Deck 9: Plant-Based Diets

Question 1

In a randomized clinical trial,lower heart disease in participants who eat a Mediterranean diet compared with participants who eat a low-fat diet was attributed to

A)lower caloric intake and higher olive oil intake.
B)red wine intake.
C)higher olive oil or mixed nut intake.
D)higher olive oil intake,lower fat intake,and exercise.
E)higher lean-meat intake and lower-fat dairy intakE.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

At what stages of cancer is a plant-based diet most likely to be effective?

A)initiation and invasion
B)initiation and promotion
C)invasion and progression
D)progression and metastasis
E)invasion and metastasis

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which statement is NOT true about plant foods and cancer risk?

A)Soy foods lower cancer risk because of their hormone-like phytoestrogens.
B)Soy foods lower cancer risk because they are a high-quality protein.
C)Colorful vegetables lower cancer risk because of their antioxidant vitamins.
D)Colorful vegetables lower cancer risk because of their phytochemical content.
E)Vegetables lower cancer risk because of their high dietary fiber content.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

A plant-based diet is most effective at

A)reducing the replication of mutated cells.
B)reducing development of a blood vessel supply to the tumor.
C)reducing invasion and destruction of surrounding tissues.
D)preventing tumor spreaD.
E)reducing apoptosis.

Question 5

Which is NOT a health benefit of plant-based diets?

A)lower risk of autoimmune disorders
B)lower risk of hypertension
C)lower risk of certain cancers
D)lower body mass index and obesity
E)lower circulating cholesterol and LDL

Question 6

Which food may increase cancer risk?

A)soy foods because of hormone-like phytoestrogens
B)food high in sugar because of high glycemic response
C)refined grains because of loss of antioxidant vitamins
D)dairy because of trans fatty acids
E)processed meats because of nitrates/nitrites

Question 7

To reduce cancer risk,red meat and processed meat consumption should be limited to

A)20 ounces,2 to 3 times a week
B)20 ounces per week
C)18 ounces,2 to 3 times a week
D)18 ounces per week
E)5 ounces per day

Question 8

Which is the first step in cancer development?

A)uncontrolled cell division and growth
B)cell DNA mutation
C)invasion and destruction of surrounding tissues
D)tumor spread
E)increased apoptosis and tumor formation

Question 9

Olive oil and mixed nuts in the Mediterranean diet result in

A)high omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA)intake.
B)high linoleic acid intake.
C)high omega-6 and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids intake.
D)high monounsaturated and omega-3 fatty acid intake.
E)high partially hydrogenated oil intakE.

Question 10

A person who consumes a plant-based diet,but occasionally consumes meat is

A)a Mediterranean.
B)a flexitarian.
C)a quasi-carnivore.
D)a quasi-vegetarian.
E)a pescatarian.

Question 11

Overconsumption of which of the following is mostly likely to increase cancer risk?

A)alternative sweeteners such as xylitol
B)whole-fat dairy because of saturated and trans fatty acids
C)black tea because of high EGCG content
D)wine because of alcohol content
E)nonorganic fruits and vegetables because of pesticides

Question 12

Which meal would you suggest for a lacto-ovo vegetarian?

A)egg omelet with mushrooms and spinach
B)grilled tilapia with broccoli
C)turkey breast and mustard on whole-wheat bread
D)sausage with bell peppers on a bun
E)toast with bacon,cheese,and a glass of 2% milk

Question 13

Which meal would you suggest for a pescatarian?

A)egg omelet with mushrooms and ham
B)surf and turf of scampi shrimp,steak,and lobster tail
C)turkey burger and garden salad
D)scrambled eggs,turkey bacon,and a glass of soy milk
E)smoked salmon on a cream cheese bagel and orange juice

Question 14

Which cancer stage has the worst prognosis?

A)uncontrolled cell division and growth
B)cell DNA mutation
C)invasion and destruction of surrounding tissues
D)metastasis
E)reduced cancer cell apoptosis

Question 15

Which list presents the correct order of cancer development?

A)initiation,progression,promotion,metastasis
B)progression,promotion,apoptosis,metastasis
C)apoptosis,progression,promotion,metastasis
D)mutation,initiation,promotion,metastasis,progression
E)initiation,promotion,progression,metastasis

Question 16

A person who excludes red meats,but includes poultry and fish in their diet is considered

A)a flexitarian.
B)a lacto-ovo vegetarian.
C)a quasi-carnivore.
D)a quasi-vegetarian.
E)a pescatarian.

Question 17

An individual who eats a plant-based diet,but includes both dairy and eggs is

A)a flexitarian.
B)a lacto-ovo vegetarian.
C)a quasi-carnivore.
D)a quasi-vegetarian.
E)a pescatarian.

Question 18

Which list contains a food that a vegan would NOT consume?

A)legumes,wild rice,mashed potatoes
B)soft drink,French fries,chips
C)honey,chopped nuts,berries
D)corn,margarine,pasta with tomato sauce
E)peanut butter,white bread,soy milk

Question 19

Eating a plant-based diet consisting of fruits and nonstarchy vegetables probably protects against

A)kidney cancer.
B)colon,breast,and prostate cancer.
C)liver and gallbladder cancer.
D)mouth,stomach,and lung cancer.
E)pancreatic cancer.

Question 20

Which meal would you suggest for a lacto-vegetarian?

A)egg omelet with mushrooms and spinach
B)steamed salmon fillet and couscous
C)hamburger and French fries
D)scrambled egg and bacon on whole grain bread and apple juice
E)toast with honey,fruit cup,and a glass of 2% milk

Question 21

Salted cured meat and other salt-preserved food should be limited because of increased risk of

A)colorectal cancer.
B)prostate cancer.
C)stomach cancer.
D)lung cancer.
E)obesity.

Question 22

Which foods are rich sources of the phytochemicals called anthocyanins?

A)grapes and red wine
B)tomato,tomato products,and watermelon
C)soy and soy products
D)blueberries,blackberries,and cherries
E)dark chocolate and cocoa

Question 23

Which is NOT a dietary guideline for vegetarians?

A)Choose from a variety of plant foods.
B)Choose complementary proteins.
C)Pay particular attention to vitamin B₁₂ and iron.
D)Limit intake of fatty,sugary,and refined foods.
E)Limit food choices to fruits and vegetables.

Question 24

Which statement is NOT true about vegetarian children and teens?

A)Lacto-ovo vegetarian children have similar growth to nonvegetarian children.
B)Some vegan children can have reduced growth due to deficient protein and calories.
C)Vegetarian teens consume more fiber,folate,and vitamin C than nonvegetarian teens.
D)Vegetarian teens consume more carbohydrates and sweets than nonvegetarian teens.
E)Vegetarian teens have lower risk of obesity and chronic disease later in lifE.

Question 25

Which phytochemical has been reported to reduce the risk of prostate cancer?

A)resveratrol
B)lutein
C)lycopenes
D)zeaxanthin
E)isoflavones

Question 26

Which foods are rich sources of the phytoestrogens called isoflavones?

A)grapes and red wine
B)tomato,tomato products,watermelon
C)soy and soy products
D)blueberries,blackberries,raspberries
E)dark chocolate and cocoa

Question 27

Vegan may increase non-heme iron absorption by

A)consuming it with soy protein or legumes.
B)consuming it with vegetable oil.
C)consuming it with orange juice.
D)consuming it with fat-soluble vitamins.
E)consuming it with antioxidant vitamins.

Question 28

The recommended non-heme iron intake for vegans is_____ higher than the iron recommendations of nonvegetarians.

A)100%
B)80%
C)65%
D)50%
E)25%

Question 29

Which foods are rich sources of the phytochemical lycopene?

A)grapes and red wine
B)tomato,tomato products,and watermelon
C)soy and soy products
D)blueberries,blackberries,and cherries
E)dark chocolate and cocoa

Question 30

Which statement is NOT true about organic foods?

A)Organic foods conserve biodiversity.
B)Organic foods foster recycling of resources.
C)Organic foods expose consumers to fewer antibiotic resistant bacteria.
D)Organic foods expose consumers to fewer pesticides.
E)Organic foods are more nutritious and have more health benefits.

Question 31

Vegans may have difficulty obtaining adequate amounts of

A)vitamin C and folate.
B)zinc and potassium.
C)complete proteins and vitamin B₁₂.
D)cholesterol and omega-3 fatty acids.
E)vitamin E and omega-3 fatty acids.

Question 32

Which of the following is the most likely to lower cancer risk?

A)foods fortified with vitamin E,A,and iron because of high antioxidant content
B)colorful plant foods because of phytochemicals and antioxidant vitamins
C)vitamin A supplements because of a high antioxidant content
D)red wine because of its anti-inflammatory resveratrol content
E)organic fruits and vegetables because of low pesticide contamination

Question 33

Grapes and red wine are a rich source of which phytochemical?

A)vitamin E and C
B)zeaxanthin
C)vitamin A and carotenoids
D)isoflavones and lignans
E)resveratrol

Question 34

Which is NOT an example of a carotenoid?

A)resveratrol
B)lycopene
C)beta-carotene
D)lutein
E)zeaxanthin

Question 35

Dark chocolate and cocoa are a rich source of which phytochemical?

A)vitamin E and C
B)flavanols
C)anthocyanins
D)isoflavones and lignans
E)resveratrol

Question 36

Vegetarians who do not consume seafood may need to take care to consume adequate

A)antioxidant vitamins.
B)iodized table salt,EPA,and DHA.
C)vitamin E and
D)monounsaturated fatty acids.
E)essential fatty acids.

Question 37

Algae provides an important source of _____ for vegans.

A)omega-3 fatty acid (DHA)
B)complete protein
C)vitamin B₁₂ and calcium
D)essential fatty acids,linoleic acid,and alpha-linolenic acid
E)heme iron and antioxidant vitamins

Question 38

Which phytochemical combination has been reported to benefit eye health?

A)resveratrol and lignans
B)resveratrol and flavanols
C)zeaxanthin and lutein
D)isoflavones and flavanols
E)isoflavones and lignans

Question 39

Which are more bioavailable in plant foods than in animal foods?

A)calcium and iron
B)vitamin C and E
C)retinoids and thiamin
D)vitamin D and cholesterol
E)zinc and riboflavin

Question 40

Vegetarians do not consume gelatin because it

A)is high in sugar.
B)is high in artificial food coloring.
C)is a protein derived from animal bone and skin.
D)is a carbohydrate derived from animal bone and skin.
E)binds calcium and iron interfering with bioavailability.

Question 41

According to the USDA,food can be labeled as made with organic ingredients if it contains a minimum of

A)100% organic ingredients.
B)95% organic ingredients.
C)70% organic ingredients.
D)50% organic ingredients.
E)25% organic ingredients.

Question 42

According to the USDA,food can be labeled as 100% organic if it contains a minimum of

A)100% organic ingredients.
B)95% organic ingredients.
C)70% organic ingredients.
D)50% organic ingredients.
E)25% organic ingredients.

Question 43

Describe a Mediterranean diet and the potential health benefits that can result from this dietary approach.

Question 44

According to the USDA,foods labeled as made with some organic ingredients are composed of

A)95% organic ingredients.
B)90% organic ingredients.
C)80% organic ingredients.
D)70% organic ingredients.
E)less than 70% organic ingredients.

Question 45

Which statement is NOT true about the Mediterranean diet's effects on health?

A)The Mediterranean diet reduces the risk of diabetes.
B)The Mediterranean diet reduces the risk of celiac disease.
C)The Mediterranean diet reduces the risk of Alzheimer's disease.
D)The Mediterranean diet reduces the risk of cancer.
E)The Mediterranean diet reduces the risk of cardiovascular diseasE.

Question 46

Name and explain why certain nutrients are of particular concern for individuals who eat a plant-based diet.

Question 47

Explain the French paradox and its significance in illustrating a relationship between health and diet.

Question 48

Describe the beneficial role of plant-based diets in reducing the risk of cancer development.

Question 49

Which statement is NOT true about the nutritional value of Mediterranean diets?

A)Higher fruit consumption increases antioxidant intake.
B)Higher vegetable consumption increases fiber intake.
C)Higher fish consumption increases monounsaturated fatty acids.
D)Lower meat consumption decreases cholesterol intake.
E)Higher fruit and vegetable consumption increases polyphenol intakE.

Question 50

Describe several methods whereby vegetarians can ensure adequate vitamin B₁₂ intake,since this nutrient is found only in animal food sources.