Deck 12: Education and Religion

Question 1

Not all analysts or functionalists agree on what the functions of education should be in contemporary societies.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Students using voucher programs to attend school outperform public students on standardized tests.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Efforts to eliminate racial/ethnic segregation in public education have failed in many districts throughout the United States.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Modernity always leads to the secularization of a society.

Question 5

Religion may be a source of social solidarity as well as social conflict.

Question 6

Male students have a higher rate of graduation from high school and college than their female peers.

Question 7

Most school funding comes from the federal government, and a small percentage comes from state legislative appropriations and local property taxes.

Question 8

There is ample evidence that girls' increased educational achievement has come at the expense of boys.

Question 9

There are large differences in scores on academic tests between white students and African American and Hispanic/Latino students.

Question 10

Community colleges are one of the fastest growing segments of higher education.

Question 11

Standardized tests are an effective means of testing student intelligence and ability.

Question 12

In the United States, the separation of church and state prevents the direct religious legitimation of political power.

Question 13

In any given religion, men and women will hold the same beliefs.

Question 14

The functions of religion (providing meaning and purpose, promoting social cohesion and a sense of belonging, and providing social control and support for the government) can only be fulfilled by beliefs and practices that are supernatural in nature.

Question 15

Sociologists all share the same perspective on the role of education in society.

Question 16

Most social scientists believe that tracking is an effective means of giving students of color and those from low-income families an opportunity to excel academically and thus enable future success.

Question 17

Both religion and education are responsible for teaching knowledge, cultural values, and beliefs.

Question 18

All types of religions have some type of all-powerful supernatural being at the center of the belief system.

Question 19

All students are subject to the hidden curriculum in education.

Question 20

Civil religion in the United States is not necessarily the same thing as Christianity.

Question 21

Education keeps students off the street and out of the full-time job market for a number of years, keeping levels of unemployment within reasonable bounds. This is an example of a latent function of education the text terms __________.

A) ​restricting some activities
B) ​matchmaking and production of social networks
C) ​creation of a generation gap
D) ​social placement

Question 22

Over time, new educational programs are introduced to meet societal needs. Programs such as sex education, drug education, and multicultural studies have been implemented to teach students about pressing social issues. These examples illustrate the manifest function of education called __________.

A) ​socialization
B) ​transmission of culture
C) ​change and innovation
D) ​social placement

Question 23

Early in the twentieth century, all states passed mandatory education laws that require children to_______________________________.

A) ​attend school until they reach a certain age or complete a minimum level of education
B) ​pass a number of proficiency exams before leaving the eighth and twelfth grades
C) ​spend at least nine months of the year in school
D) ​learn a foreign language and basic mathematic skills

Question 24

According to the functionalist perspective, all social institutions, including education, have functions that are hidden, unstated, and sometimes unintended consequences of their activities. These are termed __________.

A) ​intrinsic functions
B) ​latent functions
C) ​extrinsic functions
D) ​manifest functions

Question 25

Schools help to identify the most qualified people to fill available positions in society by channeling students into programs based on their ability and academic achievement. This is the manifest function of education termed __________.

A) ​change and innovation
B) ​transmission of culture
C) ​social control
D) ​social placement

Question 26

Religious fundamentalism now only appeals to people who have lower incomes, live in rural areas, and have lower levels of educational attainment.

Question 27

Although character education has been suggested for reducing bullying, an alternative approach is to focus on __________.

A) ​affirmative action programs
B) ​cultural diversity
C) ​the social environment of the school
D) ​stronger penalties for bullies

Question 28

Because schools bring together people of similar ages, social class, and race/ethnicity, young people often meet future marriage partners. This latent function of education results in __________.

A) ​the creation of a generation gap
B) ​the transmission of culture
C) ​matchmaking and the production of social networks
D) ​restricting some activities

Question 29

In the absence of a constitutional amendment, issues relating to the separation of church and state, including religious instruction in public schools, are ultimately constitutional issues that are decided by __________.

A) ​the President of the United States
B) ​state governors
C) ​Congress
D) ​the U.S. Supreme Court

Question 30

An important function of education is __________, which involves teaching students values such as discipline, respect, obedience, and punctuality.

A) ​social placement
B) ​transmission of culture
C) ​social control
D) ​change and innovation

Question 31

Early sociologist __________ saw the responsibility of education as teaching a commitment to a shared social morality. In this way, education is crucial for promoting solidarity and stability in society.

A) ​Emile Durkheim
B) ​Robert Merton
C) ​Max Weber
D) ​Karl Marx

Question 32

From kindergarten through college, schools teach students the student role as well as other important information about society. This is one of the manifest functions of education: __________.

A) ​socialization
B) ​transmission of culture
C) ​social placement
D) ​change and innovation

Question 33

Some functions of education are ___________, which are open, stated, and intended goals or consequences of activities within an organization or institution.

A) ​latent functions
B) ​intrinsic functions
C) ​extrinsic functions
D) ​manifest functions

Question 34

__________ theorists believe that education is an important part of society because it contributes to social stability and provides people with an opportunity for selfenhancement and upward social mobility.

A) ​Symbolic interactionist
B) ​Conflict
C) ​Postmodern
D) ​Functionalist

Question 35

Studies reveal that nearly __________ of U.S. students admit to bullying others with some frequency.

A) ​one-tenth
B) ​one-fifth
C) ​one-fourth
D) ​one-third

Question 36

Education is the social institution responsible for the systematic transmission of __________ within a formally organized structure.

A) ​knowledge, skills, and cultural values
B) ​cultural values and beliefs
C) ​technical skills and training
D) ​information or knowledge

Question 37

A(n) __________ function in education includes teaching specific subjects, such as science, mathematics, reading, history, and English.

A) ​extrinsic
B) ​manifest
C) ​intrinsic
D) ​latent

Question 38

Both religion and education___________________________.

A) ​impart values, beliefs, and knowledge considered to the social reproduction of society and the individual
B) ​are provided publically by state and federal governments
C) ​deal with issues of governance and social movements
D) ​are relatively new social institutions

Question 39

Education serves five major manifest functions in society, including __________.

A) ​providing childcare
B) ​transmitting culture
C) ​matchmaking and social networking
D) ​organizing athletic events

Question 40

Schools play an active part in the process of assimilation, whereby recent immigrants learn dominant values, attitudes, and behavior of society. This is an aspect of the manifest function of education referred to as __________.

A) ​social placement
B) ​transmission of culture
C) ​social control
D) ​change and innovation

Question 41

Schools with more low-income students have curricula that emphasize __________.

A) ​procedures and rote memorization
B) ​decision making and choice
C) ​theoretical explanations
D) ​critical reasoning

Question 42

__________ refers to the practice of assigning students to specific curriculum groups and courses on the basis of their test scores, previous grades, or other criteria.

A) ​Age grading
B) ​Intelligence grouping
C) ​Tracking
D) ​Ability segregation

Question 43

Through the __________, schools make working-class and poverty-level students aware that they will be expected to take orders from others, arrive at work punctually, follow bureaucratic rules, and experience high levels of boredom without complaining.

A) ​tracking system
B) ​hidden curriculum
C) ​manifest function of education
D) ​resocialization process

Question 44

French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu used the term __________ to refer to a person's social assets, including knowledge of how to dress, language competency, and knowledge of art and music.

A) ​cultural capital
B) ​social wealth
C) ​etiquette
D) ​cultural toolkit

Question 45

__________ theorists do not believe that public schools reduce social inequality in society; rather, they believe that schools perpetuate class, racial/ethnic, and gender inequalities by reinforcing the privileged position of some at the expense of others.

A) ​Functionalist
B) ​Symbolic interactionist
C) ​Conflict
D) ​Postmodern

Question 46

According to some critics, the standardized tests that are used to group students by ability often measure students' __________ rather than their "natural" intelligence or aptitude.

A) ​cultural capital
B) ​social wealth
C) ​prestige
D) ​cultural toolkit

Question 47

socially approved dress and manners, and knowledge about books, art, music, and other forms of high and popular culture; some people have more of these attitudes and knowledge than others.

A) ​Cultural capital
B) ​Social wealth
C) ​Etiquette
D) ​Cultural toolkit

Question 48

The term __________ refers to a social system in which status is assumed to be acquired through individual ability and effort.

A) ​tracking
B) ​credentialism
C) ​meritocracy
D) ​educational bureaucracy

Question 49

Critics of tracking or ability grouping are often in favor of __________, wherein students are deliberately placed in mixed ability classes.

A) ​regular classes
B) ​mixed-tracking
C) ​untracked
D) ​detracking

Question 50

In addition to teaching subject content and skills, school routines and regulations train students to respect cultural value; routines and regulations also and shape attitudes and values such as conformity and obedience to authority. Sociologists term this the __________.

A) ​tracking system
B) ​hidden curriculum
C) ​manifest function of education
D) ​resocialization

Question 51

According to sociologist __________, students from diverse class backgrounds come to school with different amounts of cultural capital, which refers to social assets that include values, beliefs, attitudes, and competencies in language and culture.

A) ​Karl Marx
B) ​Pierre Bourdieu
C) ​Emile Durkheim
D) ​Max Weber

Question 52

__________ is a process in which academic qualifications are necessary in order to attain class advantage and higher social status.

A) ​Credentialism
B) ​Tracking
C) ​The hidden curriculum
D) ​Ability grouping

Question 53

According to conflict theorists, credentialism, the hidden curriculum, and a belief in __________ ensure that the best education and job opportunities will go to members of the middle- and upper classes.

A) ​tracking
B) ​equal opportunity
C) ​meritocracy
D) ​bureaucracy

Question 54

Schools with more middle-class students have curricula that emphasize __________.

A) ​procedures and rote memorization
B) ​decision making and choice
C) ​creative self-expression
D) ​critical reasoning

Question 55

Some argue that U.S. education is not promoting the high-level skills in reading, writing, science, and mathematics that are needed in the workplace and the global economy. From the functionalist perspective this is considered a __________.

A) ​latent function
B) ​manifest function
C) ​dysfunction
D) ​instrumental function

Question 56

Although many factors, including intelligence, motivation, and previous achievement, are important in determining how much education a person will attain, __________ argue that access to quality education is largely determined by social class.

A) ​symbolic interactionists
B) ​functionalists
C) ​postmodernist
D) ​conflict theorists

Question 57

Tracking or ability grouping is based on the assumption that it is easier to teach a group whose members have similar abilities. __________ theorists are critics of the practice of tracking, arguing that it negatively affects learning and achievement for many students.

A) ​Functionalist
B) ​Conflict
C) ​Symbolic interactionist
D) ​Postmodern

Question 58

Students may learn information in school that contradicts beliefs held by their parents or their religion. Debates over the content of textbooks and library books typically center on information that parents deem unacceptable for their children. This illustrates the latent function of education known as __________.

A) ​social placement
B) ​matchmaking and production of social networks
C) ​restricting some activities
D) ​creation of a generation gap

Question 59

Many see lagging test scores as a sign that problems exist in the nation's educational system. From a __________ perspective, improved teacher training and more stringent academic requirements for students are the best way to address these problems.

A) ​conflict
B) ​postmodern
C) ​functionalist
D) ​symbolic interactionist

Question 60

Schools for __________ are more likely to emphasize engaging in creative activities, building analytical and critical thinking skills, and applying one's own ideas to solve problems.

A) ​lower-income students
B) ​middle-class students
C) ​developmentally challenged students
D) ​affluent students

Question 61

According to symbolic interactionists, the process of labeling is directly related to_______________.

A) ​the innate or natural ability of students
B) ​the role of the education system is creating stability in society
C) ​the relative power and status of those who do the labeling and those being labeled
D) ​the need for social control in society

Question 62

Luis has a bad day and scores poorly on an exam. The teacher views him as lazy and unintelligent and pays only negative attention to him, if any. Luis loses interest in school and stops reading and doing homework. He ultimately fails. Symbolic interactionists would term this situation __________.

A) ​a self-fulfilling prophecy
B) ​the hidden curriculum
C) ​tracking or ability testing
D) ​a dysfunction of the educational system

Question 63

The __________ perspective focuses on how classroom communication and educational practices affect students' self-concept and aspirations.

A) ​conflict
B) ​functionalist
C) ​symbolic interactionist
D) ​postmodern

Question 64

Sherona is very good at standardized tests and frequently scores very high. She has poor work habits and often turns in her assignments late. Teachers overlook her late assignments because they view her as a "good" student. This is an example of __________.

A) ​labeling
B) ​the hidden curriculum
C) ​tracking
D) ​educational dysfunction

Question 65

Sociologists use the term __________ for a system of sacred or supernatural beliefs, symbols, and rituals that guides human behavior, gives meaning to life, and unites believers into a community.

A) ​secularization
B) ​spirituality
C) ​religion
D) ​liberation theology

Question 66

A classic form of labeling and the self-fulfilling prophecy occurs through the use of __________ tests, which claim to measure a person's inherent intelligence, apart from any family or school influences on the individual.

A) ​personality
B) ​emotional
C) ​developmental
D) ​intelligence

Question 67

In many areas of the United States, schools remain racially segregated or have become resegregated after earlier attempts at integration failed. In 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in __________ that "separate but equal" segregated schools are unconstitutional because they are inherently unequal.

A) ​Frager v. the Board of Education of Houston, Texas
B) ​Jordan v. the Board of Education of Montgomery, Alabama
C) ​Brown v. the Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas
D) ​Bollinger v. the Board of Education of Lansing, Michigan

Question 68

With regard to gender in education,_____________________________.

A) ​there is ample evidence that girls' increased educational achievement has come at the expense of boys
B) ​there is a growing concern about gender bias in schools disadvantaging female students and hurting their self-esteem
C) ​women today are enrolling in and graduating from college in higher numbers than men
D) ​boys and girls are now equal across all subjects in exam scores

Question 69

Across cultures and in different eras, many things have been considered __________, including invisible gods, spirits, specific animals or trees, altars, crosses, holy books, and special words or songs that only the initiated could speak or sing.

A) ​magical
B) ​profane
C) ​spiritual
D) ​sacred

Question 70

__________ is the process whereby a person is identified by others as possessing a specific characteristic or exhibiting a certain pattern of behavior (such as being deviant).

A) ​Prophecizing
B) ​Stigmatizing
C) ​Stereotyping
D) ​Labeling

Question 71

Emile Durkheim used the term __________ to refer to things that inspire reverence and a deep sense of awe and respect that beyond the ordinary.

A) ​profane
B) ​sacred
C) ​spiritual
D) ​magical

Question 72

Today, about __________ of U.S. undergraduates are educated in community colleges.

A) ​5 percent
B) ​10 percent
C) ​25 percent
D) ​50 percent

Question 73

__________ are most likely to view grades, written comments on assignments, and evaluations of behavior in classes as contributing to labeling.

A) ​Symbolic interactionists
B) ​Postmodernists
C) ​Functionalists
D) ​Conflict theorists

Question 74

Status dropout rates are a measure of __________.

A) ​the number of students enrolled in school at any given time
B) ​the percent of people in the general population who have earned a high school degree or its equivalent
C) ​the percentage of people in an age group who are not enrolled in school and have not earned a high school degree or its equivalent
D) ​the percentage of the local population that is currently enrolled in and attending school

Question 75

In regards to unequal funding as a source of unequal education, the text notes that____________________.

A) ​an influx of federal funds has largely ended the problem by equalizing funding
B) ​most educational funds are derived from state and local taxes
C) ​the property tax base for central city schools has continued to grow in most regions
D) ​recent redistribution of funds has made many schools' resources more equitable than in the past

Question 76

Based on the results of an IQ test, a teacher believes that some students of color are less capable of learning and treats them accordingly. This may contribute to __________.

A) ​the iron law of oligarchy
B) ​the labeling process
C) ​tracking
D) ​the hidden curriculum

Question 77

Symbolic interactionists are most likely to view grades, written comments on assignments, and evaluations of behavior in classes as contributing to __________.

A) ​the smooth functioning of the classroom
B) ​the perpetuation of the system of social class in society
C) ​labeling individual students
D) ​the dysfunctions of education

Question 78

The term __________ refers to the everyday, secular, or "worldly" aspects of life. Secular beliefs have their foundation in scientific knowledge or everyday explanations.

A) ​profane
B) ​anti-spiritual
C) ​sacred
D) ​mundane

Question 79

The term __________ refers to an unsubstantiated belief or prediction resulting in behavior that makes the originally false belief come true.

A) ​self-fulfilling prophecy
B) ​learning disability
C) ​defeating perception
D) ​fallacy of reasoning

Question 80

Ethnic and class differences are significant in dropout rates. For example, with a dropout rate of 13 percent, __________ have the highest dropout rate of any racial/ethnic group in U.S. schools.

A) ​Latinos/as (Hispanics)
B) ​African Americans
C) ​Native Americans
D) ​non-Hispanic Whites