Deck 7: Adaptive Immunity

Question 1

The most important determinant of immunogenicity is the antigen's:

A)size.
B)foreignness.
C)complexity.
D)quantity.

Answer 1

foreignness.

Question 2

Which type of immunity is produced by an individual after either natural exposure to the antigen or after immunization against the antigen?

A)Passive acquired
B)Active acquired
C)Passive innate
D)Active innate

Answer 2

Active acquired

Question 3

Whereas macrophages present processed antigens to memory Th cells, B lymphocytes present antigens to helper Th cells.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Most antigens react directly with cells of the immune system.

Question 5

Before birth, humans produce a large number of T lymphocytes (T cells) and B lymphocytes (B cells) that have the capacity to recognize almost any foreign antigen found in the environment.

Question 6

B lymphocytes mature and undergo changes that commit them to becoming B cells in the:

A)thymus gland.
B)regional lymph nodes.
C)bone marrow.
D)spleen.

Question 7

Antibodies are produced in:

A)helper T lymphocytes.
B)the thymus gland.
C)plasma cells.
D)the bone marrow.

Question 8

Which immunoglobulin is present in blood, saliva, breast milk, and respiratory secretions?

A)IgA
B)IgE
C)IgG
D)IgM

Question 9

T lymphocytes are primarily responsible for protection against bacteria and a variety of viruses.

Question 10

Antibodies cannot protect a host against viral infections.

Question 11

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules are located on the surface of all body cells except erythrocytes.

Question 12

The portion of the antigen that is configured for recognition and binding is called an antigenic determinant or a(n):

A)immunotope.
B)paratope.
C)epitope.
D)antigenitope.

Question 13

What is the term for the process in which lymphoid stem cells migrate from the bone marrow to the central lymphoid organs (the thymus or bone marrow) where they undergo cellular changes into either immunocompetent T cells or immunocompetent B cells?

A)Generation of clonal diversity
B)Clonal differentiation
C)Clonal selection
D)Clonal competence

Question 14

What type of immunity is produced when an immunoglobulin crosses the placenta?

A)Passive acquired
B)Active acquired
C)Passive innate
D)Active innate

Question 15

An antigen that is capable of inducing an immune response is called an immunogen.

Question 16

The helper T cell (Th) interacts with immunocompetent B cells causing the production of plasma cells.

Question 17

When antigens are administered to individuals to produce immunity, why are different routes of administration used (e.g., some are given intravenously, whereas others are given subcutaneously or nasally)?

A)Different routes allow the speed of onset of the antigen to be varied, with the intravenous route being the fastest.
B)Some individuals appear to be unable to respond to an antigen by a specific route, thus requiring the availability of different routes for the same antigen.
C)Antigen-presenting cells are highly specialized and thus require stimulation by different routes.
D)Each route stimulates a different lymphocyte-containing tissue resulting in different types of cellular and humoral immunity.

Question 18

How are the functions of major histocompatibility molecules and CD1 molecules alike?

A)They are both antigen-presenting molecules (APCs).
B)They both bind antigens to antibodies.
C)They both secrete interleukins during the immune process.
D)They are both capable of activating cytotoxic T lymphocytes.

Question 19

Each individual T and B lymphocyte specifically recognizes only one particular antigen.

Question 20

The primary characteristic that differentiates the immune response from other protective mechanisms is that the immune response is:

A)similar each time it is activated.
B)specific to the antigen that initiates it.
C)a short-term response to a specific pathogen.
D)an innate response, rather than acquired.

Question 21

B-cell receptor (BCR) complex function differs from the function of circulating antibodies because the BCR complex:

A)communicates information about the antigen to the helper T cell.
B)secretes chemical signals to communicate between cells.
C)recognizes the antigen on the surface of the B lymphocyte.
D)communicates information about the antigen to the cell nucleus.

Question 22

Increased age may cause which of these changes in lymphocyte function?

A)Increased production of antibodies against self-antigens
B)Decreased number of circulating T cells
C)Decreased production of autoantibodies
D)Increased production of helper T cells

Question 23

Which is an example of an endogenous antigen?

A)Yeast
B)Cancer cells
C)Bacteria
D)Fungus

Question 24

Antibodies protect the host from bacterial toxins by:

A)lysing the cell membrane of the toxins.
B)binding to the toxins to neutralize their biologic effects.
C)inhibiting the synthesis of DNA proteins needed for growth.
D)interfering with the DNA enzyme needed for replication.

Question 25

Vaccinations are able to provide protection against certain microorganisms because of the:

A)strong response from IgM.
B)level of protection provided by IgG.
C)memory cells for IgE.
D)rapid response from IgA.

Question 26

What are characteristics of Th2 cells?

A)They are induced by antigens derived from allergens.
B)They are induced by antigens derived from cancer cells.
C)They produce IL-2, TNF-ß, and IFN-
D)They assist in the development of cell-mediated immunity.

Question 27

At birth, samples of blood from the umbilical cord indicate which immunoglobulin levels, if any, are near adult levels?

A)None of the immunoglobulins
B)IgG
C)IgM
D)IgE

Question 28

Which antibody indicates a typical primary immune response?

A)IgG
B)IgM
C)IgA
D)IgE

Question 29

Th2 cells produce IL-4 that suppresses:

A)B lymphocytes.
B)cytotoxic T lymphocytes.
C)Th1.
D)memory T lymphocytes.

Question 30

What are characteristics of Th1 cells?

A)They are induced by antigens derived from allergens.
B)They are induced by antigens derived from cancer cells.
C)They produce IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, and IL-13.
D)They assist in the development of humoral immunity.

Question 31

When a person is exposed to most antigens, how long does it take before an antibody can be detected in the circulation?

A)12 hours
B)24 hours
C)3 days
D)6 days

Question 32

Which are characteristics of the generation of clonal diversity?

A)The process involves antigens selecting those lymphocytes with compatible receptors.
B)The process allows the differentiation of cells into antibody-secreting plasma cells or mature T cells.
C)The process takes place in the primary (central) lymphoid organs (i.e., thymus and bone marrow).
D)The process causes antigens to expand and diversify their populations.

Question 33

Which are characteristics of clonal selection?

A)The process is driven by hormones and does not require foreign antigens.
B)The process involves antigens selecting those lymphocytes with compatible receptors.
C)The process takes place in the primary (central) lymphoid organs (i.e., thymus and bone marrow).
D)The process generates immature but immunocompetent T and B cells with receptors.

Question 34

Which cytokine is needed for the maturation of a functional helper T cell?

A)IL-1
B)IL-2
C)IL-4
D)IL-12

Question 35

Which T cell controls or limits the immune response to protect the host's own tissues against an autoimmune response?

A)Cytotoxic T cells
B)Th1 cells
C)Th2 cells
D)Regulatory T (Treg) cells

Question 36

If a person had very low levels of Ig__, that individual is more susceptible to infections of mucous membranes.

A)G
B)M
C)A
D)E

Question 37

Which is an example of a bacterial toxin that has been inactivated, but still retains its immunogenicity to protect the person?

A)Poliomyelitis
B)Measles
C)Tetanus
D)Gonorrhea

Question 38

Some viruses, such as measles and herpes, are inaccessible to antibodies after the initial infection because they:

A)do not circulate in the blood.
B)do not have antibody receptors.
C)resist agglutination.
D)are soluble antigens.

Question 39

Match each immunoglobulin with its characteristic or function. Immunoglobulins can be used more than once.
Crosses the placenta

A)IgA
B)IgE
C)IgG

Question 40

During which phase of life does the generation of clonal diversity occur?

A)In the fetus
B)In the neonate
C)In the infant
D)In the ovum

Question 41

Match each the helper T cell subset (Th1 or Th2) with its characteristics. Th1 and Th2 can be used more than once.
Provide help in developing cell-mediated immunity

A)Th1
B)Th2

Question 42

Match each the helper T cell subset (Th1 or Th2) with its characteristics. Th1 and Th2 can be used more than once.
Provide help in developing humoral immunity

A)Th1
B)Th2

Question 43

Match the CD4 (cluster of differentiation) cells and CD8 cells with their characteristics. Answers may be used more than once.
Recognize antigens presented by endogenous protein molecules

A)CD 4 cells
B)CD 8 cells

Question 44

Match the CD4 (cluster of differentiation) cells and CD8 cells with their characteristics. Answers may be used more than once.
Recognize antigens presented by exogenous protein molecules

A)CD 4 cells
B)CD 8 cells

Question 45

Match each immunoglobulin with its characteristic or function. Immunoglobulins can be used more than once.
Is the first antibody produced during initial or primary response to an antigen

A)IgA
B)IgE
C)IgG

Question 46

Match each immunoglobulin with its characteristic or function. Immunoglobulins can be used more than once.
Mediates many common allergic responses

A)IgA
B)IgE
C)IgG