Deck 8: Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

The classic studies of Leon Festinger and colleagues described a specific theory of motivation known as

A)cognitive-dissonance theory.
B)behavioral-dissonance theory.
C)needs theory.
D)motivation theory.

Answer 1

cognitive-dissonance theory.

Question 2

Motives activate behavior and propel the organism

A)to flee.
B)to respond.
C)toward goals.
D)to satisfy needs.

Answer 2

toward goals.

Question 3

Physiological needs must be met

A)by caretakers.
B)by the environment.
C)in order to be happy.
D)in order to survive.

Answer 3

in order to survive.

Question 4

William James believed that social behavior may have been

A)learned.
B)instinctive.
C)maladaptive.
D)dysfunctional.

Question 5

A need for approval may cause an individual to

A)withdraw from others.
B)fear rejection.
C)seek to please others.
D)go without food.

Question 6

A high need for achievement would drive a person to

A)distraction.
B)work hard.
C)avoid work.
D)turn down a promotion.

Question 7

William McDougall (1908) compiled a list of 12 human _____ that included hunger, thirst, and self-assertion.

A)impulses
B)releasers
C)incentives
D)instincts

Question 8

Motives are believed to give rise to

A)incentives.
B)drives.
C)behavior.
D)needs.

Question 9

Motives are hypothetical because

A)they are measured directly.
B)they cannot be measured directly.
C)they do not really exist.
D)they are empirical.

Question 10

When Siamese fighting fish are raised alone in tanks and then released into fish populations, they still demonstrate aggressive and fight-like tendencies. According to research, these behaviors are classified as

A)imprinted reflexes.
B)reflexive attitudinal patterns.
C)species-specific patterns.
D)basic instincts.

Question 11

Drive-reduction theory suggests that we have drives to

A)reduce the tension created by needs.
B)increase the tension created by needs.
C)reduce the acquisition of needs.
D)reduce incentives.

Question 12

Primary drive is to ____ as acquired drive is to ______.

A)money; hunger
B)hunger; money
C)money; sex
D)power; sex

Question 13

The tendency for salmon to swim upstream to spawn in a particular place is an example of a

A)fixed action pattern.
B)learned behavior.
C)conditioned response.
D)stimulus.

Question 14

A(n) __________ is an object, person, or situation that is perceived as being capable of satisfying a need or as desirable for its own sake.

A)drive
B)impulse
C)compulsion
D)incentive

Question 15

Money, food, and a sexually attractive person can all be viewed as

A)drives.
B)physiological.
C)incentives.
D)psychological.

Question 16

Need is to ____ as drive is to _____.

A)hunger; thirst
B)water; thirst
C)thirst; food
D)food; water

Question 17

Examples of physiological needs are

A)oxygen, food, water, and proper temperature.
B)love, esteem, and finances.
C)achievement.
D)safety and security.

Question 18

Species-specific behaviors are

A)drives.
B)needs.
C)instincts.
D)motives.

Question 19

Motives may take the form of all the following except

A)chemicals.
B)needs.
C)drives.
D)incentives.

Question 20

According to Hull, the motivation to avoid touching a hot iron is a(n)

A)primary drive.
B)acquired drive.
C)instinct.
D)reduced drive.

Question 21

Maslow believed people are motivated by

A)money.
B)power.
C)intelligence.
D)personal growth.

Question 22

According to drive-reduction theory, the drive to accumulate wealth is described as a(n)

A)primary drive.
B)acquired drive.
C)biological need.
D)fear.

Question 23

A prisoner is punished with solitary confinement. This punishment consists of the deprivation of a need for

A)stimulation.
B)approval.
C)forgiveness.
D)rehabilitation.

Question 24

Sensation-seeking scales measure

A)the person's capacity for sensory deprivation.
B)the levels of pleasure a person can experience.
C)the person's capacity for relaxation.
D)the levels of arousal a person will seek.

Question 25

Homeostasis is best defined as

A)the relationship between a high and low drive.
B)the point at which a drive can no longer be met.
C)the highest level of a drive.
D)a resting point between a need and a drive.

Question 26

Which of the following quotes reflects the idea that stimulation itself is a motivator?

A)"Same time next year."
B)"After a while, it all looks the same."
C)"Familiarity breeds contempt."
D)"Novelty is the spice of life."

Question 27

Critics of Maslow argue that

A)needs are not really motivating.
B)there is too much individual variation for this hierarchy to apply to everyone.
C)self-actualization is too hypothetical to be explanatory.
D)self-actualization is too difficult to achieve.

Question 28

Which word(s) best reflects the action of homeostasis?

A)Thermostat
B)Air-conditioner
C)Light bulb
D)Water boiling

Question 29

An honor student who joins a scholastics club looking for friendship is mostly satisfying the _____ of Maslow's hierarchy.

A)esteem needs
B)love and belonging needs
C)safety needs
D)physiological needs

Question 30

The tendency toward homeostasis would

A)drive a person to acquire wealth.
B)satisfy a need.
C)lead a hungry person to eat.
D)lead to a state of deprivation.

Question 31

Which of the following statements supports the idea that stimulus motives are necessary for survival?

A)Animals that are less likely to take risks and remain passive are more likely to survive.
B)Animals that are active and motivated to learn about their environment are more likely to survive.
C)Survival depends on the ability to remain hidden in dangerous situations.
D)Animals that do not engage in novel behavior are more likely to live longer.

Question 32

The observation that we enjoy stimulating activities such as driving in fast cars or roller coaster rides is inconsistent with __________ theories.

A)humanistic
B)drive-reduction
C)instinct
D)primary drive

Question 33

Which of the following is a stimulus motive?

A)Exploration
B)Hunger
C)Thirst
D)Homeostasis

Question 34

Zuckerman and colleagues have identified factors related to sensation seeking. These include all except which of the following?

A)Seeking thrill and adventure
B)Seeking homeostasis
C)Seeking experience
D)Disinhibition

Question 35

Marvin Zuckerman has identified a number of factors involved in sensation seeking. According to Zuckerman, people described as sensation seeking will probably agree with which of the following statements?

A)I would prefer a job in one location.
B)I enter cold water gradually, giving myself time to get used to it.
C)I would like the experience of being hypnotized.
D)The most important goal in life is to find peace and happiness.

Question 36

Which of the following quotes best represents the idea of self-actualization?

A)"All for one, and one for all."
B)"This is the life we chose."
C)"I gotta be me."
D)"Liberty and justice for all."

Question 37

Drive-reduction theory defines hunger, pain, and thirst as

A)primary drives.
B)instincts.
C)secondary drives.
D)acquired motives.

Question 38

According to Maslow, needs are organized in a __________ with physiological needs and self-actualization at the poles.

A)hierarchy
B)pattern
C)schema
D)gestalt

Question 39

A sick individual who goes to bed to rest is satisfying the _____ of Maslow's hierarchy.

A)primary needs
B)acquired needs
C)physiological needs
D)actualization needs

Question 40

The results of the study in which subjects were given $20 per day to do nothing demonstrated

A)money is a powerful incentive.
B)inflation affects behavior.
C)sensory stimulation is important.
D)the more money someone earns, the more motivated he or she is.

Question 41

A man has most of his stomach removed because of cancer. He learns __________ after his surgery.

A)that his body will continue to regulate hunger through blood, liver, and brain function
B)that he will become hyperphagic
C)that he will become aphagic
D)that he will no longer experience satiety and must sham feed for the rest of his life

Question 42

The _____ is signaled when there is a drop in blood sugar due to food deprivation.

A)hypothalamus
B)amygdala
C)pituitary gland
D)thyroid gland

Question 43

VMN is to _____ as lateral hypothalamus is to ____.

A)start; stop
B)stop; start
C)active; passive
D)passive; active

Question 44

The text's use of the term "tummy-time" refers to the idea that

A)hunger is unrelated to brain signals.
B)time of day is one of the most important indicators of hunger.
C)most people eat when they can.
D)people regulate their food intake based on cues from the stomach.

Question 45

Sugar levels and hypothalamic control centers provide evidence of the _______ of hunger.

A)physiological regulation
B)stimulus regulation
C)disregulation
D)voluntary regulation

Question 46

Hyperphagic animals fail to experience

A)blood sugar effects.
B)satiety.
C)hunger.
D)glycogen conversion.

Question 47

The behavior of the hyperphagic rat suggests that there is

A)anorexia in rats.
B)satiety in rats.
C)an "off" center in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus.
D)an "off" center in the lateral hypothalamus.

Question 48

Your text refers to an environment in which fast foods are prevalent, celebrations are associated with high-calorie foods, food is used in stressful times, and children are exposed to a lot of television viewing. This is referred to as a(n) ________ environment.

A)unhealthy
B)eating disordered
C)obesogenic
D)all of these

Question 49

Biological factors involved in obesity include all of the following except

A)adipose tissue.
B)metabolism.
C)food allergies.
D)heredity.

Question 50

Satiety refers to

A)satisfaction with the amount of food eaten.
B)being well rested.
C)being in a state of balance.
D)tension reduction.

Question 51

At a point referred to as __________, a fat deficiency in fat cells is communicated to the hypothalamus and triggers the hunger drive.

A)set point
B)sham feeding
C)satiety
D)high fat ratio

Question 52

Who would have the most difficult time losing weight?

A)A formerly overweight male athlete
B)A person with a low fat-to-muscle ratio
C)An average-weight male with an obese mother
D)A formerly obese person who has gained back his lost weight

Question 53

Adipose tissue or cells that store fat are called

A)adipose cells.
B)fat cells.
C)set points.
D)overweight cells.

Question 54

The majority of food absorption takes place in the

A)stomach.
B)intestines.
C)mouth.
D)liver.

Question 55

Eating because you are bored, depressed, or socializing demonstrates the role of _____ in regulating the hunger drive.

A)learned behavior
B)psychological factors
C)external incentives
D)all of these

Question 56

When dogs are tricked into believing they are swallowing food, even though no food is present, they

A)get very aggressive and try to bite the experimenters.
B)fall asleep.
C)show signs they are satiated (full).
D)keep swallowing until they are finally given some food.

Question 57

Which type of tissue metabolizes food faster and makes it easier to lose weight?

A)Adipose tissue
B)Muscle tissue
C)Organ tissue
D)None of these

Question 58

Lesioning the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus and the lateral hypothalamus affects hunger regulation by damaging the

A)liver functions.
B)stomach contractions.
C)on and off signals for feeding.
D)pleasure of sham feeding.

Question 59

The ventromedial hypothalamus _____ hunger, while the lateral hypothalamus _____
Hunger.

A)activates; depresses
B)encourages; ceases
C)motivates; satisfies
D)depresses; activates

Question 60

Stunkard's (1990) findings that adoptees are more similar in weight to their biological than to their adoptive families suggests that

A)heredity plays a role in obesity.
B)eating habits play a role in obesity.
C)there is no biological basis for obesity.
D)adoptive parents use food as love.

Question 61

The most common sexual problem found in women is

A)high testosterone levels.
B)lack of sexual desire.
C)hypersexuality.
D)frigidity.

Question 62

The phases of the sexual response cycle include all except which of the following?

A)Foreplay
B)Resolution
C)Plateau
D)Orgasm

Question 63

Sound weight control programs involve all of the following except

A)exercise to burn calories.
B)set strict weight loss goals to speed up the process.
C)substitute low-calorie, low-fat foods for high-calorie, high-fat foods.
D)avoid places or situations that are likely to weaken your will power.

Question 64

Steve is unlikely to be able to have multiple orgasms due to

A)limited orgasm syndrome.
B)sexual pressure.
C)the refractory period.
D)sexual dysfunction.

Question 65

During the excitement phase of the sexual response, women experience which of the following?

A)Breast enlargement
B)Swelling of the clitoris
C)Vaginal lubrication
D)All of these

Question 66

Two keys for successful weight loss are

A)asking others what worked for them and trying out these methods.
B)if one diet fails, try another and don't quit.
C)making a commitment to lose weight and establish a workable plan.
D)starve yourself if you have to and do whatever it takes.

Question 67

Which of the following statements is most accurate regarding the role of pheromones in humans?

A)Pheromones enhance sexual desire in both men and women.
B)Pheromones increase the attractiveness of both men and women.
C)The role of pheromones in sexual behavior in humans is not as clear as in lower animals.
D)The role of pheromones in reproduction has been demonstrated in double-blind studies with humans.

Question 68

One symptom of anorexia nervosa which may be a clue to its cause, is ______ or the delayed onset and/or lack of menstruation.

A)menopause
B)amenorrhea
C)climacteric
D)amenopause

Question 69

All of the following are symptoms of bulimia except

A)purging.
B)binge eating.
C)vomiting.
D)fasting.

Question 70

Whenever Farah eats, she immediately excuses herself and goes to the rest room and vomits. Farah is suffering from

A)anorexia nervosa.
B)bulimia.
C)aphagia.
D)dysphagia nervosa.

Question 71

Which of the following statement is correct concerning anorexia nervosa and males?

A)It is rarely if ever found in males.
B)Hispanic males appear to be more vulnerable than other cultural groups.
C)Males who choose activities that require slender bodies are vulnerable.
D)Males who have girlfriends who are anorexic are vulnerable to the disorder.

Question 72

A regular television viewer finds the need to snack while watching his or her programs because of all the commercials for food. This demonstrates the influence of _____ on eating behavior.

A)psychological factors
B)physiological factors
C)biological factors
D)none of these

Question 73

Which of the following people is at the highest risk for anorexia nervosa?

A)Kimberly, whose mother is constantly telling her she is overweight
B)Jennifer, whose parents watch television and live in the country
C)Carrie, whose parents are divorced
D)Arthur, whose father was a football player

Question 74

One ironic side effect of anorexia nervosa is that girls with the disorder

A)choose interests that center on food.
B)avoid food at all costs.
C)have overweight boyfriends.
D)have overweight parents.

Question 75

The typical profile of a person with anorexia nervosa is

A)an African-American female adolescent who is high socioeconomic status.
B)a Hispanic female adult who is high socioeconomic status.
C)an Asian female adolescent with low self-esteem.
D)a Caucasian female adolescent

Question 76

Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder in which

A)people eat foods that cause them to be sick.
B)people only eat at night.
C)people eat too much and must vomit.
D)people refuse to eat because they fear getting overweight.

Question 77

You generally exercise on weekends and eat a low-fat diet. However, on Super Bowl Sunday, you overeat, overdrink, and sit on the couch watching the TV. This is an example of

A)psychological factors and eating behavior.
B)the effect of foods like pizza on the brain.
C)inactivity increasing hunger.
D)a possible eating disorder.

Question 78

Sex hormones are related to all of the following except

A)development of sex organs.
B)sex drive.
C)reactivating effects.
D)regulation of the menstrual cycle.

Question 79

Which of the following statements is incorrect about causes of eating disorders?

A)Individuals with eating disorders are often involved in activities that demand weight limits.
B)Eating disorders are sometimes brought about by criticisms made by parents.
C)Eating disorders tend to run in families.
D)Depression is a leading cause of eating disorders.

Question 80

Which of the following statements is correct concerning mortality and anorexia nervosa?

A)1 out of 2 will die.
B)1 out of 5 will die.
C)5 out of 100 will die.
D)5 out of 1,000 will die.