Deck 9: Late Deterministic and Stochastic Radiation Effects on Organ Systems

Question 1

During the preimplantation stage of development,a radiation dose of 0.05 to 0.15 Gyt delivered to a human fertilized ovum will result in which of the following?

A)Congenital abnormalities
B)Delayed bone growth
C)Embryonic death
D)Microcephaly

Answer 1

Embryonic death

Question 2

After the 1986 nuclear power station accident in Chernobyl,Ukraine,an attempt was made to prevent thyroid cancer in children in Poland and some other countries as a consequence of accidental overdose of iodine-131;_______________ was administered as a substitute for take-up of iodine-131.

A)potassium bromide
B)sodium chloride
C)sodium bicarbonate
D)potassium iodide

Answer 2

potassium iodide

Question 3

Radiation-induced cataracts in humans follow a ______ dose-response relationship.

A)nonlinear,nonthreshold
B)linear,nonthreshold
C)linear,threshold
D)nonlinear,threshold

Answer 3

nonlinear,threshold

Question 4

What do agents such as chemicals,elevated temperatures,ionizing radiation,and viruses have in common?

A)Nothing
B)They can increase the frequency of mutations in only those members of the population who are already genetically impaired.
C)They are all mutagens that may increase the frequency of occurrence of mutations.
D)They always cause spontaneous abortions during the first trimester of pregnancy.

Question 5

Normally,mutations in genetic material occur spontaneously,without a known cause.A genetic disorder is present in approximately _______ of all live births in the United States.

A)10%
B)20%
C)25%
D)30%

Question 6

Uranium miners in the Colorado plateau who developed lung cancer years after exposure provide an example of which of the following?

A)Early deterministic somatic effects
B)Late stochastic effects
C)Early genetic effects
D)Late genetic effects

Question 7

The human body can incorporate radium into bone because it is chemically similar to:

A)calcium
B)potassium
C)phosphorus
D)sodium

Question 8

In which of the following human populations is the risk for causing a radiation-induced cancer not directly measurable?
1)All patients in diagnostic radiology subjected to a radiation dose below 0.1 Sievert
2)Chernobyl radiation accident victims living in contaminated villages
3)Japanese atomic bomb survivors

A)1 only
B)2 only
C)3 only
D)2 and 3 only

Question 9

Radiation dose-response curves can be used to predict the risk of ______________ in human populations that have been exposed to low levels of ionizing radiation.

A)cataract formation
B)genetic effects
C)malignancy
D)spontaneous abortions

Question 10

What is the mean value of the radiation doubling equivalent dose for humans,as determined from the children of the atomic bomb survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki?

A)1.00 Sv
B)1.56 Sv
C)3.00 Sv
D)5.67 Sv

Question 11

Of the following late effects caused by exposure to ionizing radiation,which effect is considered to be most important?

A)Cataract formation
B)Embryologic or birth defects
C)Cancer
D)None;all are considered to be of equal importance

Question 12

When a prediction is made that the number of excess cancers in a given population will increase as the natural incidence of cancer increases in that population with age,the risk is described by which of the following terms?

A)Absolute
B)Excess
C)Quadratic
D)Relative

Question 13

Radiation-induced abnormalities are caused by unrepaired damage to:

A)all stem cells in the body.
B)DNA within ova or sperm.
C)epithelial cells.
D)somatic cells.

Question 14

For an accurate estimate of the number of radiation-induced leukemias and other malignancies that may occur in some of the 135,000 evacuees from the 1986 nuclear power station accident in Chernobyl,Ukraine,the exposed population must _______.

A)not be permitted to receive any additional medical radiation exposure for at least 20 years from the date of the accident.
B)not be permitted to intermingle with the unexposed population.
C)remain living in the same geographic area for the remainder of their lives.
D)have long-term monitoring.

Question 15

Existing data on radiation-induced genetic effects in humans :

A)prove conclusively that radiation causes major genetic effects.
B)prove conclusively that radiation causes only minor genetic effects.
C)are still inconclusive.
D)prove conclusively that radiation does not cause genetic effects.

Question 16

Genetic effects from exposure to ionizing radiation occur as a result of radiation-induced damage to the DNA molecule in which of the following?
1)Sperm of a man
2)Ova of a woman
3)Somatic cells of men and women

A)1 only
B)2 only
C)3 only
D)1 and 2 only

Question 17

Which of the following groups of people exposed to ionizing radiation provide proof that low-level radiation exposure produces late effects?

A)135,000 evacuees from the 1986 nuclear power plant accident at Chernobyl,Ukraine
B)Japanese atomic bomb survivors
C)Children of the Marshall Islanders who were inadvertently subjected to fallout during the atomic bomb test in 1954
D)None of the above

Question 18

Studies of Japanese atomic bomb survivors demonstrate that the incidence of leukemia has ______ since the late 1940s and early 1950s,and the incidence of solid tumors has continued to ______ since the late 1950s and early 1960s.

A)slowly declined,escalate
B)increased rapidly,decrease
C)increased slowly,decrease
D)rapidly declined,decrease

Question 19

In general,laboratory experiments with mice prove that cataracts may be induced with doses of ionizing radiation as low as:

A)0.1 Gyt.
B)0.01 Gyt.
C)0.5 Gyt.
D)0.05 Gyt.

Question 20

Mutations in genes and DNA that occur at random as natural phenomena are called:

A)deterministic mutations.
B)sporadic mutations.
C)spontaneous mutations.
D)stochastic mutations.

Question 21

Radium decays with a half-life of:

A)8 days.
B)50 years.
C)500 years.
D)1622 years

Question 22

The term linear nonthreshold curve implies that the biologic response to ionizing radiation is:

A)directly proportional to the dose.
B)inversely proportional to the dose.
C)directly proportional to the square of the dose.
D)inversely proportional to the square of the dose.

Question 23

Studies of postpartum patients treated with ionizing radiation for relief of mastitis are a group of individuals in whom the results of radiation exposure to healthy breast tissue indicate that radiation:

A)can cause breast cancer.
B)cannot cause breast cancer.
C)can cause breast enlargement.
D)can cause breast shrinkage.

Question 24

Today,as a result of programs stressing radiation safety education and protective devices,radiation workers employed in medical imaging:

A)may only experience a moderate degree of adverse health effects as a consequence of their work.
B)may only experience a small amount of adverse health effects as a consequence of their work.
C)need not experience any adverse health effects as a consequence of their work.
D)programs stressing radiation safety education and the use of protective devices have no impact on adverse health effects that radiation workers sustain.

Question 25

Genetic mutations at the molecular level are called:

A)chromatid mutations.
B)chromosome mutations.
C)molecular mutations.
D)point mutations.