Deck 8: Global Stratification

Question 1

The literacy rate has become increasingly less useful as an indicator of economic progress within a country.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

According to the definition from the United Nations, a person who can only write his name or simple figures is not considered literate.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Income disparities within nations are more pronounced than between nations.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Economic growth and higher incomes in low- and middle-developed nations are not always necessary to bring about improvements in health and education.

Question 5

Within high-fertility countries, the fertility rates for the poor are higher than those for the wealthy within the same country.

Question 6

Nations with high-income economies always have a higher rate of economic growth than newly industrializing nations.

Question 7

There have been no improvements in health status, literacy, and lessening of extreme poverty throughout the world over the past 50 years.

Question 8

Despite a decrease in tobacco smoking in high-income countries, there has been a global increase in per capita tobacco consumption.

Question 9

Throughout the world the countries that have been most successful in moving from low- to middle-income status have been those that are most centrally involved in the global capitalist economy.

Question 10

The multidimensional measure of poverty is most useful in analyzing poverty in high-income and middle-income countries, where people have greater access to resources.

Question 11

Improving a country's gross national income (GNI) does not necessarily improve the standard of living for the poorest people living in that country.

Question 12

Almost all commodity production today involves a producer-driven commodity chain.

Question 13

Only high-income countries are relatively unaffected by capital flight.

Question 14

The terms used to describe global stratification and economic inequality are the same today as they were 60 years ago.

Question 15

Child labor is recognized around the world as a taboo to the extent that there are now fewer than 50,000 children engaged in labor.

Question 16

According to the United Nations, the gap in literacy rates between women and men has virtually disappeared.

Question 17

The gap between rich and poor countries has decreased over the past 10 years, even as the income gap within countries has been increasing.

Question 18

Throughout the world, even in remote and rural areas, people are benefiting from the economic development of low- and middle-income countries.

Question 19

For countries in the middle of the human development index, the average life expectancy at birth is about 10 years less than that of people in countries at the top of the HDI.

Question 20

Dependency theory does not explain how East Asia and India have historically been dependent on foreign aid and foreign trade yet have still experienced rapid economic growth.

Question 21

Ideas regarding underdevelopment were popularized by __________ in his 1949 inaugural address. He stated that nations in the Southern Hemisphere were "underdeveloped areas" because of their low gross national product.

A) ​President Roosevelt
B) ​President Eisenhower
C) ​President Truman
D) ​President Kennedy

Question 22

Countries in the __________ have little or no industrialization and the lowest standards of living, shortest life expectancies, and highest rates of mortality.

A) ​Second World
B) ​Fourth World
C) ​First World
D) ​Third World

Question 23

The income gaps between richer and poorer countries of the world are __________ than the income gaps between classes in the United States.

A) ​more pronounced
B) ​less pronounced
C) ​more equal
D) ​less stratified

Question 24

The United States, Canada, Japan, Great Britain, Australia, and New Zealand are examples of __________ nations.

A) ​Third World
B) ​Second World
C) ​First World
D) ​Fourth World

Question 25

The gap in global income differences between rich and poor countries has __________ over the past 50 years.

A) ​continued to widen
B) ​decreased slightly
C) ​decreased significantly
D) ​remained basically the same

Question 26

Within the "Three Worlds" approach, __________ refers to rich, industrialized nations that primarily had capitalist economic systems and democratic political systems.

A) ​Fourth World nations
B) ​Second World nations
C) ​Third World nations
D) ​First World nations

Question 27

The primary means used in attempts to reduce inequality and alleviate the worst effects of poverty in the less industrialized nations of the world is __________.

A) ​welfare programs
B) ​development
C) ​improved literacy
D) ​birth control

Question 28

Low-income countries are primarily __________, and have little industrialization and low levels of national and personal income.

A) ​service-oriented nations
B) ​egalitarian nations
C) ​urbanized nations
D) ​agrarian nations

Question 29

China, North Korea, Vietnam, Cuba, and portions of the former Soviet Union have been considered examples of __________ nations.

A) ​Second World
B) ​Fourth World
C) ​First World
D) ​Third World

Question 30

Between 1960 and 2010, the income gap between the richest and poorest countries grew to such an extent that poor countries now receive just $1 for every __________ received by the wealthiest countries.

A) ​$30
B) ​$50
C) ​$100
D) ​$150

Question 31

The terms "First World," "Second World," and "Third World" categorize countries according to __________.

A) ​degree of economic development
B) ​the status of women relative to that of men
C) ​rates of literacy
D) ​population size

Question 32

__________ are nations characterized by highly industrialized economies; technologically advanced industrial, administrative, and service occupations; and relatively high levels of national and per capita income.

A) ​Middle-income countries
B) ​Low-income countries
C) ​High-income countries
D) ​Relative-income countries

Question 33

In 1960, the top 20 percent of the world's population in terms of income received $30 for every dollar by the lowest-income 20 percent of the world's population. By 2005, the disparity had __________.

A) ​increased to $45 for each dollar
B) ​decreased to $25 for each dollar
C) ​increased to $85 for each dollar
D) ​remained stable at $30 for each dollar

Question 34

The __________, named after a U.S. Secretary of State, provided massive sums of money in direct aid and loans to rebuild the European economic base destroyed during World War II.

A) ​Albright Plan
B) ​Baker Plan
C) ​Southern Plan
D) ​Marshall Plan

Question 35

The income gap between the richest and the poorest 20 percent of the world population_______________________.

A) ​has significantly decreased
B) ​is beginning to decline
C) ​continues to widen
D) ​is wider in the United States than in most other countries of the world

Question 36

After __________, the terms "First World," "Second World," and "Third World" were introduced by social analysts to describe countries in terms of their economic development.

A) ​World War I
B) ​the Korean War
C) ​World War II
D) ​the Vietnam War

Question 37

__________ refers to countries with at least a moderate level of economic development and a moderate standard of living.

A) ​First World
B) ​Second World
C) ​Third World
D) ​Fourth World

Question 38

The term ________ refers to all of the goods and services produced in a country within a given year, plus the net income earned outside the country by individuals and corporations.

A) ​national net wealth (NNW)
B) ​gross domestic income (GDI)
C) ​gross national income (GNI)
D) ​gross economic income (GEI)

Question 39

Global stratification_________________________________________.

A) ​involves the unequal distribution of wealth, power, and prestige on a worldwide basis
B) ​results in some countries being more democratic than others
C) ​ultimately ends up with people having remarkably similar lifestyles and life chances
D) ​refers only to inequality among the nations of the world

Question 40

Nations with industrializing economies, particularly in urban areas, and moderate levels of national and personal income are termed __________.

A) ​relative-income countries
B) ​middle-income countries
C) ​high-income countries
D) ​low-income countries

Question 41

__________ poverty is measured by comparing personal or household income or expenses with the cost of buying a given quantity of goods and services.

A) ​Relative
B) ​Subjective
C) ​Standard
D) ​Absolute

Question 42

The World Bank divides middle-income economies into lower-middle and upper-middle. Angola, Bhutan, Chine, Iran, Costa Rica, and Gabon are examples nations with __________ economies.

A) ​upper-middle-income
B) ​high-income
C) ​lower-middle-income
D) ​low-income

Question 43

In middle-income countries at least __________ of the population lives in poverty, which means living on less than $1.25 a day, as defined by the World Bank.

A) ​10 percent
B) ​25 percent
C) ​22 percent
D) ​50 percent

Question 44

Probably the most affected by poverty in low-income economies are __________.

A) ​women and children
B) ​adult men and women
C) ​aged men and women
D) ​aged women

Question 45

__________ refers to the closing of plants and factories because of their obsolescence or because workers in other nations are being hired to do the work more cheaply.

A) ​Reindustrialization
B) ​Capital flight
C) ​Decapitalization
D) ​Deindustrialization

Question 46

After several decades of development programs sponsored by the World Bank and the United Nations, global poverty __________.

A) ​has been virtually eliminated
B) ​has decreased considerably within countries
C) ​remained essentially at the same levels
D) ​continued to increase

Question 47

Nations with __________ continue to dominate the world economy, despite the fact that shifts in the global marketplace have affected some workers, who have found themselves without work due to capital flight.

A) ​lower-middle-income economies
B) ​low-income economies
C) ​higher-income economies
D) ​upper-middle-income economies

Question 48

The term __________ refers to material well-being that can be measured by the quality of goods and services that may be purchased by the per capita national income.

A) ​standard of living
B) ​absolute poverty
C) ​relative standard
D) ​gross national income (GNI)

Question 49

__________ refers to the movement of jobs and economic resources from one nation to another.

A) ​Deindustrialization
B) ​Economic mobility
C) ​Capital flight
D) ​Divesting

Question 50

Low-income economies are primarily found in countries in __________, where half of the world's population resides.

A) ​Eastern Europe and Africa
B) ​Africa and Asia
C) ​Asia and South America
D) ​South America and Africa

Question 51

The movement of jobs and economic resources from one nation to another is termed __________.

A) ​divestment
B) ​capital flight
C) ​south-to-south migration
D) ​deskilling

Question 52

__________ countries are classified as low-income economies by the World Bank.

A) ​Three
B) ​Twenty
C) ​Seventy-two
D) ​Ninety-three

Question 53

The World Bank defines poverty globally as living on __________ in purchasing power.

A) ​$1.00 a day
B) ​less than $1.25 a day
C) ​$3.00 a day
D) ​less than $3.00 a day

Question 54

The upper and lower limits for the categorization of countries according to their levels of income are set by __________.

A) ​the United Nations
B) ​the World Bank
C) ​the International Monetary Fund
D) ​the World Trade Organization

Question 55

A condition in which people do not have the means to secure the most basic necessities of life is called __________.

A) ​standard poverty
B) ​absolute poverty
C) ​relative poverty
D) ​subjective poverty

Question 56

The World Bank has defined __________ as living on less than $1.25 a day.

A) ​absolute poverty
B) ​standard poverty
C) ​relative poverty
D) ​subjective poverty

Question 57

Countries with low-income economies_____________________________.

A) ​are fairly evenly distributed throughout the world
B) ​tend to have very low fertility rates
C) ​are based primarily on agriculture
D) ​have low rates of poverty and low rates of literacy

Question 58

About _________ of the world's population resides in nations with a middle-income economy.

A) ​one-half
B) ​one-third
C) ​one-fourth
D) ​one-fifth

Question 59

After the 1992 U.N. Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro, terms such as underdevelopment have largely been dropped and economies are now classified by their __________.

A) ​material well-being
B) ​levels of economic development
C) ​levels of income
D) ​standard of living

Question 60

Compared with lower-middle-income economies, nations having upper-middle-income economies typically __________.

A) ​have a somewhat higher standard of living
B) ​have higher levels of indebtedness
C) ​export less and keep more raw materials and fuels
D) ​have less political freedom

Question 61

The average life expectancy at birth of people in low-HDI countries is about __________ years less than that of people in very-high-HDI nations.

A) ​15
B) ​23
C) ​20
D) ​57

Question 62

A Gini coefficient of 0 means that________________________________.

A) ​there is no income inequality in the country; everyone has the same income
B) ​a country has complete inequality; that is, one person receives all of the income
C) ​there is a lack of sufficient data with which to compute income inequality
D) ​there is a negative gross national income

Question 63

__________ poverty is measured by comparing one person's income with the incomes of others.

A) ​Absolute
B) ​Extreme
C) ​Relative
D) ​Standard

Question 64

In addition to gross national income (GNI), the human development index considers living standards, life expectancy, and __________.

A) ​literacy
B) ​education
C) ​fertility rate
D) ​minimum wage

Question 65

_________ poverty is measured by comparing the actual income against the income earner's expectations and perceptions.

A) ​Absolute
B) ​Relative
C) ​Standard
D) ​Subjective

Question 66

Defining levels of poverty involves measuring along several dimensions, including_________________________.

A) ​religious affiliation
B) ​how far above the poverty line people's incomes fall
C) ​how long people have been poor
D) ​percentage of income spent on basic living expenses

Question 67

The United Nations defines human development as_______________________.

A) ​the process of expanding people's choices, capabilities, and ability to take action to improve their own lives and live life to its fullest
B) ​access to adequate health services, including contraception, to increase physical fitness
C) ​the process of education and travel to increase a person's earning power
D) ​involvement in global social movements for peace and stability.

Question 68

With regard to education around the world, ___________________________.

A) ​there has been no progress in educational attainment
B) ​educational attainment has increased only for women
C) ​gender gaps in education are greatest when children are young
D) ​children from more affluent families have greater access to educational resources

Question 69

The __________ measures the degree of income inequality within a country. The measure ranges from zero (meaning that everyone has the same income) to 100 (meaning that one person receives all the income).

A) ​Helmicki coefficient
B) ​Georgia equation
C) ​Gross domestic inequality
D) ​Gini coefficient

Question 70

The __________ is a measure of the number of deaths per thousand live births in a calendar year.

A) ​infant mortality rate
B) ​crude-birth rate
C) ​fertility rate
D) ​crude-death rate

Question 71

In 1990, the United Nations introduced the __________, establishing three new criteria, in addition to the gross national income, for measuring the level of development in a country.

A) ​national resource product (NRP)
B) ​personal satisfaction index (PSI)
C) ​Gini coefficient
D) ​human development index (HDI)

Question 72

Based on the Gini coefficient, which of these countries has the least economic inequality?​

A) ​Egypt
B) ​Sweden
C) ​Namibia
D) ​United States

Question 73

Because of __________, extreme global poverty has declined in recent years.

A) ​social policy
B) ​global warming
C) ​more equitable wealth distribution
D) ​globalization

Question 74

_________ exists when people may be able to afford basic necessities but are still unable to maintain an average standard of living.

A) ​Relative poverty
B) ​Absolute poverty
C) ​Subjective poverty
D) ​Standard poverty

Question 75

Of the one billion people in the world who suffer from malnutrition, about __________ of them live in Asia and the Pacific.

A) ​1 percent
B) ​9 percent
C) ​42 percent
D) ​63 percent

Question 76

Bringing about social change requires __________.

A) ​developing effective social policies
B) ​getting people to understand the issue as primarily financial
C) ​appealing to religious values
D) ​moving people out of cities and back to farms

Question 77

The bottom three countries in human development are located in __________.

A) ​Southeast Asia
B) ​sub-Saharan Africa
C) ​East Asia
D) ​South America

Question 78

Many people in low-income nations remain in poor health. In fact, about __________ million people die each year from diarrhea, malaria, tuberculosis, and other infections and parasitic illnesses.

A) ​1
B) ​13
C) ​25
D) ​50

Question 79

Based on the Gini coefficient, which of these countries has the highest economic inequality?​

A) ​Egypt
B) ​Norway
C) ​Seychelles
D) ​United States

Question 80

Of the one billion people in the world who suffer from malnutrition, about __________ of them live in developed nations.

A) ​1 percent
B) ​5 percent
C) ​15 percent
D) ​20 percent