Deck 30: Alterations of Cardiovascular Function

Question 1

Raynaud disease is characterized by vasospasms of large peripheral arteries.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Many cases of mitral valve prolapse are completely asymptomatic.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

In high output failure, the heart increases its output, but the body's metabolic needs are still not met.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Angina pectoris is chest pain caused by myocardial ischemia.

Question 5

Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease.

Question 6

Which inflammatory cytokines are released when endothelial cells are injured?

A)Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)
B)Interferon-beta (IFN-β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)
C)Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interferon-gamma (γ-IFN), and interleukin-1 (IL-1)
D)Interferon-alpha (IFN-α), interleukin-12 (Il-12), and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF)

Question 7

An increase in left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV) in diastolic heart failure may lead to pulmonary edema.

Question 8

Chorea or St.Vitus dance is the most definitive sign of rheumatic fever.

Question 9

What alteration occurs in injured endothelial cells that contributes to atherosclerosis?

A)They release toxic oxygen radicals that oxidize low-density lipoproteins (LDLs).
B)They are unable to make the normal amount of vasodilating cytokines.
C)They produce an increased amount of antithrombotic cytokines.
D)They develop a hypersensitivity to homocysteine and lipids.

Question 10

Decreasing low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) can cause regression of atherosclerotic lesions and improve endothelial function.

Question 11

What is the primary mechanism of atherogenesis?

A)The release of the inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and interleukin-1 (IL-1)
B)The release of the growth factor granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)
C)The release of toxic oxygen radicals that oxidize low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)
D)The release of the inflammatory cytokines interferon-beta (IFN-β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)

Question 12

What is the effect of oxidized low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) in atherosclerosis?

A)It causes smooth muscle proliferation.
B)It causes regression of atherosclerotic plaques.
C)It increases levels of inflammatory cytokines.
D)It directs macrophages to the site within the endothelium.

Question 13

Even though air is lighter than blood, it can form an embolism and cause the occlusion of a blood vessel.

Question 14

Chronic venous insufficiency can progress to varicose veins and valvular incompetence.

Question 15

Many people with type 2 diabetes mellitus, who were treated with drugs that increased insulin sensitivity, experienced a decline in their blood pressure without taking antihypertensive drugs.

Question 16

Most body cells are also capable of synthesizing cholesterol.

Question 17

Acute rheumatic fever can develop only as a sequel to pharyngeal infection by group A beta-streptococcus.

Question 18

When fluid collects gradually in a pericardial effusion, the pericardium stretches to accommodate the fluid without compressing the heart.

Question 19

Once fatty streaks accumulate, they form foam cells that cause immunologic changes that damage the endothelium.

Question 20

Atrial and brain natriuretic peptides are increased in congestive heart failure and may have some protective effect in decreasing preload.

Question 21

Which form of angina occurs most often during sleep as a result of vasospasms of one or more coronary arteries?

A)Unstable
B)Stable
C)Silent
D)Prinzmetal

Question 22

The risk of developing coronary artery disease is increased up to threefold by:

A)diabetes mellitus.
B)hypertension.
C)obesity.
D)high alcohol consumption.

Question 23

Which of the following is manufactured by the liver and primarily contains cholesterol and protein?

A)Very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs)
B)Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)
C)High-density lipoproteins (HDLs)
D)Triglycerides (TGs)

Question 24

Which lab test is an indirect measure of atherosclerotic plaque?

A)Homocysteine
B)Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
C)Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
D)C-reactive protein (CRP)

Question 25

Which of the following risk factors is associated with coronary artery disease (CAD)?

A)Diabetes mellitus
B)Hypertension
C)Obesity
D)High alcohol consumption

Question 26

Superior vena cava syndrome is a progressive _____ of the superior vena cava that leads to venous distention of the upper extremities and head.

A)inflammation
B)occlusion
C)distention
D)sclerosis

Question 27

Which of the following statements best describes Raynaud disease?

A)An inflammatory disorder of small and medium-size arteries in the feet and sometimes in the hands
B)A neoplastic disorder of the lining of the arteries and veins of the upper extremities
C)A vasospastic disorder of the small arteries and arterioles of the fingers, and less commonly, the toes
D)An autoimmune disorder of the large arteries and veins of the upper and lower extremities

Question 28

The differences between healthy vessel walls and those that promote clot formation is that there is _____ of the endothelium of the vein.

A)inflammation of the endothelium of the artery and roughing
B)vasoconstriction of the endothelium of the artery and hypertrophy
C)excessive clot formation of the endothelium of the artery and lipid accumulation
D)roughening of the endothelium of the artery and inflammation

Question 29

Which statement best describes thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger disease)?

A)An inflammatory disorder of small and medium-size arteries in the feet and sometimes in the hands
B)A vasospastic disorder of the small arteries and arterioles of the fingers, and less commonly, the toes
C)An autoimmune disorder of the large arteries and veins of the upper and lower extremities
D)A neoplastic disorder of the lining of the arteries and veins of the upper extremities

Question 30

What changes in veins occur to create varicose veins?

A)An increase in osmotic pressure
B)Damage to the valves within veins
C)Damage to the venous endothelium
D)An increase in hydrostatic pressure

Question 31

Atherosclerosis causes an aneurysm by:

A)causing ischemia of the intima.
B)increasing nitric oxide.
C)eroding the vessel wall.
D)obstructing the vessel.

Question 32

What is the usual source of pulmonary emboli?

A)Deep venous thrombosis
B)Endocarditis
C)Valvular disease
D)Left heart failure

Question 33

Which of the following can trigger an immune response within the bloodstream that can result in an embolus?

A)Amniotic fluid
B)Fat
C)Bacteria
D)Air

Question 34

The scar tissue that is formed after a myocardial infarction (MI) is most vulnerable to injury between days:

A)5 to 9.
B)10 to 14.
C)15 to 20.
D)20 to 30.

Question 35

A local state in which cells are temporarily deprived of blood supply is defined as:

A)infarction.
B)ischemia.
C)necrosis.
D)inflammation.

Question 36

What pathologic change occurs to the kidney's glomeruli as a result of hypertension?

A)Compression of the renal tubules
B)Ischemia of the tubule
C)Increased pressure from within the tubule
D)Obstruction of the renal tubule

Question 37

Cardiac cells can withstand ischemic conditions and still return to a viable state for how many minutes?

A)10
B)15
C)20
D)25

Question 38

What factor is responsible for the hypertrophy of the myocardium associated with hypertension?

A)Increased norepinephrine
B)Adducin
C)Angiotensin II
D)Insulin resistance

Question 39

Which elevated value may be protective of the development of atherosclerosis?

A)Very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs)
B)Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)
C)High-density lipoproteins (HDLs)
D)Triglycerides (TGs)

Question 40

Nicotine increases atherosclerosis by the release of:

A)histamine.
B)nitric oxide.
C)angiotensin II.
D)epinephrine.

Question 41

A patient complains of sudden onset of severe chest pain that radiates to the back and worsens with respiratory movement and when lying down.These clinical manifestations describe:

A)myocardial infarction.
B)pericardial effusion.
C)restrictive pericarditis.
D)acute pericarditis.

Question 42

Angiotensin II increases the workload of the heart after a myocardial infarction by:

A)increasing the peripheral vascular resistance.
B)causing dysrhythmias as a result of hyperkalemia.
C)reducing the contractility of the myocardium.
D)stimulating the sympathetic nervous system.

Question 43

Infective endocarditis is most often caused by:

A)a virus.
B)a fungus.
C)a bacterium.
D)rickettsiae.

Question 44

Which form of cardiomyopathy is usually caused by an infiltrative disease of the myocardium, such as amyloidosis, hemochromatosis, or glycogen storage disease?

A)Infiltrative
B)Restrictive
C)Septal
D)Hypertrophic

Question 45

Aortic and mitral regurgitation as well as mitral stenosis are caused by:

A)congenital malformation.
B)cardiac failure.
C)rheumatic fever.
D)coronary artery disease.

Question 46

Match the descriptions with the corresponding terms.
Aortic stenosis

A)Impairs flow from left atrium to left ventricle
B)Impairs flow from the left ventricle
C)Backflow into left atrium
D)Backflow into right atrium
E)Backflow into left ventricle

Question 47

Which of the following is a clinical manifestation of aortic stenosis?

A)Jugular vein distention
B)Bounding pulses
C)Peripheral edema
D)Angina

Question 48

An individual who is demonstrating elevated levels of troponin, creatine kinase (CK), and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) is exhibiting indicators associated with:

A)myocardial ischemia.
B)hypertension.
C)myocardial infarction (MI).
D)coronary artery disease.

Question 49

The pulsus paradoxus that occurs as a result of pericardial effusion is significant because it reflects the impairment of the:

A)diastolic filling pressures of the right ventricle and reduction of blood volume in both ventricles.
B)blood ejected from the right atria and reduction of blood volume in the right ventricle.
C)blood ejected from the left atria and reduction of blood volume in the left ventricle.
D)diastolic filling pressures of the left ventricle and reduction of blood volume in all four heart chambers.

Question 50

Biventricular dilation is the result of which form of cardiomyopathy?

A)Hypertrophic
B)Restrictive
C)Dilated
D)Inflammatory

Question 51

What is the most common cardiac disorder associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) resulting from myocarditis and infective endocarditis?

A)Inflammatory cardiomyopathy
B)Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
C)Dilated cardiomyopathy
D)Restrictive cardiomyopathy

Question 52

In systolic heart failure, what effect does angiotensin II have on stroke volume?

A)Increases preload and decreases afterload
B)Increases preload and increases afterload
C)Decreases preload and increases afterload
D)Decreases preload and decreases afterload

Question 53

Genitourinary instrumentation, male gender, and intravenous drug use are risk factors for which of the following?

A)Rheumatic fever
B)Infective endocarditis
C)Mitral regurgitation
D)Aortic regurgitation

Question 54

Ventricular remodeling is a result of:

A)left ventricular hypertrophy.
B)right ventricular failure.
C)myocardial ischemia.
D)contractile dysfunction.

Question 55

A patient is diagnosed with pulmonary disease and elevated pulmonary vascular resistance.Which of the following heart failures may result from this condition?

A)Right heart failure
B)Left heart failure
C)Low-output failure
D)High-output failure

Question 56

Which form of cardiomyopathy is characterized by ventricular dilation and grossly impaired systolic function, leading to dilated heart failure?

A)Dilated
B)Hypertrophic
C)Septal
D)Dystrophic

Question 57

What is the expected electrocardiogram pattern for a person when a thrombus in a coronary artery lodges permanently in the vessel and the infarction extends through the myocardium from the endocardium to the epicardium?

A)Prolonged QT interval
B)ST elevation (STEMI)
C)ST depression (STDMI)
D)Non-ST elevation (non-STEMI)

Question 58

Which predominantly female valvular disorder is thought to have an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern, as well as being associated with connective tissue disease?

A)Mitral valve prolapse
B)Tricuspid stenosis
C)Tricuspid valve prolapse
D)Aortic insufficiency

Question 59

The hallmark of which form of cardiomyopathy is a disproportionate thickening of the interventricular septum?

A)Dystrophic
B)Hypertrophic
C)Restrictive
D)Dilated

Question 60

Which disorder causes a transitory truncal rash that is nonpruritic and pink with erythematous macules that may fade in the center, making them appear as a ringworm?

A)Fat emboli
B)Rheumatic fever
C)Bacterial endocarditis
D)Myocarditis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

Question 61

Match the descriptions with the corresponding terms.
Mitral regurgitation

A)Impairs flow from left atrium to left ventricle
B)Impairs flow from the left ventricle
C)Backflow into left atrium
D)Backflow into right atrium
E)Backflow into left ventricle

Question 62

Match the descriptions with the corresponding terms.
Tricuspid regurgitation

A)Impairs flow from left atrium to left ventricle
B)Impairs flow from the left ventricle
C)Backflow into left atrium
D)Backflow into right atrium
E)Backflow into left ventricle

Question 63

Match the descriptions with the corresponding terms.
Mitral stenosis

A)Impairs flow from left atrium to left ventricle
B)Impairs flow from the left ventricle
C)Backflow into left atrium
D)Backflow into right atrium
E)Backflow into left ventricle

Question 64

Match the descriptions with the corresponding terms.
Usually caused by ischemic or valvular heart disease

A)Restrictive cardiomyopathy
B)Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
C)Dilated cardiomyopathy

Question 65

Match the descriptions with the corresponding terms.
Aortic regurgitation

A)Impairs flow from left atrium to left ventricle
B)Impairs flow from the left ventricle
C)Backflow into left atrium
D)Backflow into right atrium
E)Backflow into left ventricle

Question 66

Match the descriptions with the corresponding terms.
Usually caused by infiltrative disease, such as amyloidosis

A)Restrictive cardiomyopathy
B)Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
C)Dilated cardiomyopathy

Question 67

Match the descriptions with the corresponding terms.
Results in muscular subaortic stenosis

A)Restrictive cardiomyopathy
B)Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
C)Dilated cardiomyopathy