Deck 9: Language

Question 1

Dolores is learning English.She would like to say that it is almost time to go home.Instead,she says,"Time it is almost go home." The property of language that Dolores has not mastered is the English language's

A)arbitrary symbolism.
B)productive quality.
C)regular structure.
D)dynamic property.

Answer 1

regular structure.

Question 2

This area of study focuses on the particular phonemes of a language

A)discourse.
B)phonemics.
C)phonetics.
D)allophones.

Answer 2

phonemics.

Question 3

__________ refers to the ability to produce written and spoken linguistic output,such as words,sentences,and paragraphs.

A)Encoding
B)Decoding
C)Verbal comprehension
D)Verbal fluency

Answer 3

Verbal fluency

Question 4

On a planet where cows are called zoht!,the inhabitants use the name "zoht!" any time they refer to cows.A psycholinguist would argue on the basis of this fact that the aliens' language is

A)regularly structured.
B)arbitrarily symbolic.
C)dynamic.
D)static.

Question 5

Which of the following areas of study have contributed to our understanding of language?

A)sociolinguistics,anthrolinguistics,and psycholinguistics
B)neurolinguistics,anthrolinguistics,and psycholinguistics
C)neurolinguistics,sociolinguistics,and linguistics
D)linguistics,psycholinguistics,and anthrolinguistics

Question 6

This notion suggests that one important principle for word meaning is that different symbols are important in a system in which different words have different meaning.

A)Principle of Conventionality
B)Principle of Contrast
C)Principle of Symbolic Arbitrariness
D)Principle of Differential Meaning

Question 7

With technology,new words are developed in order to describe new concepts or products (e.g. ,television,laser,microchips).The coining of new words and phrases refers to language's

A)regularity of structure.
B)multiplicity of structure.
C)dynamic quality.
D)communicative property.

Question 8

This is the smallest unit of speech sound that can be used to distinguish one meaningful utterance from another in a given language.

A)Morpheme
B)Percept
C)Phoneme
D)Phone

Question 9

The basic idea in the sentence "The girl walked the dog" is fundamentally the same as that in "The dog was walked by the girl." This description illustrates language's

A)regularity of structure.
B)multiplicity of structure.
C)arbitrary symbolic reference.
D)communicative property.

Question 10

Symbols that resemble their referents in some way and are not arbitrarily symbolic are termed

A)words.
B)phonemes.
C)morphemes.
D)icons.

Question 11

This notion suggests that one important principle for word meaning is that the understanding of arbitrary symbols is based on the traditional or customary use of symbols to stand for particular concepts.

A)Principle of Conventionality
B)Principle of Contrast
C)Principle of Symbolic Arbitrariness
D)Principle of Differential Meaning

Question 12

This property of language coveys the notion that we are able to exchange thoughts and feelings with others.

A)arbitrarily symbolic
B)structured at multiple levels
C)generative
D)communicative

Question 13

The __________ is the smallest distinguishable unit of all possible human speech sounds.

A)phoneme
B)morpheme
C)phone
D)morphe

Question 14

The main properties of language are

A)communicative,statically symbolic,and productive.
B)regularly structured,communicative,and statically symbolic.
C)structured at multiple levels,dynamic,and abstractly leveled.
D)regularly structured,productive,and dynamic.

Question 15

Jimmy is two years old and he calls all cats "foffy," such that if you hear him say "Foffy pretty," you know that he is referring to a cat.Which of the properties of language does this description illustrate?

A)arbitrary symbolic
B)productivity
C)the dynamic property
D)regularity of structure

Question 16

Timmy said,"My name is Timmy Bogokowsy and I live on the corner of Phillis and Emerson Roads." It is very likely that Timmy is the first human being in history to have uttered this sentence.This description illustrates language's

A)regularity of structure.
B)generative property.
C)arbitrary symbolic reference.
D)communicative property.

Question 17

This term refers to the ability to take our thoughts and transform them in to linguist output.

A)linguistic input/output theory
B)decoding
C)encoding
D)principle of differential meaning

Question 18

An important characteristic of language is that it is __________,that is,language constantly evolves.

A)dynamic
B)arbitrarily symbolic
C)generative
D)productive

Question 19

The __________ is the smallest unit of speech sound that may be distinguished from other speech sounds and which may or may not make a meaningful difference in a given language.

A)morpheme
B)percept
C)phoneme
D)phone

Question 20

Vincent often has a difficult time with comprehending either written or spoke information (no physical limitations to her senses).Vincent appears to have poor _____.

A)generative language deficiencies (GLD)
B)phonemic comprehension
C)adaptive language skills
D)verbal comprehension

Question 21

This level of analysis goes beyond the level of the sentence and can include things like conversations,paragraphs,or even an entire written work.

A)principle of conventionality
B)categorical perception
C)discourse
D)syntax tendency

Question 22

__________ refers to the entire set of morphemes in a given person's linguistic repertoire.

A)The lexicon
B)Verbal memory
C)Language
D)A vocabulary

Question 23

Semantics is the study of the

A)structure of language.
B)meanings of words.
C)production of speech.
D)acquisition of language.

Question 24

American English-speaking adults typically have (around)_________ words in their vocabulary.

A)10,000
B)20,000
C)under 80,000
D)over 100,000

Question 25

The __________ effect is based on incomplete speech information and involves integrating what we know about our language with what we hear when we perceive speech to fill in any missing phoneme in the speech.

A)phonemic-restoration
B)categorical perception
C)continuous perception
D)McGurk

Question 26

According to the __________ theory of speech perception,we start with a passive analysis of auditory sensations but then quickly shift to active processing,identifying words on the basis of successively paring down the possibilities for matches between each of the phonemes and the words we already know from memory.

A)motor
B)psychological
C)phonetic refinement
D)TRACE

Question 27

When decoding spoken language it is necessary to separate the continuous stream of sound into distinct words.This process is referred to as

A)coarticulation
B)discourse
C)speech segmentation
D)reintegration

Question 28

The suffix -ist and the prefix de- are both examples of __________ morphemes.

A)content
B)semantic
C)function
D)dynamic

Question 29

In the sentence,"The physics student dropped the ball," the physics student is the

A)adjective clause
B)noun phrase
C)predicate
D)verb phrase

Question 30

The smallest unit of sound that denotes meaning within a particular language is the

A)phoneme.
B)morpheme.
C)phone.
D)morphe.

Question 31

According to the __________,speech perception begins with three levels of feature detection (i.e. ,acoustic features,phonemes,and words)and further,speech is highly interactive,with lower levels affecting higher levels and vice versa.

A)motor theory
B)passive theory
C)phonetic refinement theory
D)TRACE model

Question 32

Tameron is visiting a village in a remote area for the purpose of seeing how the villagers produce and combine various speech sounds.He is also interested in how the various sounds are written as symbols.Tameron is interested in

A)discourse.
B)phonemics.
C)phonetics.
D)allophones.

Question 33

When speaking,phonemes in a word and between words often overlap.In other word,the boundaries between phonemes are not discrete but more continuous.This overlapping of phonemes is called

A)allophones.
B)holophrases.
C)discourse.
D)coarticulation.

Question 34

The average adult speaker of English has a lexicon of about __________ morphemes.

A)30,000
B)l,000,000
C)800,000
D)80,000

Question 35

__________ refers to the systematic way in which words can be combined and sequenced to make meaningful phrases and sentences.

A)Semantics
B)Syntax
C)Pragmatics
D)Linguistics

Question 36

The root words dog and paint are both examples of __________ morphemes.

A)content
B)semantic
C)function
D)dynamic

Question 37

In the sentence,"The physics student dropped the ball," dropped the ball is the

A)adjective clause
B)noun phrase
C)article
D)verb phrase

Question 38

Which of the following correctly identifies the two parts that are present in every sentence?

A)verb phrase and predicate
B)subject and noun phrase
C)verb phrase and noun phrase
D)adjective phrase and article

Question 39

According to the __________ effect,continuous differences in sound wave forms are perceived as qualitatively distinct.

A)categorical-perception
B)continuous-perception
C)phonemic-restoration
D)McGurk

Question 40

Jan hears her brother say,"don't forget the *ist".Although her brother coughed while saying the last word,Jan is certain he said list.Her ability to perceive *ist as the word list is referred to as the

A)continuous perception effect
B)semantic completion effect
C)phonemic-restoration effect
D)McGurk effect

Question 41

The strict,dictionary definition of a word is its

A)meaning.
B)interpretation.
C)denotation.
D)connotation.

Question 42

The sentences,"Tommy greedily ate the chicken," and "The chicken was eaten greedily by Tommy" have the same _______ structure,but have different _________ structure.

A)shallow;elaborative
B)surface;deep
C)elaborative;shallow
D)deep;surface

Question 43

According to Noam Chomsky,the mental lexicon

A)contains only semantic meanings of each word.
B)contains morphemes and semantic meanings of each word.
C)contains semantic and syntactical information for each word.
D)contains the spellings and semantic meanings of each word.

Question 44

A word's emotional overtones,presuppositions,and other nonexplicit meanings are its

A)meaning.
B)interpretation.
C)denotation.
D)connotation.

Question 45

Chomsky proposed that in order to understand syntax one must consider interrelationships among phrases within sentences as well as

A)syntactical relationships between sentences.
B)semantic relationships among phrases within sentences.
C)conceptual relationships between sentences.
D)systematically-biased relationships in the passage.

Question 46

__________ refers to an underlying syntactical structure that links various phrase structures through various transformation rules,while __________ refers to any of the various phrase structure that may result from such transformations.

A)Prescriptive grammar;descriptive grammar
B)Descriptive grammar;prescriptive grammar
C)Deep structure;surface structure
D)Surface structure;deep structure

Question 47

Transformational grammar refers to rules used to

A)contrast prescriptive and descriptive grammar.
B)generate surface structures from deep structures.
C)interrelate bottom-up and top-down strategies to derive meaning.
D)analyze a sentence's classical concepts.

Question 48

Semantics is to syntax as

A)structure is to meaning.
B)meaning is to structure.
C)nouns are to verbs.
D)verbs are to nouns.

Question 49

__________ refers to the study of language in terms of noticing regular patterns.These patterns relate to the functions and relationships of words in a sentence.

A)Semantics
B)Pragmatics
C)Grammar
D)Linguistics

Question 50

The __________ effect involves the synchrony of visual (the speaker's lip movements)and auditory (speech)perceptions such that comprehension of what is being said can be manipulated.

A)categorical-perception
B)TRACE
C)phonemic-restoration
D)McGurk

Question 51

You hear your brother say,"The dog was walked by Mom." The next sentence you say,"This morning,John was hit by Mike," has similar sentence structure.This similarity results from

A)systematic priming.
B)semantic facilitation.
C)syntactical priming.
D)grammatical parsing.

Question 52

Items in a sentence can be used in a particular way depending on the context of the communication (e.g. ,agent,patient,beneficiary,etc. ).The different ways in which items can be used based on context is called

A)thematic roles.
B)coarticulation.
C)holophrases.
D)functional morphemes.

Question 53

When we talk about the relationships and transformations among phrase structures of sentences,we must talk more about __________ than about __________.

A)prescriptive grammar;descriptive grammar
B)descriptive grammar;prescriptive grammar
C)deep structure;surface structure
D)surface structure;deep structure

Question 54

____ is concerned with the structure/construction of meaningful phrases and sentences.

A)Overstructuralization
B)Holophrasic
C)Syntax
D)Child-directed speech

Question 55

Mel is a psycholinguist who is interested in cataloguing the structures,functions,and relationships of words in language.She probably specializes in _________ grammar.

A)descriptive
B)prescriptive
C)pragmatic
D)inferential

Question 56

__________ grammar specifies the purported correct ways in which to structure the use of written and spoken language.

A)Descriptive
B)Prescriptive
C)Inferential
D)Logistical

Question 57

_____ which is important for forming the meaning of a word can include both the denotation and connation of a word.

A)Semantics
B)Holophrasic
C)Verbal fluency
D)Telegraphic speech

Question 58

Steve was a linguist who was interested in analyzing sentences in terms of the order in which words appear in sentences,regardless of differences or similarities of meaning.He probably specializes in __________ grammar.

A)inferential
B)prescriptive
C)phrase-structure
D)word-structure

Question 59

According to the __________ theory of speech perception,the sounds /r/ and /l/ sound identical to a native Japanese speaker because he or she articulates them the same way.

A)motor
B)psychological
C)phonetic refinement
D)TRACE

Question 60

__________ revolutionized the study of syntax by being the first to argue convincingly that phrase-structure grammars are inadequate to convey fully the structures of sentences.

A)Eleanor Rosch
B)Ludwig Wittgenstein
C)Herbert Clark
D)Noam Chomsky

Question 61

The word-superiority effect is also known as the __________ effect.

A)Hoffding
B)Hubel-Weisel
C)Reicher-Wheeler
D)Rumelhart-McClelland

Question 62

Communicative units that are structured systematically that are larger than the sentence level are called

A)discourse.
B)syntax.
C)semantics.
D)pragmatics.

Question 63

This type of dyslexia is typically caused by traumatic brain damage.

A)acquired
B)developmental
C)progressive
D)longitudinal

Question 64

Occasionally,readers encounter unknown words and must determine their meanings from the surrounding context.When this happens,readers with _______ use well-formulated strategies to figure out word meanings whereas readers with _______ use no clear strategy.

A)normal abilities;dyslexia
B)high verbal encoding;low verbal encoding
C)above-average intelligence;below-average intelligence
D)large vocabularies;small vocabularies

Question 65

Dyslexia can be the result from the impairment of a number of different processes.Impairment in which of the following process is not typically associated with dyslexia?

A)vision
B)phonological coding
C)lexical access
D)phonological awareness

Question 66

__________ processes refer to the cognitive processes used for understanding text as a whole and thereby making sense of what is read.

A)Lexical
B)Semantic
C)Syntactic
D)Comprehension

Question 67

__________ refers to a process by which people can retrieve from memory information about words (e.g. ,letter names).

A)Semantic access
B)Semantic retrieval
C)Lexical access
D)Lexical attainment

Question 68

In __________,we identify words based on letter combinations and thereby activate our memory in regard to the words.

A)lexical encoding
B)lexical access
C)semantic retrieval
D)semantic encoding

Question 69

Participants in an experiment read one of the following two pairs of sentences: 1)Jane took the picnic out of the trunk.The soda was warm.2)Jane took the soda out of the trunk.The soda was warm.Participants who read Sentence Pair #1 tend to take longer than those who read Sentence Pair #2.This difference emerges because Sentence Pair #1 requires that participants

A)read more words.
B)parse more difficult syntax.
C)make a bridging inference.
D)establish a hypothesis

Question 70

Systematic rules at the sentence level is to ___ as systematic rules beyond the sentence level is to ___.

A)syntax;discourse
B)phonology;morphology
C)morphology;linguistic relativity
D)discourse;linguistic relativity

Question 71

Working memory plays a role in reading comprehension.According to Kintsch,part that role is to temporarily store

A)words
B)propositions
C)syntactic structures
D)letters

Question 72

Which of the following is not a level of processing in Rumelhart and McClelland's Interactive-Activation Model?

A)word
B)phoneme
C)letter
D)feature

Question 73

The average,literate adult can read a passage of text at a speed of _______ words per minute.

A)25-30
B)100-150
C)250-300
D)350-400

Question 74

What are the main properties of language?

Question 75

Carpenter and Just's (1981)eye-movement studies revealed that,during reading,______ words are fixated for a longer duration than _____ words.

A)function;meaningful
B)familiar;unfamiliar
C)initial;final
D)longer;shorter

Question 76

The __________ effect refers to a phenomenon of form perception in which a person can more readily identify letters when they are presented in the context of words than when they are presented as solitary letters.

A)word-superiority
B)word-context
C)letter-identification
D)perceptual-facilitation

Question 77

When a person has a difficult time deciphering,reading,and comprehending written information this is known as

A)aphasia.
B)malapropism.
C)dyslexia.
D)anomaly.

Question 78

This type of dyslexia occurs when an individual has a difficult time in learning the various rules as they relate to sounds.This type of dyslexia starts in early childhood and often continuous throughout adulthood.

A)acquired
B)developmental
C)progressive
D)longitudinal

Question 79

_________ processes refer to the various cognitive processes involved in identifying letters and words,as well as in activating relevant information in memory about the words.

A)Lexical
B)Semantic
C)Syntactic
D)Comprehension

Question 80

When people speed-read,they show

A)fewer and shorter fixations.
B)more but shorter fixations.
C)fewer but longer fixations.
D)more and longer fixations.