Deck 11: Neural Tissue

Question 1

Neurotransmitter for release is stored in synaptic

A) telodendria.
B) knobs.
C) vesicles.
D) mitochondria.
E) neurosomes.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The cytoskeleton of the perikaryon contains which of the following?

A) neurofilaments
B) telodendria
C) neurotubules
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which of the following is not a function of the nervous system?

A) sense the internal and external environments
B) integrate sensory information
C) coordinate voluntary and involuntary activities
D) direct long-term functions, such as growth
E) control peripheral effectors

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Axons terminate in a series of fine extensions known as

A) telodendria.
B) knobs.
C) collaterals.
D) dendrites.
E) synapses.

Question 5

Figure 11-1 The Neuron
Use Figure 11-1 to answer the following questions:
Which part of the neuron can conduct an action potential?

A) 1
B) 1 and 2
C) 2 and 3
D) 3 and 4
E) 3, 4, and 5

Question 6

Figure 11-1 The Neuron
Use Figure 11-1 to answer the following questions:
The structure labeled "2" is a

A) cell body.
B) dendrite.
C) axon hillock.
D) dendrite.
E) Nissl body.

Question 7

The ________ nervous system is composed of the brain and spinal cord.

A) autonomic
B) peripheral
C) central
D) efferent
E) afferent

Question 8

Figure 11-1 The Neuron
Use Figure 11-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled "5."

A) axons
B) telodendria
C) dendritic spines
D) synaptic terminals
E) axosomata

Question 9

The cytoplasm that surrounds the nucleus of a neuron is called the

A) protoplasm.
B) nucleoplasm.
C) sarcoplasm.
D) neuroplasm.
E) perikaryon.

Question 10

Most CNS neurons lack centrioles. This observation explains

A) why CNS neurons grow such long axons.
B) why CNS neurons cannot regenerate.
C) the ability of neurons to generate an action potential.
D) the ability of neurons to communicate with each other.
E) the ability of neurons to produce a resting potential.

Question 11

Which of the following is not a recognized structural classification for neurons?

A) anaxonic
B) bipolar
C) multipolar
D) pseudopolar
E) unipolar

Question 12

The most abundant class of neuron in the central nervous system is

A) anaxonic.
B) bipolar.
C) multipolar.
D) pseudopolar.
E) unipolar.

Question 13

Clusters of RER and free ribosomes in neurons are called

A) neurofilaments.
B) neurofibrils.
C) perikaryon.
D) Nissl bodies.
E) microglia.

Question 14

The ________ nervous system controls the skeletal muscles.

A) sympathetic
B) parasympathetic
C) afferent
D) somatic
E) autonomic

Question 15

Branches that may occur along an axon are called

A) dendrites.
B) synaptic knobs.
C) collaterals.
D) hillocks.
E) synapses.

Question 16

The site of intercellular communication between neurons is the

A) telodendria.
B) synaptic knob.
C) collateral.
D) hillock.
E) synapse.

Question 17

Figure 11-1 The Neuron
Use Figure 11-1 to answer the following questions:
Which type of membrane channels are found at label "3"?

A) voltage-gated Na⁺ channels
B) voltage-gated K⁺ channels
C) chemically gated Na⁺ and K⁺ channels
D) voltage-gated Ca²⁺ channels
E) voltage-gated Na⁺ and K⁺ channels

Question 18

The axoplasm of the axon contains which of the following?

A) neurotubules
B) mitochondria
C) vesicles
D) neurofibrils
E) all of the above

Question 19

The axon is connected to the cell body at the

A) telodendria.
B) synaptic knobs.
C) collaterals.
D) axon hillock.
E) synapse.

Question 20

Figure 11-1 The Neuron
Use Figure 11-1 to answer the following questions:
The structures labeled "1" are dendrites. Their membranes contain numerous chemically gated ion channels.

A) The first statement is True but the second statement is False
)
B) The first statement is False but the second statement is True
)
C) Both statements are True .
D) Both statements are False .
E) Both statements are True and relate to synaptic transmission.

Question 21

________ account for roughly half of the volume of the nervous system.

A) Axons
B) Dendrites
C) Neuroglia
D) Synapses
E) Efferent fibers

Question 22

________ are the most numerous type of neuron in the CNS.

A) Sensory neurons
B) Motor neurons
C) Unipolar neurons
D) Bipolar neurons
E) Interneurons

Question 23

________ line the brain ventricles and spinal canal.

A) Astrocytes
B) Satellite cells
C) Oligodendrocytes
D) Microglia
E) Ependymal cells

Question 24

Small, wandering cells that engulf cell debris and pathogens in the CNS are called

A) astrocytes.
B) satellite cells.
C) oligodendrocytes.
D) microglia.
E) ependymal cells.

Question 25

The glial cells in the central nervous system that form scar tissue after Central Nervous System injury are the

A) astrocytes.
B) satellite cells.
C) oligodendrocytes.
D) microglia.
E) ependymal cells.

Question 26

________ neurons are short, with a cell body between dendrite and axon, and occur in special sense organs.

A) Multipolar
B) Anaxonic
C) Unipolar
D) Bipolar
E) none of the above

Question 27

Which of the following is not a function of the neuroglia?

A) support
B) memory
C) secretion of cerebrospinal fluid
D) maintenance of blood-brain barrier
E) phagocytosis

Question 28

Neurons that have one axon and one dendrite, with the soma in between, are called

A) anaxonic.
B) unipolar.
C) bipolar.
D) tripolar.
E) multipolar.

Question 29

The myelin sheath that covers many CNS axons is formed by

A) astrocytes.
B) satellite cells.
C) oligodendrocytes.
D) microglia.
E) ependymal cells.

Question 30

________ neurons are small and have no anatomical features that distinguish dendrites from axons.

A) Multipolar
B) Anaxonic
C) Unipolar
D) Bipolar
E) none of the above

Question 31

Sensory neurons of the PNS are

A) unipolar.
B) bipolar.
C) anaxonic.
D) multipolar.
E) tripolar.

Question 32

Which of the following is a function of neuroglia?

A) regulate the composition of interstitial fluid
B) provide a supportive framework
C) produce cerebrospinal fluid
D) act as phagocytes
E) all of the above

Question 33

________ neurons are the most common class in the CNS.

A) Multipolar
B) Anaxonic
C) Unipolar
D) Bipolar
E) none of the above

Question 34

Which of the following are types of neuroglia?

A) ependymal cells
B) microglia
C) astrocytes
D) oligodendrocytes
E) all of the above

Question 35

Which of the following activities or sensations is not monitored by interoceptors?

A) sight
B) taste
C) activities of the digestive system
D) cardiovascular activities
E) urinary activities

Question 36

Neurons that have several dendrites and a single axon are called

A) anaxonic.
B) unipolar.
C) bipolar.
D) tripolar.
E) multipolar.

Question 37

In a(n) ________ neuron, the dendrites and axon are continuous or fused.

A) multipolar
B) anaxonic
C) unipolar
D) bipolar
E) none of the above

Question 38

Neurons in which dendritic and axonal processes are continuous and the soma lies off to one side are called

A) anaxonic.
B) unipolar.
C) bipolar.
D) tripolar.
E) multipolar.

Question 39

Neurons that are rare, small, and lack features that distinguish dendrites from axons are called

A) anaxonic.
B) unipolar.
C) bipolar.
D) tripolar.
E) multipolar.

Question 40

Functions of astrocytes include all of the following, except

A) maintaining the blood-brain barrier.
B) conducting action potentials.
C) guiding neuron development.
D) responding to neural tissue damage.
E) forming a three-dimensional framework for the CNS.

Question 41

If the sodium-potassium pumps in the plasma membrane fail to function, all of the following occur, except

A) the intracellular concentration of potassium ions will increase.
B) the neuron will slowly depolarize.
C) the membrane will slowly lose its capacity to generate action potentials.
D) the inside of the membrane will have a resting potential that is more positive than normal.
E) the intracellular concentration of sodium ions will increase.

Question 42

The largest and most numerous neuroglia in the CNS that absorb and recycle neurotransmitters are the

A) astrocytes.
B) ependymal cells.
C) microglia.
D) oligodendrocytes.
E) none of the above

Question 43

The smallest neuroglia of the CNS that act as phagocytes are the

A) astrocytes.
B) ependymal cells.
C) microglia.
D) oligodendrocytes.
E) none of the above

Question 44

In the peripheral nervous system, Schwann cells participate in the repair of damaged nerves by

A) producing new axons.
B) regenerating cell bodies for the neurons.
C) forming a cellular cord that directs axonal regrowth.
D) clearing away cellular debris.
E) producing more satellite cells that fuse to form new axons.

Question 45

Voltage-gated channels are present

A) at the motor end plate.
B) on the surface of dendrites.
C) in the membrane that covers axons.
D) on the soma of neurons.
E) along the perikaryon of neurons.

Question 46

At the normal resting potential of a typical neuron, its Na-K ion exchange pump transports

A) 1 intracellular sodium ion for 2 extracellular potassium ions.
B) 2 intracellular sodium ions for 1 extracellular potassium ion.
C) 3 intracellular sodium ions for 1 extracellular potassium ion.
D) 3 intracellular sodium ions for 2 extracellular potassium ions.
E) 3 extracellular sodium ions for 2 intracellular potassium ions.

Question 47

After a stroke, what type of glial cell accumulates within the affected brain region?

A) Schwann cells
B) satellite cells
C) oligodendrocytes
D) microglia
E) ependymal cells

Question 48

Ion channels that are always open are called ________ channels.

A) active
B) gated
C) leak
D) regulated
E) local

Question 49

The equilibrium potential for potassium ion occurs at approximately

A) -90 mV.
B) -70 mV.
C) +66 mV.
D) 0 mV.
E) -55 mV.

Question 50

Extensive damage to oligodendrocytes in the CNS could result in

A) loss of the structural framework of the brain.
B) a breakdown of the blood-brain barrier.
C) inability to produce scar tissue at the site of an injury.
D) decreased production of cerebrospinal fluid.
E) loss of sensation and motor control.

Question 51

Which of the following is a type of glial cell found in the peripheral nervous system?

A) astrocytes
B) satellite cells
C) oligodendrocytes
D) microglia
E) ependymal cells

Question 52

The function of the astrocytes in the CNS includes which of the following?

A) adjusting the composition of the interstitial fluid
B) providing structural support within neural tissue
C) maintaining the blood-brain barrier
D) repairing damaged neural tissue
E) all of the above

Question 53

Which of the following interactions between electrical and chemical gradients does not lead to the establishment of a neuron's resting potential?

A) Chemical and electrical forces both favor sodium ions entering the cell.
B) Electrical forces push sodium ions out of the cell.
C) Chemical forces tend to drive potassium ions out of the cell.
D) Potassium ions are attracted to the negative charges inside the cell.
E) Potassium ions are repulsed by positive charges outside the cell.

Question 54

Damage to ependymal cells would most likely affect the

A) formation of myelin sheaths.
B) formation of cerebrospinal fluid.
C) formation of ganglia.
D) repair of axons.
E) transport of neurotransmitters within axons.

Question 55

The neurilemma of axons in the peripheral nervous system is formed by

A) astrocytes.
B) satellite cells.
C) oligodendrocytes.
D) microglia.
E) Schwann cells.

Question 56

Raising the potassium ion concentration in the extracellular fluid surrounding a nerve cell will have which effect?

A) depolarize it
B) hyperpolarize it
C) increase the magnitude of the potassium equilibrium potential
D) decrease the magnitude of the sodium equilibrium potential
E) increase the magnitude of the sodium equilibrium potential

Question 57

Glial cells that surround the neurons in ganglia are

A) astrocytes.
B) satellite cells.
C) oligodendrocytes.
D) microglia.
E) ependymal cells.

Question 58

Deteriorating changes in the distal segment of an axon as a result of a break between it and the soma is called ________ degeneration.

A) neural
B) central
C) peripheral
D) Wallerian
E) conduction

Question 59

Many medications introduced into the bloodstream cannot directly affect the neurons of the CNS because

A) oligodendrocytes form a continuous myelin sheath around the axons.
B) the astrocytes isolate the CNS by forming a blood-brain barrier.
C) the neurilemma is impermeable to most molecules.
D) ependymal cells restrict the flow of interstitial fluid between the capillaries and the neurons.
E) Schwann cells form a capsule around neurons.

Question 60

Ion channels that are always open are known as

A) leak channels.
B) active channels.
C) chemically gated channels.
D) voltage-gated channels.
E) mechanically-gated channels.

Question 61

If the potassium permeability of a resting neuron increases above the resting permeability, what effect will this have on the transmembrane potential?

A) The inside of the membrane will become more positive.
B) The inside of the membrane will become more negative.
C) There will be almost no effect on transmembrane potential.
D) The membrane will become depolarized.
E) none of the above

Question 62

Which of the following is not involved in creating the resting potential of a neuron?

A) diffusion of potassium ions out of the cell
B) diffusion of sodium ions into the cell
C) Membrane permeability for sodium ions is greater than for potassium ions.
D) Membrane permeability for potassium ions is greater than for sodium ions.
E) The interior of the plasma membrane has an excess of negative charges.

Question 63

Opening of sodium channels in the axon membrane causes

A) depolarization.
B) repolarization.
C) hyperpolarization.
D) increased positive charge inside the membrane.
E) both depolarization and increased positive charge inside the membrane.

Question 64

The sodium-potassium ion exchange pump

A) is not involved in producing the resting membrane potential.
B) transports sodium ions into the cell during depolarization.
C) transports potassium ions out of the cell during repolarization.
D) moves sodium and potassium opposite to the direction of their electrochemical gradients.
E) depends on a hydrogen gradient for energy.

Question 65

Ions can move across the plasma membrane in which of the following ways?

A) through voltage-gated channels as in the action potential
B) through passive or leak channels
C) by ATP-dependent ion pumps like the sodium-potassium exchange pump
D) through chemically-gated channels as in neuromuscular transmission
E) all of the above

Question 66

Figure 11-2 The Nerve Action Potential
Use Figure 11-2 to answer the following questions:
Which area of the graph occurs when there is a sudden inrush of sodium ions?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Question 67

Figure 11-2 The Nerve Action Potential
Use Figure 11-2 to answer the following questions:
When is the neuron in the refractory period?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Question 68

Figure 11-2 The Nerve Action Potential
Use Figure 11-2 to answer the following questions:
Which area of the graph shows when passive depolarization is occurring?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Question 69

If the permeability of a resting axon to sodium ion increases,

A) the membrane potential will depolarize.
B) the membrane potential will hyperpolarize.
C) inward movement of sodium ions will increase.
D) outward movement of sodium ions will decrease.
E) both the inward movement of sodium ions will increase and the membrane potential will depolarize.

Question 70

________ channels open or close in response to physical distortion of the membrane surface.

A) Voltage-gated
B) Chemically gated
C) Active
D) Mechanically gated
E) Leak

Question 71

The all-or-none principle states that

A) all stimuli will produce identical action potentials.
B) all stimuli great enough to bring the membrane to threshold will produce identical action potentials.
C) the greater the magnitude of the stimuli, the greater the magnitude of the action potential.
D) only sensory stimuli can activate action potentials.
E) only motor stimuli can activate action potentials.

Question 72

Graded potentials

A) produce an effect that increases with distance from the point of stimulation.
B) produce an effect that spreads actively across the membrane surface without diminishing.
C) may be either a depolarization or a hyperpolarization.
D) are often all-or-none.
E) always cause repolarization.

Question 73

The following are the main steps in the generation of an action potential.
1) Sodium channels are inactivated.
2) Voltage-gated potassium channels open and potassium moves out of the cell, initiating repolarization.
3) Sodium channels regain their normal properties.
4) A graded depolarization brings an area of an excitable membrane to threshold.
5) A temporary hyperpolarization occurs.
6) Sodium channel activation occurs.
7) Sodium ions enter the cell and depolarization occurs.
The proper sequence of these events is

A) 4, 6, 7, 3, 2, 5, 1.
B) 4, 6, 7, 1, 2, 3, 5.
C) 6, 7, 4, 1, 2, 3, 5.
D) 2, 4, 6, 7, 1, 3, 5.
E) 4, 2, 5, 6, 7, 3, 1.

Question 74

________ open or close in response to binding specific molecules.

A) Leak channels
B) Activated channels
C) Chemically gated channels
D) Voltage-gated channels
E) Mechanically-gated channels

Question 75

Any stimulus that opens ________ ion channel will produce a graded potential.

A) a voltage-gated
B) a chemically gated
C) a sodium
D) a mechanically gated
E) any of the above

Question 76

Which of the following comparisons between neurons and muscle tissue is False ?

A) Resting potentials are greater in muscle fibers.
B) Muscle fibers conduct action potentials at slow speeds.
C) Action potentials last longer in muscle fibers.
D) Muscle fibers conduct action potentials only by continuous propagation.
E) Action potentials are briefer in muscle fibers.

Question 77

Figure 11-2 The Nerve Action Potential
Use Figure 11-2 to answer the following questions:
Which point of the graph shows when potassium ion outflow exceeds sodium ion inflow?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Question 78

Puffer fish poison blocks voltage-gated sodium channels like a cork. What effect would this neurotoxin have on the function of neurons?

A) Neurons would depolarize more rapidly.
B) Action potentials would lack a repolarization phase.
C) The absolute refractory period would be shorter than normal.
D) The axon would be unable to generate action potentials.
E) None, because the chemically gated sodium channels would still function.

Question 79

Voltage-gated sodium channels have both an activation gate and a(n) ________ gate.

A) inactivation
B) ion
C) swinging
D) repolarization
E) threshold

Question 80

Figure 11-2 The Nerve Action Potential
Use Figure 11-2 to answer the following questions:
Which area of the graph shows when membrane potential approaches the potassium equilibrium potential?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4