Deck 4: Consciousness

Question 1

The professor just said that everyone in the class is to focus on their home environment. When they think of home, this is an example of a thought being brought out of the

A)unconscious.
B)subconscious.
C)preconscious.
D)nonconsciousness.

Answer 1

preconscious.

Question 2

The notion that animals that are most at risk from predators sleep less is taken from which of the following perspectives?

A)Behaviorist
B)Environmental
C)Evolutionary
D)Nature versus nurture

Answer 2

Evolutionary

Question 3

When certain bodily processes cannot be experienced through sensory awareness or direct inner awareness, we say that they are

A)unconscious.
B)subconscious.
C)nonconscious.
D)all of these

Answer 3

nonconscious.

Question 4

Grandma Betsy just called you and told you that she spilled a gallon of forest green paint all over her new white carpet. Even though you did not see it, you were conscious of the image through

A)selective attention.
B)direct inner awareness.
C)preconscious.
D)automatic consciousness.

Question 5

You have been having some major problems sleeping. To help diagnose the problem, the doctor has ordered a(n)

A)EEG.
B)EKG.
C)REM.
D)EFG.

Question 6

Certain kinds of stimuli have been found to capture people's attention more easily than others. Among these are __________ stimuli.

A)intense
B)novel
C)repetitive
D)all of these

Question 7

Humans are capable of having direct inner awareness of

A)thoughts.
B)emotions.
C)immediate physical sensations.
D)blood pressure.

Question 8

When Katrusia chooses to stop thinking about the next psychology test during her big date, she is using

A)suppression.
B)repression.
C)intercession.
D)indiscretion.

Question 9

Monica is talking to her friend at a loud party. From across the crowded, noisy room she somehow hears her name being mentioned. This is known as the

A)selective consciousness.
B)cocktail party effect.
C)self-awareness effect.
D)egocentric attention.

Question 10

According to Freud, some impulses and painful memories are so unacceptable that we exclude them from awareness. He said that we __________ them.

A)redirect
B)repress
C)suppress
D)undo

Question 11

Altered states of consciousness refer to

A)sleep.
B)hypnotic trance.
C)drug-induced perceptions.
D)all of these

Question 12

According to Freud, __________ material is not currently in awareness but is readily available to awareness.

A)unconscious
B)subconscious
C)preconscious
D)all of these

Question 13

"The time has come when psychology must discard all references to consciousness." This statement must have been made by a

A)psychoanalyst.
B)behaviorist.
C)humanist.
D)hypnotist.

Question 14

Number of waves per second is to _______ as strength is to _______.

A)frequency; amplitude
B)amplitude; frequency
C)REM; NREM
D)NREM; REM

Question 15

When we talk about focusing one's consciousness on a particular stimulus, we are talking about

A)controlled consciousness.
B)direct awareness.
C)hyperactive attention.
D)selective attention.

Question 16

As we develop, we differentiate ourselves from other people and things. We develop a sense of being, which we usually call the

A)self.
B)persona.
C)ego.
D)integra.

Question 17

Your friend was in an automobile accident. He stated that he was able to hear most of what was going on, even though he was not always conscious. This state of consciousness would be referred to as

A)selective attention.
B)a stream of sensorium.
C)sensory awareness.
D)a metaphysical concept.

Question 18

Our continuing sense of self in the changing world is all except which of the following?

A)Forms intentions
B)Guides its own behavior
C)Conscious
D)Unaware

Question 19

When people sleep, they undergo various brain wave changes in the number of waves per second that are transmitted. This change is referred to as

A)a change in frequency.
B)a change in amplitude.
C)all of these
D)none of these

Question 20

Trina arrived to Homer, Alaska, to begin a new job. Yet when she got there at 11 p.m., the sun was just beginning to set. This would affect her

A)circadian rhythm.
B)sleep cycle that is related to the thyroid.
C)sleep spindles.
D)overall mood.

Question 21

According to Sigmund Freud's theory, a dream is a wish your heart makes. This can be interpreted as

A)people never dream about harsh or disturbing occurrences.
B)a person's longing to watch fairytale movies.
C)the dreamer's desires cannot be attained.
D)the dreamer's own unconscious desires and desires.

Question 22

Your husband just woke up; he says he was having the most bizarre dream. He was probably awakened during

A)REM sleep.
B)NREM sleep.
C)non-paradoxical sleep.
D)alpha and delta waves.

Question 23

When you wake up and feel as if you have not slept at all,

A)you were probably awakened while still in Stage 1.
B)you stayed in Stage 2 of your sleep cycle.
C)you stayed in Stage 3 of your sleep cycle.
D)you were constantly awakened by sleep spindles.

Question 24

Paradoxical sleep is also known as

A)REM sleep.
B)the hypnagogic state.
C)Stage 4.
D)none of these

Question 25

Lisa just started a new job and seems to need more sleep than normal. Why is this likely to happen?

A)The body generally responds by requiring additional sleep to compensate for increased stress.
B)She has contracted narcolepsy.
C)She is suffering from parasomnia.
D)She is suffering from a mental illness.

Question 26

REM sleep is called _______ because the EEG patterns are similar to being awake.

A)paradoxical
B)ironic
C)quixotic
D)semi-awake

Question 27

Researchers believe that sleep during infancy

A)may be related to learning disorders.
B)is less important than once thought.
C)may promote brain development.
D)may cause ADHD.

Question 28

Wave amplitude is greatest in _____ sleep.

A)Stage 1
B)Stage 2
C)Stage 3
D)Stage 4

Question 29

Which of the following statements is correct concerning sleep deprivation?

A)Sleep deprivation may be a leading cause in auto accidents.
B)There seems to be no relationship between sleep deprivation and auto accidents.
C)Sleep deprivation usually has minor to no implications in other problems
D)Sleep deprivation is hard to measure since people need varying levels of sleep.

Question 30

_______ _______ have a frequency of 12 to 16 cycles per second and represent brief bursts of brain activity.

A)Delta waves
B)REM cycles
C)Hypnogogic states
D)Sleep spindles

Question 31

We are most likely to see sleep spindles in _____ sleep.

A)Stage 1
B)Stage 2
C)Stage 3
D)Stage 4

Question 32

Our periods of REM sleep seem to _____ as the night goes on.

A)decrease
B)increase
C)stay the same
D)disappear

Question 33

The deepest sleep, and the one from which it is hardest to be awakened, is

A)Stage 1.
B)Stage 4.
C)the hypnagogic state.
D)REM sleep.

Question 34

The amount of sleep an individual needs tends to go up

A)during periods of stress.
B)in an episode of depression.
C)during an increase in a person's workload.
D)all of these

Question 35

Kate put in two "all-nighters" in a row to study for her psychology test. According to sleep research,

A)she will be fine for the test.
B)her sleep on the third night will be normal.
C)she may show deficits in learning, attention, and memory.
D)her REM sleep will not be affected.

Question 36

We first see delta waves in _____ sleep.

A)Stage 1
B)Stage 2
C)Stage 3
D)Stage 4

Question 37

It is 4:00 a.m. and Dan is driving home after having a drink, while Jason is driving home after being deprived of sleep. Which of the following is correct based on sleep deprivation research?

A) Dan is more likely to have a car accident.
B) Jason is more likely to have a car accident.
C) The likelihood of either having a car accident is the same.
D) The likelihood of either having a car accident is no different than anyone driving at that time.

Question 38

As John drifts off to sleep, he sometimes experiences images of his old dog Freckles running around the yard. This is an example of a

A)hypnagogic state.
B)hypnotic state.
C)hallucination.
D)delusion.

Question 39

If your dreams are usually very moral in content, then

A)you are probably really struggling with a moral issue.
B)you really want to be a morally sound person.
C)you are a very moral person, and someone who leads a moral life tends to dream moral dreams.
D)none of these are true

Question 40

REM rebound refers to

A)the fact that NREM is more important than REM.
B)the fact that when deprived of REM, we make it up the next night.
C)the more we REM, the less rested we feel.
D)the fact that REM is related to ADHD.

Question 41

Weight loss and surgery are often recommendations for people who suffer from

A)insomnia.
B)narcolepsy.
C)sleep apnea.
D)sleep aphasia.

Question 42

Sleepwalkers typically

A)do not remember their nighttime excursions.
B)become violent if awakened during their excursions.
C)become very disturbed if awakened during their excursions.
D)all of the above

Question 43

Genia suffers from insomnia. She is determined to fall asleep.

A)Her determination will eventually pay off.
B)Her determination will speed up the process.
C)Forcing sleep is the only way to cope.
D)The concern will heighten autonomic activity and muscle tension, which delays sleep.

Question 44

Holyk has narcolepsy. He says that the only good thing about his narcoleptic episodes is that, like for most people with this condition,

A)it never occurs while he is driving.
B)he wakes up refreshed after an episode.
C)he never experiences anything frightening associated with his episodes.
D)none of these are true

Question 45

Rukhanka is said to have hypnotic suggestibility. She is likely to

A)be prone to fantasy.
B)have no idea as to what is expected in the trance state.
C)attend to her own internal state.
D)become a hypnotist.

Question 46

According to the activation-synthesis model of dreaming,

A)an abundance of acetylcholine in the brain stimulates responses that lead to dreaming.
B)dreams reflect primarily higher-order thinking.
C)dreams are essentially reflective of psychological activity.
D)dreams are a reflection of unfulfilled desires.

Question 47

Dreams are more likely to be emotionally gripping than coherent in plot because

A)parietal lobes show no apparent activity.
B)occipital and frontal lobes are the only lobes that show activity.
C)occipital lobes are overstimulated.
D)frontal lobes appear to be inactive.

Question 48

Today, hypnotism is used to

A)treat kidney infections.
B)manage Alzheimer's disease.
C)help people overcome fear and anxiety.
D)improve the functioning of animal magnetism.

Question 49

The reason sleeping pills may not be the best solution for insomnia is

A)that an individual may develop tolerance to sleeping pills and need higher doses to induce sleep.
B)they don't allow an individual to develop other methods to induce sleep.
C)they can be dangerous if mixed with other drugs.
D)all of the above

Question 50

Bedwetting is caused by

A)harsh parenting.
B)immaturity of the nervous system.
C)nightmares.
D)room temperature.

Question 51

Harry read a book on insomnia, hoping to understand how to cope with sleepless nights. According to the book,

A)insomnia can be caused by narcolepsy.
B)insomnia can be caused by REM deprivation.
C)men typically suffer more from insomnia than do women.
D)people compound their sleep problems when they try to force themselves to fall asleep.

Question 52

The number one sleep disorder in America is

A)apnea.
B)sleepwalking.
C)insomnia.
D)nightmares.

Question 53

Suzanne acted as if she was in a trance and seemed to be in a different state of consciousness. This was probably due to

A)magnetism.
B)hypnosis.
C)hypermnesia.
D)hallucinations.

Question 54

Your nephew is nearly 7 years old and still wets the bed at night. This problem is probably the result of

A)laziness.
B)immaturity in his nervous system.
C)his premature birth.
D)sleep terrors.

Question 55

One theory of dreams suggests that learning experiences and memories are replayed and consolidated during sleep. Which of the following is correct about this view?

A)Much research supports this view.
B)Evidence for this hypothesis appears to be contradictory.
C)Many suggest this view is too much like the psychoanalytical.
D)There is no way to test this hypothesis.

Question 56

Uncle Fred has a disorder that causes him to fall asleep in the middle of a conversation. This is known as

A)narcolepsy.
B)sleep apnea.
C)sleep terror.
D)sleep paralysis.

Question 57

Simon is obese and snores loudly when he sleeps. He sometimes wakes up gasping for breath. Simon mostly likely is suffering from

A)insomnia.
B)narcolepsy.
C)sleep apnea.
D)sleep aphasia.

Question 58

Your little sister sat up in the bed the other night, began to talk incoherently, and moved about wildly. She is most likely experiencing a

A)nightmare.
B)sleep terror.
C)narcolepsy.
D)pseudomememory.

Question 59

Sleep terrors typically occur

A)in Stage 1.
B)in Stage 2.
C)in deep sleep.
D)after a nightmare.

Question 60

According to the Freudian explanation of hypnotism, _______ are emphasized.

A)fact and logic
B)fantasy and impulse
C)adult behaviors
D)none of these are true

Question 61

You have just experienced a major loss in your life. The stress, tension, and anxiety are overwhelming. Your doctor suggests using a technique that involves learning to emit alpha waves through feedback from an EEG. This technique is called

A)BFT.
B)EEG.
C)EMG.
D)CDC.

Question 62

People are capable of lowering their muscle tension by feedback from an

A)electroencephalograph.
B)electromyograph.
C)enteroencephalograph.
D)enterocephalograph.

Question 63

Bodily functions that were once thought to be beyond voluntary control but that can nowadays be changed with feedback include

A)heart rate.
B)blood pressure.
C)sweat in the palm of the hand.
D)all of these

Question 64

In an early experiment done by Neal Miller, some rats were stimulated in their pleasure centers if they lowered their heart rates. Other rats were stimulated when they raised their heart rates. They all managed to learn to change their heart rates. This is an example of

A)negative reinforcement.
B)classical conditioning.
C)biofeedback training.
D)classical reinforcement.

Question 65

American adults use drugs for many different reasons. These include

A)insomnia and fatigue.
B)peer pressure and a desire for acceptance.
C)pleasure seeking and reality avoidance.
D)all of these

Question 66

Nichola Spano proposed hypnotized individuals would act in a way consistent with their beliefs about how a hypnotized subject should act. This is known as ________ and is a part of the ________ theory.

A)role expectation; multifactorial
B)strategic role enactment; multifactorial
C)the halo effect; role
D)response set; role

Question 67

Jablochka says that she is a chronic alcoholic. When she stopped drinking suddenly, she experienced terrifying hallucinations, heavy sweating, general disorientation, and restlessness. She was most likely experiencing the symptoms of

A)the "DTs."
B)agitated depression.
C)alcohol abuse.
D)acute alcoholism.

Question 68

Neodissociation theory suggests that hypnosis is caused by

A)response sets.
B)multi-attentive processes.
C)hypervigilance.
D)selective attention.

Question 69

Transcendental meditation is referred to as

A)a complicated form of Far Eastern meditation.
B)a simplified form of Far Eastern meditation.
C)a practice that stimulates thought.
D)none of these

Question 70

Recent research conducted by the Institute of Social Research has found that, in general, illicit drug use by high school students is

A)going up.
B)declining.
C)at a record high.
D)increasing for stimulants, but decreasing for barbiturates

Question 71

According to the American Psychiatric Association, the crucial factor(s) in substance abuse is/are

A)the amount you consume.
B)the social setting of your consumption.
C)the disruption of your life by your pattern of use.
D)all of these

Question 72

Ivanka is a college student who has developed a tolerance to heroin and experiences withdrawal symptoms whenever she doesn't have a "fix" at least every eight hours. She feels that she has lost control and has to organize her life around her habit. She would be classified as having

A)substance abuse.
B)substance dependence.
C)substance use.
D)no diagnosable problem, according to the American Psychiatric Association.

Question 73

Which of the following supports the genetic predisposition theory of drug abuse?

A)Females are more likely to abuse drugs than males.
B)Adopted children whose biological parents are alcoholics are more likely to be alcoholics.
C)Lower socioeconomic groups are more likely to abuse drugs than higher socioeconomic groups.
D)There is no evidence for cultural differences in drug abuse.

Question 74

During meditation, activities such as __________ are suspended.

A)breathing
B)respiration
C)perspiration
D)problem-solving

Question 75

Focusing consciousness to alter one's relationship with the world is used to describe

A)hypnosis.
B)biofeedback.
C)meditation.
D)mesmerism.

Question 76

According to the role theory view of hypnosis, the changes in behavior that are attributed to hypnotic trance

A)can be achieved by instructing people to behave as though they were hypnotized.
B)are manifestations of hypnotized role models.
C)can be explained by peer role models.
D)can be due to all of these

Question 77

Any system that provides information about a bodily function is known as

A)a systems loop.
B)biofeedback.
C)biosystems reinforcement.
D)direct feedback loop.

Question 78

One of the findings of the Institute of Social Research at the University of Michigan is that more seniors in high school use ________ than cigarettes.

A)marijuana
B)alcohol
C)cocaine
D)heroin

Question 79

A good hypnotist will create an expectation of cooperation with his or her subject, thereby creating what is known as a

A)response set.
B)role set.
C)dissociation set.
D)subject set.

Question 80

In his classic study of TM, Benson found that meditation leads to

A)spiritual awakening.
B)expanded consciousness.
C)a relaxation response.
D)more intense hypnagogic states.