Deck 3: Socialization

Question 1

From a sociological perspective, we cannot form a sense of self or personal identity without intense social contact with others.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

According to the symbolic interactionist perspectives of sociologists Cooley and Mead, our sense of self is permanently fixed once we reach adulthood.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Biological inheritance is more important than social interaction in establishing an individual's human nature.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

The most frequent form of child maltreatment is neglect rather than physical abuse.

Question 5

There are different patterns of socialization that are correlated with families of different social classes.

Question 6

Generally, studies have found that putting pre-school children in day-care and preschool programs has a negative impact on their academic performance.

Question 7

According to sociologists, there is no such thing as "peer pressure."

Question 8

Resocialization is always involuntary.

Question 9

The family is the most important agent of socialization in all societies.

Question 10

There is hardly any human behavior that is not influenced by social interaction.

Question 11

Piaget's stages of cognitive development in humans apply equally well across cultures because he developed them using research on groups throughout the world.

Question 12

Today, African American and Latino children are spending more time with various types of media than are white, non-Latino children.

Question 13

The mass media continues to perpetuate images of stereotypical gender norms.

Question 14

The most important aspects of racial identity and attitudes toward other racial/ethnic groups are passed down from generation to generation within the family.

Question 15

The socialization process yields the same outcomes in all societies.

Question 16

Research subsequent to the work of Carol Gilligan, directly comparing men's and women's styles of moral reasoning, has consistently supported her assertion of different styles.

Question 17

There is general agreement that children are incapable of sophisticated levels of moral reasoning.

Question 18

Freud's psychoanalytic theory of human development was a product of the Victorian era and has little or no relevance for understanding human development today.

Question 19

Applying the framework for cognitive development created by Jean Piaget, it is possible for a child to be in several stages at the same time, depending on the child's individual personalities.

Question 20

Studies in gerontology and the sociology of medicine find that most adults may be categorized according to their age, health status, and lifestyle.

Question 21

__________ pioneered sociobiology, arguing that genetic inheritance underlies many forms of social behavior, including war and peace, envy and concern for others, and competition and cooperation.

A) ​Sigmund Freud
B) ​Lawrence Kohlberg
C) ​Jean Piaget
D) ​Edward Wilson

Question 22

The cases of Anna and Genie are presented in the text in order to illustrate the point that_____________________________.

A) ​even negative abusive socialization will help an individual achieve her potential
B) ​socialization is essential for normal human development
C) ​the most neglected children can still be said to have been socialized
D) ​the negative effects of social isolation can be overcome with the proper treatment

Question 23

__________ is the lifelong process of social interaction through which individuals acquire a self-identity and the physical, mental, and social skills needed for survival in society.

A) ​Acculturation
B) ​Socialization
C) ​Assimilation
D) ​Self-representation

Question 24

A teenage boy, nervous because he is about to go out on his first date, receives advice from his older sister about how to act. This is an example of __________.

A) ​self-representation
B) ​acculturation
C) ​socialization
D) ​assimilation

Question 25

The case of Genie, a neglected and abused child, illustrates that ________________.

A) ​with proper therapy, children who have been isolated can eventually become fully developed and independent
B) ​children who have experienced extreme isolation do not live long enough to reach adulthood
C) ​it is not possible for children who experience extreme social isolation and neglect to ever achieve their full human potential
D) ​isolated children actually recover more quickly from cognitive damage than physical damage

Question 26

According to psychologist Sigmund Freud, human development occurs in three        states that reflect different levels of the personality. Which of the following is not one      of the states?

A) ​id
B) ​superego
C) ​libido
D) ​ego

Question 27

Which of these statements is the best explanation of the relative influence of biological and social factors in human development?

A) ​Biological principles explain all forms of human behavior.
B) ​There is hardly any human behavior that is influenced by biological factors.
C) ​Heredity provides the basic material out of which social interaction shapes human characteristics.
D) ​It is clear that biological principles have far greater ability to explain human behavior than does social interaction.

Question 28

In a series of laboratory experiments, psychologists Harry and Margaret Harlow attempted to demonstrate __________.

A) ​the effects of social isolation on nonhuman primates raised without contact with others of their own species
B) ​that human development occurs in three stages that reflect different levels of the personality
C) ​how conflicts that coincide with major changes in a person's social environment can be resolved in a positive manner
D) ​that cognitive development occurs in stages that are significantly different for human and nonhuman primates

Question 29

In the "nature versus nurture" argument regarding socialization, the "nurture" component refers to __________.

A) ​social environment
B) ​contact with others
C) ​cultural tradition
D) ​heredity

Question 30

Children whose biological and emotional needs are met in settings characterized by affection, warmth, and closeness see the world __________.

A) ​as a non-trustworthy and abusive place
B) ​with suspicion and fear
C) ​as a safe and comfortable place
D) ​as a hostile place

Question 31

Which of these statements about the importance of socialization for society is false?

A) ​If a society is small enough, socialization is not essential to social stability.
B) ​Members of a society must be socialized to support the existing social structure.
C) ​Socialization enables society to reproduce itself by passing culture from one generation to the next.
D) ​Without socialization human society could not survive.

Question 32

__________ is the systematic study of how biology affects social behavior and asserts that nature, in the form of our genetic makeup, is a major factor in shaping human behavior.

A) ​Psychophysiology
B) ​Genetic analysis
C) ​Sociobiology
D) ​Cybernation

Question 33

__________ focus on how humans design their own culture and transmit it from generation to generation through socialization. By contrast, __________ assert that nature, in the form of our genetic makeup, is a major factor in shaping human behavior.

A) ​Psychologists / sociologists
B) ​Sociologists / sociobiologists
C) ​Sociobiologists / psychologists
D) ​Sociobiologists / sociologists

Question 34

The basic assumption in the psychoanalytic approach of __________ is that human behavior and personality originate from unconscious forces within the individual.

A) ​George Herbert Mead's
B) ​Charles Horton Cooley's
C) ​Jean Piaget's
D) ​Sigmund Freud's

Question 35

Which of these statements about socialization is false?

A) ​Socialization involves both formal and informal processes.
B) ​Socialization enables us to adapt to new environments.
C) ​Socialization is complete by the time we reach late middle age.
D) ​Socialization is essential for an individual to live in society.

Question 36

Sociologist Kingsley Davis was interested in the case of Anna, a child who was kept in an attic‑like room in her grandfather's house, because __________.

A) ​he was studying the parenting habits of young, unmarried mothers
B) ​he wanted to know more about what happens when a child is raised in isolation
C) ​he was attempting to determine how children develop a generalized other
D) ​he was interested in the impact of sexual abuse on later human behavior

Question 37

In the future the family is likely to remain the primary agent of socialization that shapes an individual's self-concept and personal values.

Question 38

In the "nature versus nurture" debate regarding socialization, the "nature" component refers to __________.

A) ​cultural tradition
B) ​heredity
C) ​contact with others
D) ​social environment

Question 39

Why is socialization such an important process for human beings?

A) ​Unlike other animals, humans have no biological drives.
B) ​Human beings are not capable of informal learning processes.
C) ​Human beings have an instinctive knowledge of society that is triggered by socialization.
D) ​Achieving full human potential requires interaction with others.

Question 40

Socialization is essential for the survival and stability of society. This statement reflects the________________ perspective on socialization and society.

A) ​conflict theory
B) ​postmodern
C) ​functionalist
D) ​symbolic interactionist

Question 41

According to psychologist Sigmund Freud, human development occurs in three states that reflect different levels of the personality. The __________ is the component of personality that includes all of the individual's basic biological drives and needs that demand immediate gratification.

A) ​id
B) ​ego
C) ​superego
D) ​libido

Question 42

Which of the stages in the theory of psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg is not reached by most adults?

A) ​preconventional
B) ​conventional
C) ​postconventional
D) ​subconventional

Question 43

What is the most frequent form of child maltreatment?

A) ​physical abuse
B) ​emotional abuse
C) ​criminal sexual assault
D) ​neglect

Question 44

According to Kohlberg's framework of moral development, most adults are governed by concern for how they are viewed by others and whether or not they will be punished for their behavior. This is termed the __________ level of moral development.

A) ​subconventional
B) ​conventional
C) ​postconventional
D) ​preconventional

Question 45

In psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg's theory, during the __________ level, children view evil behavior as that which is likely to be punished, and good behavior as obedience and avoidance of unwanted consequences.

A) ​conventional
B) ​subconventional
C) ​postconventional
D) ​preconventional

Question 46

Within Freud's framework for understanding human development, the __________ is the rational, reality-oriented component of personality that imposes restrictions on the innate pleasure-seeking drives of individuals.

A) ​id
B) ​ego
C) ​superego
D) ​libido

Question 47

Psychologist Jean Piaget was a pioneer in the field of __________, which explores how people's ability to think and process information changes over time.

A) ​psychoanalysis
B) ​psychosocial development
C) ​cognitive development
D) ​symbolic interactionism

Question 48

Piaget believed that in each stage of human development (from birth through adolescence), children's activities are governed by their __________.

A) ​individual psyches
B) ​perception of the world around them
C) ​socialization
D) ​interactions with others

Question 49

According to Piaget, in the __________ stage, children are unable to engage in symbolic thought or use language.

A) ​sensorimotor
B) ​formal operational
C) ​preoperational
D) ​concrete operational

Question 50

In psychologist Jean Piaget's theory, by the __________ stage, adolescents are able to engage in highly abstract thought and understand places, things, and events they have never seen. They can think about the future and evaluate different options or courses of action.

A) ​sensorimotor
B) ​preoperational
C) ​formal operational
D) ​concrete operational

Question 51

According to psychologist Jean Piaget, toward the end of the second year of life, children begin to use words as mental symbols and to form mental images. He referred to this as the __________ stage.

A) ​concrete operational
B) ​preoperational
C) ​sensorimotor
D) ​formal operational

Question 52

Which of these is not one of the criticisms of Piaget's framework for understanding cognitive development?

A) ​Piaget's approach does not account for individual differences among children.
B) ​Piaget's stages of cognitive development do not apply equally well crossculturally.
C) ​The stages of cognitive development noted by Piaget do not take differences in gender socialization into account.
D) ​The work of Piaget is largely a reconfiguration of the earlier work of Sigmund Freud.

Question 53

According to Freud, a well-adjusted individual successfully manages the opposing forces of the __________ and the __________.

A) ​psychic impulse / ego
B) ​id / ego
C) ​ego / superego
D) ​id / superego

Question 54

Rachelle and Luis really want a new sports utility vehicle, but have recently had their first child. Luis says to Rachelle that the car will have to wait until sometime when they have more resources. His attitude is an illustration of the __________.

A) ​libido
B) ​ego
C) ​id
D) ​superego

Question 55

According to Freud, the __________ is expressed in recognition of parental control and later of the demands of society.

A) ​id
B) ego​
C) ​superego
D) ​libido

Question 56

According to psychologist Carol Gilligan, the key weakness of Lawrence Kohlberg's model was that it___________________________________.

A) ​underestimated human potential for immorality
B) ​was based on only male respondents
C) ​ignored key social psychological insights
D) ​overemphasized the subconscious mind

Question 57

Psychologist Carol Gilligan concluded that women and men often have divergent views on_____________________ .

A) ​social class
B) ​education
C) ​religion
D) ​morality

Question 58

Psychologist Jean Piaget showed children two identical glasses filled with the same amount of water. After the children agreed that both glasses held the same amount of water, Piaget poured the water from one glass into a taller, narrower glass and then asked them about the amounts of water in each glass. Tyler thought that the taller glass held more water because the water line was higher than in the shorter, wider glass. This is an indication that Tyler is in the __________ stage of development.

A) ​sensorimotor
B) ​concrete operational
C) ​preoperational
D) ​formal operational

Question 59

Which of these is the correct sequence of psychologist Jean Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

A) ​preoperational, sensorimotor, formal operational, and concrete operational
B) ​concrete operational, preoperational, formal operational, and sensorimotor
C) ​preoperational, formal operational, concrete operational, and sensorimotor
D) ​sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational

Question 60

Psychologist Jean Piaget showed children two identical glasses filled with the same amount of water. After the children agreed that both glasses held the same amount of water, Piaget poured the water from one glass into a taller, narrower glass and then asked them about the amounts of water in each glass. Tamara noted that both containers still had the same amount of water, even though they were different shapes and sizes. This would indicate that Tamara is in the __________ stage of cognitive development.

A) ​sensorimotor
B) ​concrete operational
C) ​formal operational
D) ​preoperational

Question 61

Cory is four years of age. He loves to dress up like Batman and pretend to save Gotham City from The Penguin. According to sociologist George Herbert Mead's theory, he is in the __________ stage of self-development.

A) ​preparatory
B) ​assimilation
C) ​play
D) ​game

Question 62

The "me" is the __________ element of the self, which is composed of the internalized attitudes and demands of other members of society and the individual's awareness of those demands.

A) ​imaginary
B) ​subjective
C) ​objective
D) ​neutral

Question 63

According to sociologist George Herbert Mead, in the __________ stage of self development, interactions lack meaning and children largely imitate the people around them.

A) ​play
B) ​preparatory
C) ​game
D) ​assimilation

Question 64

Which of these statements about the self or self-concept is false?

A) ​One's sense of self is not present at birth.
B) ​In early childhood one's focus is on the physical and active self.
C) ​Self-concept is the basis for communication with others.
D) ​Self-concept is fixed in childhood and unchanging after.

Question 65

George Herbert Mead breaks down the development of the self into three stages. Which of these is not one of them?

A) ​preparatory
B) ​conventional
C) ​play
D) ​game

Question 66

Psychologist Carol Gilligan believes that women and men often have divergent views on morality. She argued that men are more concerned with __________, whereas women are likely to consider the __________ involved in the situation.

A) ​law and order / social relationships
B) ​social skills / social norms
C) ​social relationships / ethics
D) ​themselves / feelings of others

Question 67

According to the sociological perspective, four components make up our self-concept. Which of the following is not one of the components of our self-concept?

A) ​physical self
B) ​creative self
C) ​active self
D) ​social self

Question 68

Sociologist George Herbert Mead's concept of the __________ other refers to the child's awareness of the demands and expectations of the society as a whole or of the child's subculture.

A) ​generalized
B) ​perceived
C) ​secondary
D) ​significant

Question 69

From a contemporary __________ perspective, children are active and creative agents, not just passive recipients of the socialization process. From this view, children construct their own peer culture by borrowing from adult culture.

A) ​postmodernist
B) ​functionalist
C) ​symbolic interactionist
D) ​conflict

Question 70

According to __________, we do not know who we are until we see ourselves as we believe that others see us. This perspective helps us understand how our self-identity is developed through our contact with others.

A) ​functionalists
B) ​conflict theorists
C) ​symbolic interactionists
D) ​postmodernists

Question 71

In the framework presented by sociologist George Herbert Mead, when young children join T-ball teams and begin to learn to play baseball they are entering the __________ stage of self-development.

A) ​preparatory
B) ​play
C) ​assimilation
D) ​game

Question 72

According to sociologist George Herbert Mead, __________ refers to the process by which a person mentally assumes the role of another person or group in order to understand the world from that person's or group's point of view.

A) ​role-exploration
B) ​role-assumption
C) ​role-taking
D) ​role-searching

Question 73

 __________ is the term for the sum total of perceptions and feelings that an individual has of being a distinct and unique person (a sense of who and what one is).

A) ​Personality
B) ​Psyche
C) ​Self
D) ​Individuation

Question 74

Sociologist George Herbert Mead coined the term __________ others for those persons whose care, affection, and approval are especially desired and who are most important in the development of the self.

A) ​significant
B) ​perceived
C) ​generalized
D) ​primary

Question 75

Which of these is not a step in the process of the looking-glass self?

A) ​We imagine how our personality and appearance look to others.
B) ​We imagine how others judge the personality and appearance we present.
C) ​We evaluate the attitudes that we perceive from others in terms of their correctness.
D) ​We develop a self-concept based on our perception of the attitudes of others.

Question 76

According to __________, we cannot form a sense of self without intense social interaction with others.

A) ​psychoanalysts
B) ​sociologists
C) ​psychologists
D) ​sociobiologists

Question 77

According to sociologist Charles Horton Cooley, the __________ refers to the way in which a person's sense of self is derived from the perceptions of others.

A) ​subconscious
B) ​looking-glass self
C) ​process of role-taking
D) ​significant other

Question 78

The "I" is the __________ element of the self and represents the spontaneous and unique traits of each person.

A) ​subjective
B) ​objective
C) ​imaginary
D) ​neutral

Question 79

Sociologist __________ divided the self into the "I" and the "me."

A) ​Charles Horton Cooley
B) ​Erik Erikson
C) ​Neil Smelser
D) ​George Herbert Mead

Question 80

Aaron's football coach is a very important influence in his life. Many of Aaron's actions are attempts to win the approval of his coach. Sociologist George Herbert Mead would suggest that the coach is one of Aaron's __________.

A) ​generalized others
B) ​secondary group members
C) ​significant others
D) ​reference group members