Deck 29: Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

Question 1

The significance of the "atrial kick" is that it is the contraction of the:

A)right atria that is necessary to open the tricuspid valve.
B)right atria that is necessary to increase the blood volume from the venae cavae.
C)left atria that increases the blood volume into the ventricle.
D)left atria that is necessary to open the mitral valve.

Answer 1

left atria that increases the blood volume into the ventricle.

Question 2

Which of the following statements does not accurately describe the pericardium?

A)It is a double-walled membranous sac that encloses the heart.
B)It is composed of connective tissue and a surface layer of squamous cells.
C)It protects the heart against infection and inflammation from the lungs and pleural space.
D)It contains pain and mechanoreceptors that can elicit reflex changes in blood pressure and heart rate.

Answer 2

It is composed of connective tissue and a surface layer of squamous cells.

Question 3

Which cardiac chamber has the thinnest wall and why?

A)The right and left atria because they are low-pressure chambers that serve as storage units and conduits for blood
B)The right and left atria because they are not involved directly in the preload, contractility, or afterload of the heart
C)The left ventricle because the mean pressure of blood coming into this ventricle is from the lung, which has a low pressure
D)The right ventricle because it pumps blood into the pulmonary capillaries, which have a lower pressure compared with the systemic circulation

Answer 3

The right and left atria because they are low-pressure chambers that serve as storage units and conduits for blood

Question 4

Although both produce vasoconstriction, the effects of norepinephrine are quantitatively more vasoconstrictive than the effects of epinephrine.

Question 5

To produce an action potential, the sinoatrial node must be stimulated by the autonomic nervous system.

Question 6

Ventricular hypertrophy results in the capillaries of the heart becoming more extensive as well as numerous.

Question 7

The mitral and tricuspid valves close after the ventricles are filled with blood because the:

A)chordae tendineae relax, which allows the valves to close.
B)increased pressure in the ventricles pushes the valves to close.
C)trabeculae carneae contract, which pulls the valves closed.
D)reduced pressure in the atria creates a negative pressure that pulls the valves closed.

Question 8

The aortic valve obstructs coronary blood flow by pushing against the openings of the coronary arteries during systole.

Question 9

Blood contained within the atria and ventricles is a recognized source of oxygen for the cells of the heart.

Question 10

Occlusion of the left anterior descending artery during a myocardial infarction would interrupt blood supply to the:

A)left and right ventricles and much of the interventricular septum.
B)left atrium and the lateral wall of the left ventricle.
C)upper right ventricle, right marginal branch, and right ventricle to the apex.
D)posterior interventricular sulcus and smaller branches of both ventricles.

Question 11

Which chamber of the heart endures the highest pressures?

A)Right atrium
B)Left atrium
C)Left ventricle
D)Right ventricle

Question 12

Veins are less compliant than arteries.

Question 13

Although the heart is innervated by the sympathetic nervous system, neural impulses are not needed to maintain the cardiac cycle.

Question 14

Autoregulation ensures constant coronary blood flow despite normal shifts in perfusion pressure.

Question 15

Oxygenated blood flows through the:

A)superior vena cava.
B)pulmonary veins.
C)pulmonary artery.
D)coronary veins.

Question 16

A function of the papillary muscles is to _____ valves.

A)close the semilunar
B)prevent backward expulsion of the atrioventricular
C)close the atrioventricular
D)open the semilunar

Question 17

The arteries in the peripheral vasculature system are less able to stretch and recoil than the arteries of the great vessels.

Question 18

Metabolic and hormonal agents produce changes in the heart and circulatory system faster than autonomic neural transmission.

Question 19

During the cardiac cycle, the aortic and pulmonic valves close after the ventricles contract because the:

A)papillary muscles relax, which allows the valves to close.
B)chordae tendineae contract, which pulls the valves closed.
C)reduced pressure in the ventricles creates a negative pressure, which pulls the valves closed.
D)blood fills the cusps of the valves and causes the edges to merge, closing the valves.

Question 20

Occlusion of the circumflex artery during a myocardial infarction would interrupt blood supply to the:

A)left and right ventricles and much of the interventricular septum.
B)posterior interventricular sulcus and smaller branches of both ventricles.
C)upper right ventricle, right marginal branch, and right ventricle to the apex.
D)left atrium and the lateral wall of the left ventricle.

Question 21

In the normal electrocardiogram, the PR interval represents:

A)atrial depolarization.
B)ventricular depolarization.
C)atrial activation to onset of ventricular activity.
D)"electrical systole" of the ventricles.

Question 22

As stated by the Frank-Starling law, there is a direct relationship between the _____ of the blood in the heart at the end of diastole and the _____ of contraction during the next systole.

A)pressure; force
B)volume; strength
C)viscosity; force
D)viscosity; strength

Question 23

Which of the following events occurs during phase 1 of the normal myocardial cell depolarization and repolarization?

A)Repolarization when potassium moves out of the cells
B)Repolarization when sodium rapidly enters into cells
C)Early repolarization when sodium slowly enters cells
D)Early repolarization when calcium slowly enters cells

Question 24

The cardiac electrical impulse normally begins spontaneously in the sinoatrial (SA) node because:

A)of its superior location in the right atrium.
B)it is the only area of the heart capable of spontaneous depolarization.
C)it has rich sympathetic innervation via the vagus nerve.
D)it depolarizes more rapidly than other automatic cells of the heart.

Question 25

Within a physiologic range, an increase in left ventricular end-diastolic volume (preload) leads to a(n):

A)increased force of contraction.
B)decrease in refractory time.
C)increase in afterload.
D)decrease in repolarization.

Question 26

Which of the following can shorten the conduction time of action potential through the atrioventricular (AV) node?

A)Parasympathetic nervous system
B)Catecholamines
C)Vagal stimulation
D)Sinoatrial node (SA)

Question 27

What enables electrical impulses to travel in a continuous cell-to-cell fashion in myocardial cells?

A)Sarcolemma sclerotic plaques
B)Intercalated disks
C)Trabeculae carneae
D)Bachmann bundles

Question 28

The ratio of coronary capillaries to cardiac muscle cells is:

A)1:1 (1 capillary per 1 muscle cell).
B)1:2 (1 capillary per 2 muscle cells).
C)1:4 (1 capillary per 4 muscle cells).
D)1:10 (1 capillary per 10 muscle cells).

Question 29

If the sinoatrial (SA) node fails, at what rate can the atrioventricular (AV) node polarize?

A)60 to 70 per minute
B)40 to 60 per minute
C)30 to 40 per minute
D)10 to 20 per minute

Question 30

The coronary sinus empties into the:

A)right atrium.
B)left atrium.
C)superior vena cava.
D)aorta.

Question 31

What, if any, is the effect of epinephrine on β₂-receptors of the heart?

A)There is no effect
B)Dilate coronary arterioles
C)Increase the strength of myocardial contraction
D)Decrease the heart rate

Question 32

The coronary ostia is located in the:

A)left ventricle.
B)aortic valve.
C)coronary sinus.
D)aorta.

Question 33

The _____ period follows depolarization of the myocardium and represents a period during which no new cardiac potential can be propagated.

A)refractory
B)hyperpolarization
C)threshold
D)SA

Question 34

Continuous increases in left ventricular filing pressures result in which disorder?

A)Mitral regurgitation
B)Mitral stenosis
C)Pulmonary edema
D)Jugular vein distention

Question 35

Pressure in the left ventricle must exceed pressure in the _____ before the left ventricle can eject blood.

A)superior vena cava
B)aorta
C)inferior vena cava
D)pulmonary veins

Question 36

Where are the receptors for neurotransmitters located in the heart?

A)Semilunar and atrioventricular valves
B)Endocardium and sinoatrial node
C)Myocardium and coronary vessels
D)Epicardium and atrioventricular node

Question 37

Which phase of the normal myocardial cell depolarization and repolarization correlates with diastole?

A)Phase 0
B)Phase 1
C)Phase 2
D)Phase 3
E)Phase 4

Question 38

The function of P cells found in the sinoatrial node and Purkinje fibers is that they:

A)are receptors for pain stimuli, such as the pain that occurs during infarction.
B)prolong the refractory period before the next contraction.
C)are assumed to be the site of impulse formation.
D)initiate repolarization of the myocardium.

Question 39

Depolarization of a cardiac muscle cell occurs as the result of a:

A)decrease in the permeability of the cell membrane to potassium.
B)rapid movement of sodium into the cell.
C)decrease in the movement of sodium out of the cell.
D)rapid movement of calcium out of the cell.

Question 40

The _____ complex (wave) represents the sum of all ventricular muscle cell depolarizations.

A)PRS
B)QRS
C)QT interval
D)P

Question 41

Match the intracardiac pressures with their description.
Produced because of descent of the tricuspid valve ring and by ejection of blood from both ventricles

A)a wave
B)v wave
C)c wave
D)x descent
E)y descent

Question 42

Match the intracardiac pressures with their description.
Generated by the atrial contraction

A)a wave
B)v wave
C)c wave
D)x descent
E)y descent

Question 43

Match the description with the corresponding terms.
Poiseuille's formula

A)Relationship among blood flow, pressure, and resistance
B)Increased heart rate from increased volume
C)Relationship of wall tension intraventricular pressure, internal radius, and wall thickness
D)Cycles of attachment, movement, and dissociation of thin filaments during the attachments of actin to myosin
E)Length-tension relationship of cardiac muscle

Question 44

The right lymphatic duct drains into the:

A)right subclavian artery.
B)right atrium.
C)right subclavian vein.
D)superior vena cava.

Question 45

The major determinant of the resistance that blood encounters as it flows through the systemic circulation is the:

A)volume of blood in systemic circulation.
B)muscle layer of the metarterioles.
C)muscle layer of arterioles.
D)force of ventricular contraction.

Question 46

Match the intracardiac pressures with their description.
An early diastole peak caused by filling of the atrium from peripheral veins

A)a wave
B)v wave
C)c wave
D)x descent
E)y descent

Question 47

Which natriuretic peptide is proposed to be a biochemical marker to screen for left ventricular dysfunction?

A)Urodilatin
B)Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)
C)Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
D)C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP)

Question 48

The resting heart in a healthy person is primarily under the control of the _____ nervous system.

A)sympathetic
B)parasympathetic
C)somatic
D)spinal

Question 49

Myogenic regulation of blood vessel diameter and subsequent blood flow through a vessel is an example of _____ of blood vessels.

A)autonomic regulation
B)somatic regulation
C)autoregulation
D)metabolic regulation

Question 50

Reflex control of total cardiac output and total peripheral resistance is controlled by:

A)parasympathetic stimulation of the heart, arterioles, and veins.
B)sympathetic stimulation of the heart, arterioles, and veins.
C)autonomic control of the heart only.
D)somatic control of the heart, arterioles, and veins.

Question 51

Match the intracardiac pressures with their description.
Reflects rapid flow of blood from the great veins and right atrium into the right ventricle

A)a wave
B)v wave
C)c wave
D)x descent
E)y descent

Question 52

Match the intracardiac pressures with their description.
May represent bulging of the mitral valve into the left atrium during early systole

A)a wave
B)v wave
C)c wave
D)x descent
E)y descent

Question 53

Where is the major cardiovascular center in the central nervous system?

A)Frontal lobe
B)Thalamus
C)Brainstem
D)Hypothalamus

Question 54

Which statement is false concerning the method in which substances pass from capillaries and the interstitial fluid?

A)Substances pass through junctions between endothelial cells.
B)Substances pass through pores or oval windows (fenestrations).
C)Substances pass through vesicles by active transport across the endothelial cell membrane.
D)Substances pass through by osmosis across the endothelial cell membrane.

Question 55

What is an expected change in the cardiovascular system that occurs with aging?

A)Arterial stiffening
B)Decreased left ventricular wall tension
C)Decreased aortic wall thickness
D)Arteriosclerosis

Question 56

The correct sequence of events that occur after the baroreceptor reflex is stimulated is that the impulse is transmitted from the carotid artery to the:

A)vagus nerve to the medulla to increase parasympathetic activity and decrease sympathetic activity.
B)glossopharyngeal cranial nerve through the vagus nerve to the medulla to increase sympathetic activity and decrease parasympathetic activity.
C)glossopharyngeal cranial nerve through the vagus nerve to the medulla to increase parasympathetic activity and decrease sympathetic activity.
D)glossopharyngeal cranial nerve through the vagus nerve to the hypothalamus to increase parasympathetic activity and decrease sympathetic activity.

Question 57

Which natriuretic peptide inhibits antidiuretic hormone by increasing urine sodium loss?

A)Urodilatin
B)Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)
C)Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
D)C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP)

Question 58

When the volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of diastole increases, the force of the myocardial contraction during the next systole will also increase.This is an example of which law or theory about the heart?

A)Laplace's law
B)Poiseuille's formula
C)Cross-bridge theory
D)Frank-Starling law

Question 59

Which natriuretic peptide complements nitric oxide (NO) to mediate vasodilation?

A)Urodilatin
B)Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)
C)Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
D)C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP)

Question 60

The Bainbridge reflex is thought to be initiated by sensory neurons in the:

A)atria.
B)aorta.
C)sinoatrial node.
D)ventricles.

Question 61

Match the description with the corresponding terms.
Frank-Starling law

A)Relationship among blood flow, pressure, and resistance
B)Increased heart rate from increased volume
C)Relationship of wall tension intraventricular pressure, internal radius, and wall thickness
D)Cycles of attachment, movement, and dissociation of thin filaments during the attachments of actin to myosin
E)Length-tension relationship of cardiac muscle

Question 62

Match the description with the corresponding terms.
Cross-bridge theory

A)Relationship among blood flow, pressure, and resistance
B)Increased heart rate from increased volume
C)Relationship of wall tension intraventricular pressure, internal radius, and wall thickness
D)Cycles of attachment, movement, and dissociation of thin filaments during the attachments of actin to myosin
E)Length-tension relationship of cardiac muscle

Question 63

Match the description with the corresponding terms.
Laplace's law

A)Relationship among blood flow, pressure, and resistance
B)Increased heart rate from increased volume
C)Relationship of wall tension intraventricular pressure, internal radius, and wall thickness
D)Cycles of attachment, movement, and dissociation of thin filaments during the attachments of actin to myosin
E)Length-tension relationship of cardiac muscle

Question 64

Match the description with the corresponding terms.
Bainbridge reflex

A)Relationship among blood flow, pressure, and resistance
B)Increased heart rate from increased volume
C)Relationship of wall tension intraventricular pressure, internal radius, and wall thickness
D)Cycles of attachment, movement, and dissociation of thin filaments during the attachments of actin to myosin
E)Length-tension relationship of cardiac muscle