psychological disorder marked by loss of contact with reality and demonstrating such symptoms as hallucinations and delusions,which also seems to have a strong genetic component,is

A)neuroticism.
B)depression.
C)schizophrenia.
D)mental retardation.

Question 68

Which of the following is NOT a function of the placenta?

A)Encases the baby with a fluid-filled membrane
B)Removes body wastes from the baby
C)Fights infections in the baby
D)Produces hormones that stimulate lactation

Question 69

Which of the following is an indicator for the risk of schizophrenia?

A)Fetal undernourishment
B)A father who is under 30
C)Lack of brain maturation
D)Being born in a rural area

Question 70

A fertilized ovum is also called a(n)

A)embryo.
B)zygote.
C)fetus.
D)morphogen.

Question 71

During which prenatal stage do the major body systems and organs develop?

A)Fetal
B)Embryonic
C)Germinal
D)Terminal

Question 72

The zygote divides and implants into the wall of the uterus during which stage of gestation?

A)Fetal
B)Embryonic
C)Germinal
D)Terminal

Question 73

The genetic-environment correlation where children with different genetic composition evoke responses from adults that strengthen the child's genetic inclinations is called

A)passive correlations.
B)reactive correlations.
C)niche-picking.
D)active correlations.

Question 74

Which of the following cell groups of a blastocyst will become the outer layer of skin,hair,nails,sensory organs,and nervous system?

A)Ectoderm
B)Endoderm
C)Mesoderm
D)Pachyderm

Question 75

Karen is adopted at the age of 1.When she is given an IQ test at age 21,her score is likely to be most similar to the IQ of her

A)adoptive mother.
B)adoptive father.
C)biological mother.
D)All of these

Question 76

The environment often reflects or reinforces genetic differences;that is,certain genetic and environmental influences tend to act in the same direction.This tendency is called

A)environment-genotype covariance.
B)genotype-environment correlation.
C)niche-picking.
D)shared environment.

Question 77

Studies of intelligence indicate that

A)older children are more influenced by environment.
B)younger children show greater environmental effects,but these may diminish later in life.
C)the environment is the most important factor in intelligence and will overcome genetic deficits.
D)adopted children are more similar to their adoptive parents than to their biological parents.

Question 78

Which of the following traits would be the LEAST highly canalized in most human beings?

A)Eye color
B)Body type
C)Motor development
D)None of these

Question 79

Susan and Betty are monozygotic twins,while George and Brent are dizygotic twins.If a particular trait is determined primarily by hereditary factors,what would be the relative degree of concordance in these two twin pairs?

A)George and Brent would be more concordant than Susan and Betty.
B)Susan and Betty would be more concordant than George and Brent.
C)In similar environments,the two sets of twins would be equally concordant.
D)It is not possible to determine concordance from studying twins.

Question 80

Monozygotic twins tend to be __________ concordant than dizygotic twins in IQ,certain personality patterns,and cholesterol levels.

A)less
B)more
C)no difference
D)Research is inconclusive.