Deck 10: Personality: Theory and Measurement

Question 1

Freud said that the mind is composed of which three parts?

A)Metaconscious, semiconscious, catatonic
B)Postconscious, mid-conscious, lateral-conscious
C)Metabolism, anabolism, catabolism
D)Unconscious, preconscious, conscious

Answer 1

Unconscious, preconscious, conscious

Question 2

A reasonably stable pattern of emotions, motives, and behavior define what psychologists call

A)personality.
B)motivation.
C)role.
D)gender.

Answer 2

personality.

Question 3

Which of the following is shared by all the psychodynamic theories of personality?

A)Id
B)Persona
C)Archetypes
D)Conflict

Answer 3

Conflict

Question 4

Which psychic structure is motivating behavior when you decide to stay home and study for a test, rather than go to a party you would really like to attend?

A)Id
B)Ego
C)Superego
D)None of these

Question 5

Which psychic structure is motivating behavior when you are on a diet but eat a piece of chocolate cake anyway?

A)Id
B)Ego
C)Superego
D)None of these

Question 6

Which defense mechanism is being used when an angry employee, who was unfairly criticized by her boss, almost runs a few cars off the road on her way home from work?

A)Reaction formation
B)Projection
C)Regression
D)Displacement

Question 7

Parental values are internalized through

A)identification.
B)mortification.
C)collaboration.
D)saturation.

Question 8

Which is an example of a "psychic structure"?

A)Ego C.acculturation
B)Positive regard D.competencies

Question 9

Which best illustrates the concept of a defense mechanism?

A)Stacey learns karate.
B)Diane forgot to bring her textbook to class.
C)Laurie cannot remember being raped.
D)Michael always uses his car alarm.

Question 10

The reality principle guides the

A)ego.
B)superego.
C)id.
D)mystery.

Question 11

Based on Freud's theory, a traumatic childhood event that was repressed is stored at the _____ level.

A)conscious
B)preconscious
C)subconscious
D)unconscious

Question 12

Which psychic structure is motivating behavior when a hungry infant sucks her thumb while waiting for their bottle to be prepared?

A)Id
B)Ego
C)Superego
D)None of these

Question 13

Anna has been in a car accident in which her best friend died. Six months later, she cannot even remember that the accident occurred. This event is probably in her __________ mind.

A)hyperconscious
B)subterfuge
C)unconscious
D)conscious

Question 14

Which defense mechanism is being used when a student blames his failing a test on the poor teaching skills of the instructor rather than the fact that he didn't study?

A)Rationalization
B)Reaction formation
C)Regression
D)Projection

Question 15

Sherry knows she went to the store yesterday. This memory is in her _______ mind.

A)preconscious
B)conscious
C)postconscious
D)unconscious

Question 16

According to Freud, your telephone number is stored at the _____ level.

A)conscious
B)preconscious
C)subconscious
D)unconscious

Question 17

Which is consistent with the ego?

A)Admiring your own reflection in the mirror
B)Feeling guilty when you anger your father
C)Wanting your neighbor's car because it looks better than your own
D)Filling out an application for a desired job

Question 18

Which is the best illustration of the pleasure principle?

A)Seth enjoys playing guitar only when others are not disturbed.
B)Mara rides her bike with her parents.
C)Katie goes to amusement parks and rides rollercoasters while on vacation.
D)Mitch likes to hit other people, so he starts fights with his classmates.

Question 19

Which defense mechanism is being used, when an angry adult throws things and yells and screams?

A)Rationalization
B)Reaction formation
C)Regression
D)Projection

Question 20

Frank tended to drive recklessly because he enjoyed it. He had received several traffic tickets and had even been in car accidents. Freud would likely say that Frank's actions are based upon which psychic structure?

A)Superego
B)Martial ego
C)Ego
D)Id

Question 21

Excessive hand-washing may be an indication of an

A)Oedipus complex.
B)anal fixation.
C)Electra complex.
D)oral fixation.

Question 22

Which person best illustrates the concept of conflict during the anal stage?

A)Martin bites his nails.
B)Karen becomes extremely dependent upon her boyfriends.
C)Katie is sexually active.
D)Sean is excessively neat and clean.

Question 23

Wynton always wanted to be a trumpet player. He talked a lot about it as well as practiced every day. He used terms like "big mouth," and he also smoked cigars. Freud would say Wynton was ______ in the ____ stage.

A)repressed; anal
B)fixated; oral
C)fixated; anal
D)anxious; phallic

Question 24

Which is the best illustration of the superego?

A)You borrow a car so that you can learn to drive.
B)You feel guilty because you cheated on a test.
C)You want to eat right now.
D)You can't go to the movies because you lost your money.

Question 25

Which best illustrates a child in the phallic stage of psychosexual development?

A)Billy acts out to get his mother's attention whenever she is alone with his father.
B)Kelly seeks out strangers for sexual encounters.
C)Alan always goes shopping with his father.
D)Maria has not had conscious sexual desires for the past year.

Question 26

The Oedipus complex occurs during the __________ stage.

A)phallic
B)genital
C)oral
D)anal

Question 27

Excessive verbal behavior may be an indication of an

A)Oedipus complex.
B)anal fixation.
C)Electra complex.
D)oral fixation.

Question 28

Which best demonstrates libido?

A)You are driven to spend money in excess.
B)You are driven to suicide.
C)You are driven to the supermarket.
D)You are driven to procreate.

Question 29

The Electra complex involves

A)a girl wanting to kill her father and possess her mother.
B)a boy wanting to kill his father and possess his mother.
C)a girl longing for her father and resenting her mother.
D)a boy longing for his father and resenting his mother.

Question 30

Casey says she feels bad because she broke her mother's vase. This feeling is most consistent with the

A)ego.
B)superego.
C)id.
D)positive regard.

Question 31

Elementary school children who separate and tend to play in groups of their own gender are demonstrating the _____ stage of psychosexual development.

A)anal
B)phallic
C)latency
D)genital

Question 32

Which defense mechanism is being used when an alcoholic criticizes everybody else for their inability to handle alcohol, but doesn't believe he has a problem in this area?

A)Rationalization
B)Projection
C)Sublimation
D)Regression

Question 33

Marisa is three months old and always chews her rattle. She is in the __________ stage.

A)anal
B)oral
C)phallic
D)latency

Question 34

Iris said that her mother made her steal because she wouldn't give her enough money to buy the clothes she wanted. This is a demonstration of which defense mechanism?

A)Sublimation
B)Repression formation
C)Alienation
D)Rationalization

Question 35

A fixation can occur during a psychosexual stage of development if there is

A)either too little or too much gratification.
B)a lack of libido energy.
C)too much eros.
D)none of these

Question 36

Carla has been called "sadistic." This is a(n) __________ trait.

A)oral
B)phallic
C)anal-retentive
D)anal-expulsive

Question 37

Which best characterizes the anal stage of development?

A)Deriving enjoyment from control of elimination of feces
B)Excessive breast feeding
C)Penis envy
D)Race car driving

Question 38

The __________ principle guides the superego.

A)reality
B)crusaders
C)moral
D)pleasure

Question 39

According to Freud, __________ causes boys who are about five years old to repress their sexual feelings.

A)the pressure from teachers at school
B)the fact that they are too young to have sexual feelings
C)the pressure of desiring their mother and being jealous of their father
D)breast feeding

Question 40

The ego is to the _____ principle as the superego is to the _____ principle.

A)moral; reality
B)reality; pleasure
C)perfection; reality
D)reality; moral

Question 41

The final stage of psychosexual development is the __________ stage.

A)phallic
B)oral
C)genital
D)latency

Question 42

According to Jung, primitive images contained in the collective unconscious are called

A)archetypes.
B)cultural images.
C)memory traces.
D)all of these

Question 43

Carl Jung differed from Freud specifically in the area of

A)unconscious behavior.
B)the importance of sexual instinct.
C)ego.
D)psychodynamics.

Question 44

All of the following are criticisms of Freud's psychoanalytic theory except

A)the concepts are difficult to test scientifically.
B)personality and behavior do develop and parents should be aware of the emotional needs of their children.
C)psychic structures are too vague to be able to predict behavior.
D)children begin sexual curiosity years earlier than Freud suggested.

Question 45

_______ are reasonably stable elements of personality that are inferred from behavior.

A)Factors
B)Variables
C)Traits
D)All of these

Question 46

The earliest person associated with the trait approach was

A)Sigmund Freud.
B)Jean Piaget.
C)Platon Euclid.
D)Argos Hippocrates.

Question 47

Personality characteristics that can be inferred from observable behaviors would be called

A)traits.
B)categories.
C)self-analysis.
D)lacrimation.

Question 48

Adolescent girls might be attracted to boys who are similar to their fathers as a result of

A)puberty.
B)inexperience.
C)the incest taboo.
D)wanting to seem older.

Question 49

Erikson's theory consists of emphasis on

A)social relationships.
B)rewards and punishment.
C)sexual development.
D)self-actualization.

Question 50

Mark was upset because he suffered from asthma, so he decided to start lifting weights. This demonstrates which of the following?

A)Collective unconscious
B)Latency
C)Drive for superiority
D)Anal fixation

Question 51

According to Erikson, the goal of adolescence is attainment of

A)surface traits.
B)sexual maturity.
C)osculation.
D)ego identity.

Question 52

A major contribution of the psychodynamic theorists is

A)psychodrama as a therapeutic tool.
B)the concept of reward and punishment.
C)recognition that childhood events affect future development.
D)the idea that group dynamics help therapeutically.

Question 53

Which of the following is the best example of the source of an inferiority complex?

A)Becky wanted her father to respect her.
B)Eric was much shorter than his peers.
C)Pam received the highest grade in the class.
D)David joined the army.

Question 54

In Star Wars, Jung's ______ of the young hero is embodied in the character of Luke Skywalker.

A)archetype
B)complex
C)identification
D)persona

Question 55

Karen Horney's views differed from those of Sigmund Freud in that she believed

A)sexual impulses are less important than social relationships in childhood.
B)young girls experience penis envy when they discover that boys have a penis.
C)there are only four stages of sexual development.
D)women should remain at home and care for children.

Question 56

Individual psychology is the theory of

A)Sigmund Freud.
B)Raymond Catell.
C)Alfred Adler.
D)John Watson.

Question 57

Rather than being dichotomous, Eysenck suggests that traits are

A)dimensional.
B)unconscious.
C)interactive.
D)cognitive.

Question 58

Which of the following demonstrates the "creative self" as described by Adler?

A)Jim thinks about his past and falls into a deep depression.
B)Lauren responds to her unconscious motivations.
C)Greg fears he will never walk again after his car accident.
D)Diane knows she is not athletic but works hard to develop her intellect.

Question 59

Jessica is observed to be gloomy and pensive. She could be described as

A)sanguine.
B)choleric.
C)phlegmatic.
D)melancholic.

Question 60

The period from age five to six years through adolescence is called the __________ stage.

A)phallic
B)oral
C)genital
D)latency

Question 61

Bob exhibits narrow-mindedness, rigidity, and shallowness. Based on the five-factor model, he shows a lack of

A)neuroticism.
B)conscientiousness.
C)openness to experience.
D)extraversion.

Question 62

Which of the following is correct concerning the Five-Factor Model of personality?

A)The model has lost credibility due to the connection with Freudian assumptions.
B)The model does not stand up to Eysenck's introversion-extroversion scale.
C)This model has faded from the spotlight because of lack of scientific support.
D)There seems to be significant cross-cultural support for this model.

Question 63

Children who may develop antisocial personalities show ________ responses to threats and stressors.

A)high
B)low
C)abnormal
D)criminal

Question 64

All of the following are identified as major virtues found in a wide cross-section of cultures except

A)humanity.
B)justice.
C)courage.
D)intelligence.

Question 65

Social-cognitive theorists suggest that there are ____ variables and ____ variables that interact to influence personality.

A)self; other
B)internal; external
C)environmental; internal
D)person; situation

Question 66

The key mechanism in social-cognitive theory is

A)observation.
B)consciousness.
C)unconsciousness.
D)self-actualization.

Question 67

The five-factor model includes which five basic personality factors?

A)Depression, obsessiveness, conscientiousness, agreeableness, openness
B)Narcissism, neuroticism, conscientiousness, agreeableness, openness
C)Extraversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness, agreeableness, openness
D)Extraversion, psychosis, conscientiousness, agreeableness, openness

Question 68

Research has found that extraversion is associated with higher levels of

A)dopamine.
B)serotonin.
C)testosterone.
D)cortisol.

Question 69

Regina always speaks her mind and has an easy time relating to others in social situations. She would be described as

A)stubborn.
B)thrifty.
C)introverted.
D)extraverted.

Question 70

Kelley has devoted her weekends to working in a homeless shelter. Skinner would most likely explain this by saying

A)she has been rewarded for altruistic behaviors.
B)she did not receive enough nurturance from her mother.
C)she has irrational beliefs about the value of such work.
D)she is exhibiting reaction formation.

Question 71

Eysenck's model of personality is similar to that of

A)Hippocrates.
B)Allport.
C)Galton.
D)Mead.

Question 72

Which best demonstrates Watson's and Skinner's beliefs of behaviorism?

A)A child acts selfishly due to his id.
B)A man donates to charity because his parents reward this behavior.
C)A child becomes an engineer due to his genes.
D)A woman becomes a lawyer because she has a need for achievement.

Question 73

Beth prefers to spend her time alone and very rarely does something spontaneous. She would be described by Eysenck as

A)tough minded.
B)venturesome.
C)introverted.
D)extraverted.

Question 74

Based on the five-factor model, Michelle who exhibits carelessness, negligence, and unreliability demonstrates a lack of

A)extraversion.
B)conscientiousness.
C)agreeableness.
D)neuroticism.

Question 75

Dr. Granger suggests that changing environmental variables should result in changes in personality. Dr. Granger is a ________ theorist.

A)psychodynamic
B)humanistic
C)trait
D)behavioral

Question 76

The idea that a person influences the environment as well as the environment influencing the person is called

A)reciprocal determinism.
B)reciprocal competencies.
C)mutual aptitude.
D)mutual archetypes.

Question 77

Social-cognitive theory differs from behaviorism in that social-cognitive theory argues that

A)rewards shape behaviors.
B)the ego follows the moral principle.
C)wants and desires are the result of our environment.
D)people influence their environments.

Question 78

Drew thought that if he asked Tracey to go the movies with him, she would refuse. This would be considered an example of __________ by social-cognitive theorists.

A)modeling
B)encoding
C)expectancies
D)latency

Question 79

Trait theories are to _____ as behaviorist theories are to _____.

A)experience; heritability
B)heritability; biology
C)external factors; internal factors
D)heritability; environmental influences

Question 80

One limitation of the trait theories is that

A)they are more descriptive than explanatory.
B)they involve the use of hypothetical constructs.
C)they are too biological.
D)they do not solve any problems.