Deck 3: Perception

Question 1

In the sense of vision the work of James Gibson defines this as the informational medium.

A)reflected light from the object.
B)the actual object
C)your mind perceiving the object
D)sound waves generated by the object

Answer 1

reflected light from the object.

Question 2

This hypothesis suggests that there are two distinct visual pathways in the brain;one pathway is important for the location of the object in space and the other is for identifying the object.

A)Object Identity/Object Location
B)Object Identity/Object Position
C)What/How
D)What/Where

Answer 2

What/Where

Question 3

According to __________ theories of form perception,people attempt to match characteristics of an observed pattern to existing characteristics,without considering the prior experience of the perceiver or what the perceiver already knows about the context in which the form is presented.

A)constructive-perception
B)prototype
C)feature
D)computational

Answer 3

feature

Question 4

Julie sees a flower,she notes it is red and appears to be a rose.What is the distal object?

A)the photon absorption in the rods and cones.
B)the reflection of light off the rose.
C)the actual rose.
D)molecules released by the smell of the rose.

Question 5

__________ are theoretical explanations of perception that focus on the physical stimulus being perceived and then proceed upward to consider higher-order cognitive processes.

A)Cognition-driven theories
B)Stimulus models
C)Bottom-up theories
D)Top-down theories

Question 6

These short and thick photoreceptors work well in situations in which the light is bright.

A)cones
B)ganglion cells
C)rods
D)vitreous humor

Question 7

The optic nerve consists of axons from what type of cells?

A)amacrine cells
B)ganglion cells
C)horizontal cells
D)oligodendroglia

Question 8

Our eyes are constantly moving because it is the change in stimulation that leads to accurate perception;What occurs when a situation is created that leads to a constant stimulation of cells in the retina?

A)Ganzfeld Effect
B)Leads to one perceiving a grey field.
C)It appears that things may disappear.
D)All of the above are true.

Question 9

A __________ refers to an exact model of a distinctive pattern or form,used as the basis for perception of patterns or forms.

A)template
B)proximal stimulus
C)percept
D)Gestalt

Question 10

The theory of direct perception is an example of a

A)bottom-up theory.
B)top-down theory.
C)complete theory of perception.
D)template theory.

Question 11

A pandemonium model,based on the notion that metaphorical "demons" with specific duties receive and analyze the features of a stimulus,is an example of a __________ theory of form perception.

A)template
B)prototype
C)feature
D)computational

Question 12

The template theories,prototype theories,feature theories,and computational theories of form and pattern perception are all

A)cognition-driven theories.
B)stimulus models.
C)bottom-up theories.
D)top-down theories.

Question 13

The viewpoint of direct perception was championed by

A)John Watson.
B)Johanes Ponzo.
C)Irvin Rock.
D)James Gibson.

Question 14

This part of the eye allows for light to pass through it and serves as protection for the eye.

A)cornea
B)crystalline lens
C)iris
D)vitreous humor

Question 15

Transduction of electromagnetic light energy into neural electrochemical impulses occurs in this part of the eye.

A)cornea
B)crystalline lens
C)retina
D)vitreous humor

Question 16

__________ refer(s)to the set of psychological processes by which people recognize,organize,synthesize,and give meaning (in the brain)to the sensations received from environmental stimuli (in the sense organs).

A)Comprehension processes
B)Recognition
C)Sensation
D)Perception

Question 17

This hypothesis suggests that there are two distinct visual pathways in the brain;one pathway is important for identifying the object and the other for identifying the function of the object.

A)Object Identity/Object Location
B)Object Identity/Object Position
C)What/How
D)What/Where

Question 18

The three types of interneuron cells are:

A)amacrine cells,horizontal cells,bipolar cells
B)astroglia cells,ganglion cells,bipolar cells
C)ganglion cells,photoreceptors,photopigments
D)horizontal cells,ganglion cells,oligodendroglia

Question 19

These long thin photoreceptors work well under situations in which light is dim.

A)cones
B)crystalline lens
C)rods
D)ganglion cells

Question 20

Gibson's direct perception model is sometimes referred to as a(n)__________,because of Gibson's concern with perception as it occurs in the everyday world rather than in laboratory situations.

A)anti-laboratory view
B)real-life view
C)world model
D)ecological model

Question 21

The __________ approach is based on the notion that the whole differs from the sum of its individual parts.

A)structuralist
B)functionalist
C)Gestalt
D)decompositional analysis

Question 22

The law of __________ is a Gestalt principle asserting the perceptual tendency to perceive visual arrays in ways that most simply organize disparate elements into a stable and coherent form.

A)parsimony
B)Prägnanz
C)organization of elements
D)coherence

Question 23

This particular type of context effect occurs when recognition of an object is easier when it is seen in a configuration rather than when the object is presented in isolation.

A)configural-superiority effect
B)direct perception
C)computational configuration effect
D)synthetic conglomeration effects

Question 24

Top-down processing is to bottom-up processing as Constructivist is to ______________.

A)Distal stimulus
B)Configural superiority
C)Direct perception
D)Perceptual Constancy

Question 25

__________ features are those that constitute the small-scale or detailed aspects of a given pattern.

A)Mega
B)Micro
C)Local
D)Global

Question 26

Identification of an item may be influenced by surrounding information especially when the sensory information is ambiguous.This example of a top-down approach of perception in terms of using the surrounding information is called

A)micro-identity effect.
B)direct assimilation effects.
C)context effects.
D)synthetic conglomeration effects.

Question 27

__________ perception is a key view of perception,also known as intelligent perception,because it states that higher-order thinking plays an important role in perception.

A)Synthetic
B)Unconscious
C)Direct
D)Constructive

Question 28

This strategy suggests that for developing and using mental representations we focus on a prominent item and then characterizes other information in relation to that item.

A)item centered representation
B)landmark centered representation
C)object-centered representation
D)viewer-centered representation

Question 29

According to the __________ theory of object perception,objects are recognized based on the perception of the distinctive arrangement of various geons (a set of three dimensional geometrical elements)that compose each object.

A)feature-matching
B)prototype
C)template
D)recognition-by-components

Question 30

A study on pattern perception looked at stimuli in which a single "larger" letter was constructed of smaller letters (e.g. ,using small "s" letters to make a large "H").In this study,participants were asked to identify the individual components (small letters)or identify the large letter.When the small letters were positioned close together,in general,participants were faster at identifying the larger letter versus the smaller letters.This is known as

A)global precedence effect.
B)local precedence effect.
C)macro-identity effect.
D)recognition-by-components.

Question 31

This particular mental representation is such that the object is stored in the manner in which the object looks to the observer (object is represented in relationship to the individual).This is called a(n)

A)object-centered representation.
B)state-dependent representation.
C)viewer-centered representation.
D)egocentric representation.

Question 32

This particular type of context effect occurs when recognition of a target line that is part of a 3-D drawing is identified more accurately than when the line is part of a disjoined 2-D pattern.

A)configural-superiority effect
B)direct perception
C)object-superiority effect
D)complex line drawing effect

Question 33

The form of this particular mental representation is stored in a manner that is independent of the objects appearance to the observer.

A)object-centered representation
B)state-dependent representation
C)viewer-centered representation
D)form-centric representation

Question 34

__________ perception refers to a key view of perception which asserts that the perceiver builds the stimulus that is perceived,using sensory information as the foundation for the structure,but also considering the existing knowledge and thought processes of the person.

A)Synthetic
B)Unconscious
C)Direct
D)Constructive

Question 35

According to Hubel and Wiesel,__________ cells receive input from neural cells projected from the thalamus and then fire in response to lines of particular orientations and positions in the receptive field.These cells differ from one another in that each cell responses only to a specific line orientation.

A)simple
B)complex
C)subcortical
D)hypercomplex

Question 36

Which of the following statements best describes how to best understand perception.

A)Bottom-up theories best describe perception.
B)Top-down theories best describe perception.
C)Perception involves a combination of both bottom-up and top down processing.
D)Little is understood about perception at the current time.

Question 37

This view of perception suggests that later-stage representations are directly influence by and are not independent of our attentional focus.

A)bottom-up
B)intelligent topographical
C)synthesis of bottom-up and top-down
D)top-down

Question 38

In some areas of the cortex,some __________ cells fire maximally only in response to very specific shapes (e.g. ,a hand or a face).

A)simple
B)complex
C)subcortical
D)hypercomplex

Question 39

__________ features are those that give a form its overall shape.

A)Mega
B)Micro
C)Local
D)Global

Question 40

A study on pattern perception looked at stimuli in which a single "larger" letter was constructed of smaller letters (e.g. ,using small "s" letters to make a large "H").In this study,participants were asked to identify the individual components (small letters)or identify the large letter.When the small letters were positioned widely spaced,in general,participants were faster at identifying the smaller letters versus the larger letters.This is known as

A)global precedence effect
B)local precedence effect
C)recognition-by-components
D)micro-identity effect

Question 41

Alice suffers from a peculiar perceptual deficit,such that she does not recognize her own face in the mirror.This phenomenon is called

A)spatial agnosia.
B)prosopagnosia.
C)simultagnosia.
D)visual-object agnosia.

Question 42

What is the "face positivity" effect in older participants?

A)They are better able to recognize faces that are not distorted.
B)They are better able to recognize faces that are of the same race.
C)They are better able to recognize faces that show a happy emotion.
D)They are better able to recognize faces that are the same age as us.

Question 43

This concept suggests that we divide visual information into two parts in which some of the information appears closer and better defined while the rest of the information appears further away and "unhighlighted"

A)object specification.
B)binocular depth cues.
C)decompositional analysis.
D)figure-ground.

Question 44

What is the expert-individuation hypothesis?

A)Once humans are adult,they are experts at face recognition.
B)The fusiform gyrus is active only when viewing faces.
C)Configurational processing is idiosyncratic in each person.
D)The fusiform gyrus is active whenever items that you have visual expertise on are
Viewed.

Question 45

The two eyes increasingly turn inward as objects approach the eyes;in turn,the brain interprets these muscular movements as indications of distance from the eyes.The major depth cue represented in this description is

A) binocular disparity.
B)interposition.
C)binocular convergence.
D)motion parallax.

Question 46

This proposal for pattern-recognition suggests that we have two systems for recognizing patterns.One system specializes in the recognition of parts of objects,and the second system specializes in recognizing

A)various features of objects.
B)motion of objects.
C)stationary features.
D)larger configurations.

Question 47

The results of Farah (2000)research using faces,parts of faces,houses and parts of houses supported which conclusion about face recognition.

A)Face recognition involved primarily configurational processing.
B)Face recognition involves primarily feature analysis.
C)Both processes are equally involved.
D)Neither process is involved.

Question 48

The two eyes send increasingly disparate images to the brain as objects approach the eyes.The brain interprets the degree of disparity as an indication of distance from the person.The major depth cue represented in this description is

A)binocular disparity.
B)interposition.
C)binocular convergence.
D)motion parallax.

Question 49

When someone opens a door,we do not experience the door as becoming distorted in form,from a rectangle to a diamond to a flat,thin stripe,and the like.Rather,we observe the door as remaining in its original form.This phenomenon is called

A)distal stimulus.
B)proximal stimulus.
C)shape constancy.
D)size constancy.

Question 50

These cues about depth are based upon the information received from both eyes.

A)object-centered representation
B)monocular depth cues
C)perceptual constancies
D)binocular depth cues

Question 51

When someone approaches us,we do not experience the person becoming larger as he or she comes closer,despite the fact that the retinal image is enlarging dramatically.This phenomenon is called

A)distal stimulus.
B)proximal stimulus.
C)shape constancy.
D)size constancy.

Question 52

If you use a configurational system to recognize cars.Which would describe your process?

A)You examine each feature of the car and match it to a type in memory.
B)You view the car holistically and then recognize it as a mustang.
C)You classify the car based on the type of engine it has.
D)You break the car into geons to determine its type.

Question 53

These cues about depth are represented in just two dimensions and can be seen with just one eye.

A)viewer-centered representation
B)monocular depth cues
C)perceptual constancies
D)binocular depth cues

Question 54

__________ reflects a severely impaired ability to recognize human faces.

A)Spatial agnosia
B)Prosopagnosia
C)Simultagnosia
D)Visual-object agnosia

Question 55

Painters often use these types of cues in their work to provide a perspective of depth to the artwork.These types of cues are called

A)viewer-centered representation.
B)monocular depth cues.
C)perceptual constancies.
D)binocular depth cues.

Question 56

The Gestalt principles of form perception,including proximity,similarity,closure,continuity,and symmetry,all support the overarching law of

A)parsimony.
B)Prägnanz.
C)organization of elements.
D)coherence.

Question 57

Texture gradients,relative size,interposition,linear perspective,and aerial perspective are all examples of

A)binocular depth cues.
B)monocular depth cues.
C)a type of depth perception.
D)perceptual stimuli.

Question 58

These neurons contribute to depth perception by integrating incoming information from both eyes.

A)binocular neurons
B)binocular disparity
C)ganglion cells
D)horizontal cells

Question 59

__________ refers to the perception that a given object remains the same even when the immediate sensation of the object changes.

A)Distal stimulus
B)Proximal stimulus
C)Sensation constancy
D)Perceptual constancy

Question 60

__________ showed that people tend to use Gestalt principles,even when confronted with novel stimuli.

A)Palmer
B)Gibson
C)Marr
D)Hubel and Wiesel

Question 61

__________ refers to a severe deficit in the ability to perceive sensory information,usually related to the visual sensory modality.

A)Amnesia
B)Agnosia
C)Dyslexia
D)Aphasia

Question 62

Upon seeing a pair of eyeglasses,a patient with __________ noted first that there was a circle,then there was another circle,then a crossbar,and finally guessed that he was looking at a bicycle.

A)visual amnesia
B)prosopagnosia
C)simultagnosia
D)visual-object agnosia

Question 63

Nancy has a difficult time with perceiving very specific sounds.This would be an example of what type of agnosia?

A)apperceptive agnosia
B)associative agnosia
C)auditory agnosia
D)achronatopsia

Question 64

Alice can see objects with no problem.However,she cannot see objects actually in motion.She says that it is like receiving snapshots of the word because objects appear in one location and then in another with no sense of how they got there.

A)achromatopsia
B)akinetopsia
C)rod monochromacy
D)tritanopia

Question 65

This perceptual deficit is thought of in terms of damage to the "how" visual pathway,and results in difficulties with using ones visual system to guide one's own movements.

A)tritanopia
B)akinetopsia
C)optic ataxia
D)apoptosis

Question 66

This part of the brain seems to play an important role in the recognition of faces.

A)fusiform gyrus of the temporal lobe
B)inferior colliculi
C)dorsal raphe nuclei
D)lateral geniculate nuclei

Question 67

This form of color deficiency is when a person has a difficult time with medium wavelengths had have a difficult time with green colors.

A)achromacy
B)deuteranopia
C)protanopia
D)tritanopia

Question 68

This type of agnosia,due to a failure in perceptual processing,results in a failure to recognize an object.

A)apperceptive agnosia
B)associative agnosia
C)auditory agnosia
D)achronatopsia

Question 69

What is perceptual constancy and why is it important?

Question 70

This particular color deficit is the result of a malfunction in one of the mechanism for color perception in which the person may have a difficult time distinguishing particular colors.

A)achromatopsia
B)akinetopsia
C)dichromacy
D)monochromacy

Question 71

This particular color deficit is true color-blindness in that the person really has no ability to see any color.

A)deuteranopia
B)dichromacy
C)monochromacy
D)Protanomaly

Question 72

This particular deficit in perception is defined as when a person has a difficult time navigating the everyday environment (e.g. ,fails to recognize landmarks,gets lost on familiar routes).

A)simultagnosia
B)spatial agnosia
C)prosopagnosia
D)visual-object agnosia

Question 73

With this type of agnosia,perceptual processing is fine.The person can represent objects visually but is unable to use the information to recognize things.

A)apperceptive agnosia
B)associative agnosia
C)auditory agnosia
D)akinetopsia

Question 74

Define akinetopsia and achromatopsia.

Question 75

This form of color deficiency is when a person has a difficult time distinguishing between the reds and the greens.In general,they have difficulties with the longer wavelengths (red).

A)achromacy
B)deuteranopia
C)protanopia
D)tritanopia

Question 76

What are the monocular depth cues?

Question 77

Someone with this hereditary disorder is born with no cones in the retina and they rely solely on their rods for vision.

A)Achromatopsia
B)Akinetopsia
C)Rod monochromacy
D)Tritanopia

Question 78

A person with this form of color deficiency can see only shades of gray and truly no color what so ever.The person has cones but the cones are nonfunctional.

A)akinetopsia
B)deuteranopia
C)rod monochromacy
D)tritanopia

Question 79

Disturbance in the temporal region of the cortex can lead to __________,in which a person is unable to pay attention to more than one object at a time.

A)visual-object agnosia
B)time amnesia
C)simultagnosia
D)time agnosia

Question 80

Melanie has a peculiar perceptual deficit.She can sense all parts of her visual field,but the objects she sees do not mean anything to her.This phenomenon is called

A)visual amnesia.
B)prosopagnosia.
C)simultagnosia.
D)visual-object agnosia.