Deck 9: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

Question 1

An important maturational change seen in the brain of school-age children in certain regions of the cerebral cortex is

A)less density of gray matter.
B)increased density of gray matter.
C)no change in density of gray matter.
D)decrease in white matter.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Bart is 10 years of age and is about 40 pounds above his ideal body weight.He is more likely to

A)feel good about himself and have a good relationship with peers.
B)be at a lowered risk of depression.
C)have higher blood pressure and cholesterol.
D)be highly involved in baseball and football.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Dave is a very overweight child.Which of the following is TRUE about Dave?

A)He probably watches more television than other children.
B)He is likely to outgrow his obesity.
C)He is not likely to be helped by treatment.
D)He is probably very involved in organized sports.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

What is true about organized sports and activities?

A)Nearly all children participate in organized sports during middle childhood.
B)Girls tend to spend more time in organized sports than boys do.
C)Organized sports appear to have greater risks than benefits for children.
D)More children participate in unorganized activities than in organized sports.

Question 5

Children who have higher BMIs,hypertension,and glucose intolerance have

A)an increased life expectancy.
B)a life expectancy of 2 to 5 years less than peers.
C)a life expectancy that is decreased by over 25%.
D)no greater risk factors than other children but should lose weight.

Question 6

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A)Concern with body image becomes important early in middle childhood.
B)Girls are more concerned with body image than are boys.
C)Children are likely to be overweight if they have overweight parents.
D)All of the above

Question 7

Which of the following statements about illness in middle childhood is TRUE?

A)It is common for a child to have 10 or more respiratory infections in a year.
B)Vaccination rates are lower during middle childhood than during early childhood.
C)The death rate during middle childhood is the lowest in the life span.
D)Children today have more illnesses than children early in this century.

Question 8

What are some contributors to children being overweight?

A)Eating out more often with increased calorie consumption.
B)Increased time in front of television and computer.
C)Less activity and less engagement in sports and physical play.
D)All of the above

Question 9

In children of average intelligence,the prefrontal cortex is relatively thick at age 7,and then

A)peaks in thickness by age 12 for all children regardless of intelligence.
B)peaks in thickness at about age 8 for typical children but peaks at 11 to 12 years for highly intelligent children.
C)remains the same over the middle childhood period,as it was when the child was younger.
D)gradually increases in thickness as brain connections are increased.

Question 10

Compared with early childhood,during middle childhood,sleep needs

A)increase.
B)decline.
C)stay the same.
D)None of these

Question 11

During middle childhood,__________ medical conditions are common and __________ medical conditions are rare.

A)acute;chronic
B)gastrointestinal;upper respiratory
C)noninfectious;infectious
D)chronic;debilitative

Question 12

Generalizing from the text,which of the following children would have the greatest chance of being obese?

A)A girl from China
B)A Mexican-American boy
C)A white female child
D)A white male child

Question 13

Ron is a 10 years old.We can expect that the speed and efficiency of his brain processes will

A)decrease.
B)increase.
C)not change.
D)not filter out irrelevant information.

Question 14

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A)Girls around the world participate in rough-and-tumble play more than boys.
B)Rough-and-tumble play peaks in early childhood.
C)Rough-and-tumble play is unique to children in the United States.
D)Rough-and-tumble play peaks in middle childhood.

Question 15

With regard to physical growth during middle childhood,

A)boys gain more weight each year than girls.
B)girls gain more weight each year than boys.
C)both boys and girls gain about the same amount of weight each year.
D)boys and girls gain about the same until the prepubescent growth spurt.

Question 16

According to the text,rates of physical growth during middle childhood are

A)fastest for children from South America and Southeast Asia
B)extremely variable across geographic regions and ethnic groups
C)not influenced by environmental factors.
D)quite similar in children throughout the world regardless of ethnicity or nutritional status.

Question 17

Generalizing from the text,which of the following children would probably be the tallest during middle childhood?

A)a middle-class African American child
B)a middle-class white child
C)an Ethiopian child
D)a Cambodian child

Question 18

During middle childhood,children need approximately how many calories a day?

A)1,000
B)1,500
C)2,400
D)3,200

Question 19

The outcomes of the changes in diet and exercise for many American children is that

A)they are at greater risk for diabetes.
B)they usually have a better body image and self-esteem.
C)the rate of overweight and obesity has decreased over the past few generations.
D)children has lowered risks for depression.

Question 20

Rough-and-tumble play peaks in

A)early childhood.
B)middle childhood.
C)early adolescence.
D)late adolescence.

Question 21

Memory aids are one kind of

A)encoding device.
B)mnemonic strategy.
C)metamemory.
D)mental prop.

Question 22

Which child is at greatest risk for asthma?

A)White male
B)Black male
C)White female
D)Black female

Question 23

Krista suffers from asthma that frequently keeps her out of school and limits her participation in physical activities.Which of the following is NOT a potential risk factor?

A)Indoor environmental toxins inside Krista's school building
B)Tobacco smoke at home
C)Being a victim of bullying
D)All of these are risk factors.

Question 24

The use of estimation in solving math problems appears to ______ during middle childhood.

A)improve
B)decline
C)disappear
D)not function

Question 25

Children in Piaget's concrete operational stage show increased skill in all of the following areas EXCEPT

A)space and causality.
B)hypothetical thinking.
C)inductive reasoning.
D)categorization.

Question 26

A disease that was typically found in overweight older adults in the past but is now being diagnosed at an alarming rate in childhood is

A)Type 1 diabetes.
B)Type 2 diabetes.
C)asthma.
D)low blood pressure.

Question 27

The most prevalent chronic illness in childhood is

A)cancer.
B)asthma.
C)AIDS.
D)vision problems.

Question 28

During middle childhood,metamemory

A)decreases.
B)increases.
C)is used only by the brightest children.
D)None of the above;metamemory does not develop until adolescence.

Question 29

The severity of approximately 88 percent of bicycling injuries can be reduced dramatically by

A)riding only on the street.
B)using helmets.
C)using a light while riding at night.
D)riding a bicycle with smaller tires.

Question 30

What is the leading cause of death in middle childhood?

A)Injury by accident
B)Cancer
C)HIV/AIDS
D)Upper respiratory problems

Question 31

According to Piaget,children enter which stage at about the age of 7?

A)Sensorimotor
B)Preoperational
C)Concrete operational
D)Formal operational

Question 32

A child who can think logically about the "here and now" but not abstractly is in which of Piaget's stages?

A)Sensorimotor
B)Preoperational
C)Concrete operational
D)Formal operational

Question 33

A child is told that Bob is older than Sally,and Sally is older than Fred.When asked,"Who is older,Bob or Fred?" the child replies,"Bob." This child is demonstrating __________ ability.

A)class inclusion
B)divergent thinking
C)transitive inference
D)mnemonic

Question 34

The following abilities of school-age children are true EXCEPT

A)by 6 or 7,many children can count in their heads.
B)the ability to add numbers appears before subtraction.
C)the ability to estimate does not change significantly during middle childhood.
D)children become more adept with age at solving story problems.

Question 35

Jimmy is trying to learn his phone number and address.He tells his father,"Maybe if I say it to myself a hundred times,I will be able to remember it." Jimmy is demonstrating that he is beginning to appreciate

A)protomemory.
B)metamemory.
C)meta analysis.
D)elaboration.

Question 36

Because of danger associated with their use,which of the following does the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend that parents never buy for their children or allow their children to use?

A)Bicycles
B)Trampolines
C)Motor scooters
D)Skateboards

Question 37

Piaget concluded that moral reasoning develops in three stages,which include all of the following EXCEPT

A)obedience to authority.
B)mutual respect.
C)moral intent.
D)equity.

Question 38

Brian is shown a picture with two cows and four horses in it.When he is asked if there are more horses or animals in the picture,Brian replies that there are more animals.Brian is demonstrating the classification ability of

A)class consciousness.
B)demarcation.
C)seriation.
D)class inclusion.

Question 39

The ability to arrange objects according to some dimension,such as largest to smallest,is called

A)class inclusion.
B)seriation.
C)transmitting.
D)horizontal decalage.

Question 40

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A)School-age children may not be advancing through Piaget's stages as rapidly as their parents did.
B)Conservation abilities of children are not dependent on familiarity with materials.
C)Neurological influences are not as important for children's adaptation to their environment.
D)Children are not getting enough drilling on the three R's.

Question 41

Billy's mother has sent him to the store to buy eggs,bread,and milk.To remember these items,Billy repeats their names.He is using __________ to help remember the items.

A)rehearsal
B)redundancy
C)iteration
D)elaboration

Question 42

Repetition of information to be held in memory is called

A)organization.
B)elaboration.
C)rehearsal.
D)encoding.

Question 43

IQ tests focus almost entirely on abilities that are useful at

A)home.
B)school.
C)work.
D)play.

Question 44

Freddie is trying to learn the names of the first five presidents of the United States.To help him,his mother makes up a story using the five names in it,and then teaches the story to Freddie.Freddie's mother is using the mnemonic device of

A)elaboration.
B)confabulation.
C)organization.
D)reiteration.

Question 45

Tests that attempt to deal with experiences common to all persons who take them are called culture

A)free.
B)fair.
C)general.
D)common.

Question 46

Intelligence tests used in middle childhood are

A)good predictors of achievement in school,especially for verbal children.
B)indicators of learning disabilities.
C)very accurate.
D)not timed.

Question 47

Howard Gardner recently added an eighth type of intelligence,__________,to his original list of seven.

A)musical
B)naturalist
C)interpersonal
D)bodily-kinesthetic

Question 48

Dr.Gray is administering a test to a single second-grade child.There are items testing vocabulary and items testing the child's ability to reproduce patterns with blocks.Dr.Gray is likely administering the

A)Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-III).
B)Scholastic Aptitude Test for Children.
C)Otis-Lennon School Ability Test.
D)General Aptitude Test for Children.

Question 49

___________defines successful intelligence as the skills and knowledge needed for success within a particular social and cultural context.

A)Howard Gardner
B)Robert Sternberg
C)Jean Piaget
D)David Elkind

Question 50

Susan is given a list of names of students from her school to remember.To help remember them,Susan arranges the names according to whether they are in the first,second,or third grade,and according to gender.Susan is using the technique of __________ to aid her memory.

A)rehearsal
B)elaboration
C)organization
D)reencoding

Question 51

Tests that include knowledge or skills more familiar and meaningful to some culture groups and not others are considered culture

A)biased.
B)fair.
C)general.
D)common.

Question 52

Which statement about IQ tests is FALSE?

A)They are excellent predictors of school performance.
B)They equate intelligence with speed and penalize a child who is slow.
C)They are unfair to children who are poor test takers.
D)They measure what has been learned in school and culture and not innate ability.

Question 53

The most widely used individually administered IQ test is the

A)Otis-Lennon School Ability Test.
B)Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC).
C)Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale.
D)Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-III).

Question 54

Which of the following elements is NOT included by Robert Sternberg in his triarchic theory of intelligence?

A)Componential
B)Experiential
C)Contextual
D)Conceptual

Question 55

Justin's ability to control the intrusion of other thoughts while he is trying to focus on the material at hand is growing.According to research,this development is believed to be due to

A)the development of mnemonics.
B)neurological maturation.
C)organization.
D)reiteration.

Question 56

Improvements in information processing may help explain how children find their way to and from school because they demonstrate the following abilities EXCEPT

A)they can scan their environment.
B)they can take in important features.
C)they can reason abstractly.
D)they can remember objects in context.

Question 57

Howard Gardner believes people have __________ relatively independent kinds of intelligence,and that traditional IQ tests measure __________ of them.

A)3;2
B)15;7
C)5;1
D)8;3

Question 58

An argument that supports the limited predictive power of intelligence testing is that

A)tests are unfair to minorities.
B)Hispanic children fall below white children and tests don't predict this group's achievement.
C)Asian Americans have high achievement but not significantly higher IQ scores.
D)tests don't measure those who have exceptional motor abilities.

Question 59

The most common mnemonic strategy aiding both children and adults is the use of

A)external memory aids.
B)rehearsal.
C)organization.
D)elaboration.

Question 60

Which memory strategy links items together in a story or scene?

A)Organization
B)Elaboration
C)Rehearsal
D)Retrieval

Question 61

Which parenting style seems to promote high-achieving children?

A)Authoritarian
B)Permissive
C)Authoritative
D)Obligatory

Question 62

Paula scores high in self-efficacy.This means that Paula

A)is at risk for improving metacognitive skills.
B)is likely to hold false beliefs about her ability to master her environment.
C)believes that she can regulate her own learning.
D)has a skill that is only helpful if she does not have a learning disability.

Question 63

The rules by which words are organized into phrases and sentences are called

A)syntax.
B)code switching.
C)transitive constructions.
D)mnemonics.

Question 64

Drawing from the text,factors that most affect success in first grade include all EXCEPT

A)engaging students in discussion.
B)frequent literacy instruction.
C)encourage responsibility.
D)increase physical education.

Question 65

According to the text,schools have adopted different approaches around second language learning.These include all EXCEPT

A)English immersion.
B)bilingual education.
C)multilingual education.
D)dual language learning.

Question 66

The practice of promoting children who do not meet grade-level academic standards is called __________ promotion,and there continues to be disagreement about the effectiveness of its practice.

A)academic
B)social
C)achievement
D)grade

Question 67

What is the effect of parents' involvement in their children's schooling?

A)Parental involvement improves children's attitudes and performance.
B)It has a limited effect,because most parents are not familiar with the educational methods used and content taught today.
C)Parents generally create problems for their children because teachers resent interference.
D)Parental involvement is only useful when the parents are well educated.

Question 68

Homeschooling is legal in ______ of the 50 United States.

A)35
B)40
C)45
D)50

Question 69

During the school years,the practical use of language,or __________,develops.

A)code switching
B)semantics
C)syntax
D)pragmatics

Question 70

Disorders that interfere with specific aspects of school achievement are called

A)self-fulfilling prophecies.
B)learning disabilities.
C)developmental disabilities.
D)learning deficiencies.

Question 71

In about one-third of cases of mental retardation,the cause is

A)hereditary factors.
B)difficulties experienced during childbirth.
C)mental disorders.
D)unknown.

Question 72

Charter schools have the following benefits EXCEPT

A)it is smaller than public school.
B)it has a unique curriculum.
C)it has higher student academic outcomes than public school.
D)parents are generally satisfied.

Question 73

Eight-year-old Georgia's family is always playing some new game at home,watching a variety of TV shows,and engaging in a variety of highly stimulating activities.This cognitive stimulation will lead to

A)a more harmonious family atmosphere.
B)higher intrinsic motivation for learning.
C)higher extrinsic motivation for learning.
D)more competition among the siblings.

Question 74

Most children in the United States who speak a second language use

A)Spanish.
B)French.
C)German.
D)none of these.

Question 75

A child who sounds out a word by translating it from print to speech is

A)decoding.
B)encoding.
C)long-coding.
D)short-coding.

Question 76

Congress adopted an act to improve educational accountability,parental options,and local flexibility.This act is called

A)No Student Left Behind.
B)No Child Left Behind.
C)No Student Will Fail.
D)No Child Will Fail.

Question 77

Mental retardation is indicated by an IQ below

A)55.
B)60.
C)65.
D)70.

Question 78

Which of the following statements about mental retardation is FALSE?

A)In many cases,the cause of mental retardation is not known.
B)One must have an IQ of about 70 or below to be classified as retarded.
C)Most mentally retarded children benefit from elementary education.
D)More girls than boys are mentally retarded.

Question 79

A relatively new individual intelligence test,based on neurological research and information-processing theory,is the

A)Sternberg Triarchic Abilities Test.
B)Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children.
C)Otis-Lennon School Ability Test.
D)Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children.

Question 80

The skills involved in developing metacognition include all of the following strategies EXCEPT

A)thinking of examples.
B)visualizing relationships.
C)summarizing.
D)improving spelling.