Deck 14: Health, Health Care, and Disability

Question 1

Although rural Americans make up 20 percent of the U.S. population, only 10 percent of the nation's physicians practice in rural areas.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Life expectancy has increased since 1980 in all countries.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Alternative medicine is less expensive than conventional Western medicine.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Women have always had longer life expectancy than men.

Question 5

Until the 1960s and 1970s, most doctors in the United States were white, upper-middle or upper-class men.

Question 6

Many practitioners of alternative medicine take a holistic approach.

Question 7

From a conflict perspective, people with disabilities are members of a subordinate group.

Question 8

Rates of illness are highest among the old and the young.

Question 9

Great Britain has a system of socialized medicine.

Question 10

Medicaid is a federal health care program that provides the same services for all low-income people throughout the United States.

Question 11

The social and physical environments in which people live are a significant factor in the extent to which they may be considered disabled.

Question 12

Illness is a social construction; definitions may change over time and between cultures.

Question 13

Longer life expectancy is a reflection of women's better health status than men's.

Question 14

Marijuana is widely used on a daily basis because, although it is illegal, it has no negative effects on health.

Question 15

One of the most important factors in improving life expectancy is improved access to safe water.

Question 16

Social scientists are now in agreement that mental illness is essentially a myth.

Question 17

The Canadian health care system is an example of socialized medicine.

Question 18

In the United States, all full-time workers must receive health insurance as part of their benefits package.

Question 19

The United States spends a larger percentage of its gross domestic product on health care than other countries; this high percentage if spending ensures that the U.S. population is among the healthiest in the world.

Question 20

Research shows that although preventive health care is good for an individual's health, it does not necessarily decrease the overall total costs of health care.

Question 21

An important factor in the increase in life expectancy in low-income nations has been __________.

A) ​improved medical technologies
B) ​a safer water supply
C) ​healthier diets
D) ​increased exercise programs

Question 22

Sociologists use the term __________ for socially defined and culturally variable states of interference with health.

A) ​disease
B) ​disorder
C) ​illness
D) ​addiction

Question 23

__________ is the term for an institutional system concerned with the scientific diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of illness.

A) ​Health care
B) ​Medicine
C) ​Scientific medicine
D) ​Holistic medicine

Question 24

A child born in the United States in 2013 has a life expectancy of __________.

A) ​63.5 years
B) ​69.3 years
C) ​75.1 years
D) ​78.7 years

Question 25

Social epidemiologists use the term __________ for biological, nutritional, chemical, and physical factors that cause disease.

A) ​hosts
B) ​environmental factors
C) ​disease agents
D) ​health coefficients

Question 26

Two of the most common sources of chronic disease and premature death are __________.

A) ​stroke and infectious disease
B) ​AIDS and heart disease
C) ​heart disease and accidents
D) ​tobacco use and alcohol abuse

Question 27

Which of these is an example of an acute disease?​

A) ​diabetes
B) ​lung cancer
C) ​multiple sclerosis
D) ​dysentery or diarrhea

Question 28

Which of these countries has the highest life expectancy?​

A) ​Malawi
B) ​United States
C) ​Sweden
D) ​Monaco

Question 29

__________ is the study of the causes and distribution of health, disease, and impairment throughout a population.

A) ​Sociology of medicine
B) ​Social epidemiology
C) ​Social health
D) ​Social medicine

Question 30

When a drug is taken for a specific purpose or remedial affect, this is termed __________ use.

A) ​standard
B) ​therapeutic
C) ​chronic
D) ​recreational

Question 31

Taking an aspirin to reduce a fever is an example of __________ drug use.

A) ​recreational
B) ​chronic
C) ​pleasure
D) ​therapeutic

Question 32

Older people (over age 65) are more likely to have __________ diseases.

A) ​acute
B) ​epidemic
C) ​chronic
D) ​infectious

Question 33

__________ is the term for any activity intended to improve health.

A) ​Curing
B) ​Healing
C) ​Medicine
D) ​Health care

Question 34

Social epidemiologists investigate_______________.

A) ​the human host
B) ​the social atmosphere
C) ​health coefficients
D) ​microscopic carriers

Question 35

At one time, health was considered to be simply the absence of disease. However, today the World Health Organization (WHO) defines health as the __________.

A) ​state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being
B) ​absence of infection
C) ​absence of sickness, viruses, and physical pains
D) ​state of equilibrium, with all the parts in balance

Question 36

Researchers have identified several reasons why neighborhoods make a difference in relation to health and mortality. Which of the following reasons was not cited as a reason why neighborhoods make a difference in relation to health and mortality?​

A) ​access to transportation, education, and good jobs
B) ​availability of safe areas to exercise
C) ​relative number of traffic accidents
D) ​availability of grocery stores with nutritious foods

Question 37

The __________ is equal to the number of deaths of infants under 1 year of age per 1,000 live births in a given year.

A) ​child mortality rate
B) ​infant mortality rate
C) ​first year of life rate
D) ​baby mortality

Question 38

__________ is a measure of the estimated average lifetime of people born in a specific year.

A) ​Life expectancy
B) ​Life cycle
C) ​Life span
D) ​Life longevity

Question 39

What is a drug?​

A) ​any substance that may be ingested and has no nutritional value
B) ​a substance that is habit forming or addictive
C) ​any substance other than food and water that, when taken into the body, alters its function in some way
D) ​a pharmaceutical substance that is manufactured in a laboratory

Question 40

Which of these is an example of a chronic disease?​

A) ​diabetes
B) ​stroke
C) ​infection
D) ​dysentery or diarrhea

Question 41

Throughout its history in the United States, payment for medical care has been __________.

A) ​on a fee-for-service basis
B) ​through a third-party provider
C) ​taken care of by health maintenance organizations
D) ​through the federal government

Question 42

Researchers have found that environmental tobacco smoke (the smoke in the air inhaled by nonsmokers as a result of other people's tobacco smoking) __________.

A) ​affects smokers more so than nonsmokers
B) ​affects female smokers more than it does male smokers
C) ​is especially hazardous for nonsmokers who carpool or work with heavy smokers
D) ​is not as dangerous as once assumed

Question 43

Which of these is not a condition that has been attributed to long-term chronic heavy drinking or alcoholism?​

A) ​nutritional deficiencies
B) ​cardiovascular problems
C) ​hearing impairment
D) ​alcoholic cirrhosis

Question 44

__________ use occurs when a person takes a drug for no purpose other than for achieving a pleasurable feeling or an altered psychological state.

A) ​Recreational
B) ​Chronic
C) ​Therapeutic
D) ​Acute

Question 45

Which of these is the single most preventable cause of disease, disability, and death in the United States?​

A) ​tobacco use
B) ​alcohol use
C) ​automobile use
D) ​sun tanning and tanning booth use

Question 46

According to the text, with professionalization, __________ gained control over the entire medical establishment in the United States.

A) ​the American Medical Association
B) ​licensed medical doctors
C) ​insurance companies
D) ​medical schools

Question 47

Someone smoking cigarettes is an example of __________ drug use.

A) ​therapeutic
B) ​chronic
C) ​acute
D) ​recreational

Question 48

The largest percentage of people with HIV/AIDS live in __________.

A) ​the United States
B) ​Europe
C) ​sub-Saharan Africa
D) ​South America

Question 49

When attempting to treat gonorrhea and syphilis, penicillin __________.

A) ​can cure most cases of both STDs if the disease has not spread
B) ​cannot cure most cases of either STD
C) ​is ineffective in treating gonorrhea, but effective in treating syphilis
D) ​is ineffective in treating syphilis, but effective in treating gonorrhea

Question 50

All of these were components of Flexner's model medical school except __________.
​

A) ​medical education should be full-time
B) ​medical colleges should be research facilities
C) ​medical education should be focused on teaching and research
D) ​medical colleges should provide the best medical care

Question 51

__________ is the most extensively used illegal drug in the United States.

A) ​Tobacco
B) ​Marijuana
C) ​Heroin
D) ​Alcohol

Question 52

Researchers predict that over the next few decades in the United States,________________.

A) ​obesity will be in decline among the population
B) ​obesity will reduce life expectancy by two to five years
C) ​obesity will cease to be a problem
D) ​obesity will be curable using medications

Question 53

Chronic heavy drinking has been linked to __________.

A) ​high caloric consumption and high nutritional intake
B) ​low caloric consumption and high nutritional intake
C) ​low caloric consumption and low nutritional intake
D) ​high caloric consumption and low nutritional intake

Question 54

__________ means that patients are billed separately for each service that they receive, including treatment by doctors, laboratory work, hospital visits, prescriptions, and other health-related expenses.

A) ​Third-party provider
B) ​Fee-for-service
C) ​Health maintenance organization
D) ​Managed care

Question 55

The __________ is widely considered the catalyst for the emergence of modern medical education.

A) ​Coleman Report
B) ​Landsteiner Report
C) ​Ford Foundation
D) ​Flexner Report

Question 56

During the nineteenth century in the United States, people became medical doctors by_________________.

A) ​going to medical school
B) ​taking medical licensure exams
C) ​being an apprentice, graduating high school, and attending lectures
D) ​attending medical colleges and completing hospital residencies

Question 57

What is the world's leading infectious killer?​

A) ​cancer
B) ​HIV
C) ​Ebola
D) ​SARS

Question 58

Both ascribed and achieved characteristics are correlated with various health risks. Which of these is an achieved characteristic related to health status?​

A) ​age
B) ​sex
C) ​drug use
D) ​race/ethnicity

Question 59

AIDS is caused by __________ and is among the most significant health problems that this nation and the world face today.

A) ​human immunity virus
B) ​human immunodeficiency virus
C) ​high-level immunity virus
D) ​acquired human virus

Question 60

The most commonly reported sexually transmitted disease, in terms of number of cases, listed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is __________.

A) ​gonorrhea
B) ​syphilis
C) ​HIV/AIDS
D) ​chlamydia

Question 61

Critics argue that __________ is the main reason for medical inflation because it gives doctors and hospitals an incentive to provide increased medical services.

A) ​health maintenance organization
B) ​managed care
C) ​third-party fee-for-service
D) ​Medicare

Question 62

Which of these groups has the highest uninsured rate?​

A) ​white non-Hispanic
B) ​Asian American
C) ​African American
D) ​Hispanic/Latino/a

Question 63

__________ is any system of cost containment that closely monitors and controls health care providers' decisions about medical procedures, diagnostic tests, and other services that should be provided to patients.

A) ​Fee-for-service programs
B) ​Health maintenance organizations
C) ​Third-party providers
D) ​Managed care

Question 64

In 2010, public health insurance accounted for __________ of the federal budget.

A) ​5 percent
B) ​14 percent
C) ​21 percent
D) ​35 percent

Question 65

A __________ is a document stating the person's wishes regarding the medical circumstances under which his or her life should be terminated.

A) ​living will
B) ​medical contract
C) ​personal pact
D) ​living covenant

Question 66

Until recently, the only high-income nation without some form of universal health coverage for all citizens was __________.

A) ​New Zealand
B) ​Sweden
C) ​the United States
D) ​Japan

Question 67

In 2012, __________ of all full-time workers in the United States lacked health insurance.

A) ​2 percent
B) ​9 percent
C) ​15 percent
D) ​one-half

Question 68

__________ is a nationwide public health insurance program that is a jointly funded federal-state-local program established to make health care more available to the poor.

A) ​Medicaid
B) ​Medicare
C) ​Social Security
D) ​Social Supplementary Income

Question 69

__________ provide, for a set monthly fee, total care with an emphasis on prevention to avoid costly treatment later.

A) ​Third-party payer programs
B) ​Federally funded programs
C) ​Fee-for-service
D) ​Health maintenance organizations (HMOs)

Question 70

In a __________, patients pay premiums into a fund that in turn pays doctors and hospitals for each treatment that patient receives.

A) ​fee-for-service program
B) ​third-party provider program
C) ​health maintenance organization program
D) ​managed care program

Question 71

In Great Britain, the government sets health care policies, raises funds and controls the medical care budget, owns health care facilities, and directly employs physicians and other health care personnel. This is an example of a(n) __________.

A) ​universal health care system
B) ​fee-for-service health care system
C) ​socialized medicine system
D) ​managed care system

Question 72

Canada has a(n) __________ system, which is a health care system in which all citizens receive medical services paid for by tax revenues. In Canada, these revenues are supplemented by insurance premiums paid by all taxpaying citizens.

A) ​universal health care
B) ​health maintenance organization
C) ​fee-for-service medical care
D) ​managed care

Question 73

In regard to a third-party provider system of health care, patients________________.

A) ​have an incentive to limit their visits to doctors, but not to hospitals
B) ​usually seek a second opinion on recommended medical procedures
C) ​usually pay for their own services
D) ​have no incentive to limit doctor or hospital visits

Question 74

After a lengthy political battle, a health care reform bill was signed into law in the United States in 2010. The name of the bill is __________.

A) ​Obama Health Care Reform Bill of 2010
B) ​The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010
C) ​U.S. Health Maintenance Act of 2010
D) ​The Patient Right to Health Care Bill of 2010

Question 75

A central tenet of the 2010 health care reform bill in the United States is __________.

A) ​deregulation of medical doctors and services provided
B) ​fee-for-service payments
C) ​affordable insurance through a new insurance marketplace
D) ​a single-payer nationalized health care system

Question 76

In the China, the health care system is __________.

A) ​socialized and managed care
B) ​managed care and universal care
C) ​a mix of capitalism, communism, and government-funded care
D) ​universal care and communist funded

Question 77

__________ is a nationwide public health insurance program for persons age 65 or older who are covered by Social Security or who are eligible and "buy into" the program by paying a monthly premium.

A) ​Medicaid
B) ​AARP
C) ​Medicare
D) ​Social Supplementary Income

Question 78

__________ refers to a health care system in which the government owns the health care facilities and employs the physicians.

A) ​Universal health care
B) ​Health maintenance organizations
C) ​A fee-for-service system
D) ​Socialized medicine

Question 79

In the United States, the age group with the highest rate of uninsurance in 2012 was __________.

A) ​children under 5
B) ​children under 18
C) ​young adults ages 19 to 25
D) ​older middle-age adults ages 45 to 65

Question 80

A preferred provider organization is a form of __________ .

A) ​fee-for-service
B) ​health maintenance organizations
C) ​managed care
D) ​third-party provider