Deck 14: The Autonomic Nervous System

Question 1

Postganglionic fibers that innervate targets in the body wall or thoracic cavity originate on neurons within

A) intramural ganglia.
B) collateral ganglia.
C) sympathetic chain ganglia.
D) suprarenal ganglia.
E) white rami.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Collateral ganglia contain neurons that innervate tissues and organs in which cavity?

A) thoracic
B) lumbar
C) abdominopelvic
D) craniosacral
E) both lumbar and abdominopelvic

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Ganglionic neurons usually synapse with preganglionic neurons in the ________ and have axons that innervate ________.

A) brain; visceral effectors
B) autonomic ganglia; visceral effectors
C) visceral effectors; autonomic ganglia
D) visceral effectors; brain
E) brain; spinal cord

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The statement "there is always a synapse in a peripheral ganglion between the CNS and the effector organ" is

A) True only for the parasympathetic nervous system.
B) True only for the sympathetic nervous system.
C) True for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.
D) not True for either the parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous systems.
E) True only for the somatic nervous system.

Question 5

Autonomic motor neurons

A) cause general relaxation.
B) cause general excitation.
C) conduct impulses from sensory receptors.
D) conduct impulses to skeletal muscles.
E) conduct impulses to smooth and cardiac muscles and glands.

Question 6

Splanchnic nerves

A) originate from first-order neurons located in the upper five thoracic segments of the spinal cord.
B) consist of axons that synapse in collateral ganglia.
C) control sympathetic function of structures in the thorax.
D) connect chain ganglia.
E) are formed of parasympathetic fibers.

Question 7

Injury to the neurons of a collateral ganglion would affect the function of the

A) heart.
B) pupils.
C) sweat glands.
D) digestive tract.
E) arrector pili muscles.

Question 8

The ________ division of the autonomic nervous system is known as the "rest and digest" division.

A) sympathetic
B) parasympathetic
C) thoracolumbar
D) visceral
E) somatomotor

Question 9

Ganglionic neurons innervate such things as

A) smooth muscle.
B) cardiac muscle.
C) adipose tissue.
D) glands.
E) all of the above

Question 10

A visceral motor neuron whose cell body is within the CNS is called a(n) ________ neuron.

A) upper motor
B) lower motor
C) preganglionic
D) postganglionic
E) somatomotor

Question 11

Clusters of ganglionic sympathetic neurons lying along either side of the spinal cord are called sympathetic ________ ganglia.

A) intramural
B) collateral
C) chain
D) prevertebral
E) suprarenal

Question 12

Specialized ganglionic sympathetic neurons that release hormones into the bloodstream are found within the

A) intramural ganglia.
B) collateral ganglia.
C) chain ganglia.
D) brainstem.
E) adrenal glands.

Question 13

The sympathetic division of the ANS is also known as which of the following?

A) somatic division
B) craniosacral division
C) resting division
D) thoracolumbar division
E) both somatic division and craniosacral division

Question 14

Preganglionic fibers leave the CNS and then synapse on

A) postganglionic fibers.
B) visceral reflex responses.
C) motor neurons.
D) ganglionic neurons.
E) sensory neuron neurons.

Question 15

Preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system are located in the

A) lateral gray horns of the cervical cord.
B) anterior gray horns of the cervical and thoracic spinal cord.
C) lateral gray horns of segments T₁ to L₂ of the spinal cord.
D) anterior gray horns of segments T₁ to L₂ of the spinal cord.
E) lateral gray horns of T₁ to S₂ of the spinal cord.

Question 16

Craniosacral division is another name for the

A) sympathetic division of the ANS.
B) parasympathetic division of the ANS.
C) "fight or flight" division.

Question 17

The statement "its ganglia are usually near or within the end organ" is

A) True only for the parasympathetic nervous system.
B) True only for the sympathetic nervous system.
C) True for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.
D) not True for either the parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous systems.
E) True only for the somatic nervous system.

Question 18

Clusters of ganglionic sympathetic neurons that innervate organs in the abdominopelvic region are called ________ ganglia.

A) intramural
B) collateral
C) chain
D) paravertebral
E) suprarenal

Question 19

The statement "it initiates contraction of urinary bladder smooth muscle" is

A) True only for the parasympathetic nervous system.
B) True only for the sympathetic nervous system.
C) True for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.
D) not True for either the parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous systems.
E) True only for the somatic nervous system.

Question 20

Preganglionic neurons of the autonomic nervous system are located in

A) the brain stem.
B) the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord.
C) the posterior gray horns of the spinal cord.
D) both the brain stem and the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord.
E) the anterior gray horns of the spinal cord.

Question 21

Preganglionic fibers that innervate the collateral ganglia form the

A) suprarenal medulla.
B) celiac ganglia.
C) sympathetic chain ganglia.
D) inferior mesenteric ganglia.
E) splanchnic nerves.

Question 22

The celiac ganglia innervate which of the following?

A) liver
B) spleen
C) stomach
D) pancreas
E) all of the above

Question 23

Which of the following is not a parasympathetic ganglion?

A) ciliary ganglion
B) pterygopalatine ganglion
C) submandibular ganglion
D) otic ganglion
E) celiac ganglion

Question 24

Preganglionic fibers of parasympathetic neurons are present in all of the following cranial nerves, except N

A) III.
B) VII.
C) IX.
D) X.
E) XII.

Question 25

The statement "It sends its preganglionic axons into the ventral roots." is

A) True only for the parasympathetic nervous system.
B) True only for the sympathetic nervous system.
C) True for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.
D) not True for either the parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous systems.
E) True only for the somatic nervous system.

Question 26

Sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers that innervate the heart pass through the

A) celiac plexus.
B) hypogastric plexus.
C) cardiac plexus.
D) sphenopalatine ganglia.
E) otic ganglia.

Question 27

The celiac ganglion innervates the

A) stomach.
B) liver.
C) pancreas.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 28

Almost 75 percent of all parasympathetic outflow travels along the

A) splanchnic nerves.
B) facial nerves.
C) vagus nerves.
D) glossopharyngeal nerves.
E) trigeminal nerve.

Question 29

Intramural ganglia in the large intestine, urinary bladder, and reproductive organs are innervated by the ________ nerves.

A) spinal
B) splanchnic
C) chain
D) pelvic
E) collateral

Question 30

Damage to the ventral roots of the first five thoracic spinal nerves on the right side of the body would interfere with the ability to

A) dilate the right pupil.
B) constrict the right pupil.
C) dilate the left pupil.
D) constrict the left pupil.
E) smile and frown.

Question 31

Which of the following is exclusive to the sympathetic division of the ANS?

A) ventral roots
B) dorsal rami
C) spinal nerves
D) ventral rami
E) white rami

Question 32

Injury to the cervical sympathetic ganglia would affect the function of the

A) heart.
B) pupils.
C) salivary glands.
D) lungs.
E) all of the above

Question 33

Which neurotransmitter is released at the sympathetic chain ganglia?

A) norepinephrine
B) dopamine
C) acetylcholine
D) endorphin
E) any the above

Question 34

Which structure carries postganglionic fibers for distribution in the body wall and limbs?

A) gray ramus
B) dorsal ramus
C) spinal nerve
D) white ramus
E) ventral root

Question 35

The sympathetic collateral ganglia include the

A) celiac.
B) superior mesenteric.
C) inferior mesenteric.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 36

Sympathetic innervation of the urinary bladder is by way of the

A) celiac ganglion.
B) superior mesenteric ganglion.
C) inferior mesenteric ganglion.
D) pudendal ganglion.
E) pelvic ganglion.

Question 37

Which of these provides preganglionic parasympathetic innervation to structures in the neck and in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?

A) vagus nerves
B) sciatic nerves
C) glossopharyngeal nerves
D) pelvic nerves
E) cervicothoracocabdominopelvic nerves

Question 38

Nerves between the sympathetic chain ganglia and the collateral ganglia are called ________.

A) somatic motor nerves
B) preganglionic nerves
C) sensory nerves
D) ganglionic nerves
E) splanchnic nerves

Question 39

What type of neuron of the parasympathetic division exits the brain stem?

A) somatic motor neuron
B) preganglionic neuron
C) sensory neuron
D) ganglionic neuron
E) astrocyte

Question 40

Sympathetic nerves

A) provoke feelings of sympathy.
B) allow us to relax, rest, and recover.
C) are bundles of postganglionic fibers that innervate organs within the thoracic cavity.
D) control swallowing.
E) stimulate gastric secretion.

Question 41

The statement "Its postganglionic axons always use acetylcholine as the neurotransmitter." is

A) True only for the parasympathetic nervous system.
B) True only for the sympathetic nervous system.
C) True for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.
D) not True for either the parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous systems.
E) True only for the somatic nervous system.

Question 42

The statement "Preganglionic axon terminals release acetylcholine." is

A) True only for the parasympathetic nervous system.
B) True only for the sympathetic nervous system.
C) True for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.
D) not True for either the parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous systems.
E) True only for the somatic nervous system.

Question 43

A neuron with nicotinic receptors is exposed to acetylcholine. This will lead to

A) activation of chemically gated ion channels.
B) excitation of the neuron.
C) entry of sodium ion.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 44

Sweat glands contain ________ receptors.

A) nicotinic cholinergic
B) muscarinic cholinergic
C) alpha
D) beta
E) both muscarinic cholinergic and beta

Question 45

In general, sympathetic preganglionic fibers are ________ and postganglionic fibers are ________.

A) long; short
B) short; long

Question 46

The stimulation of beta-adrenergic receptors can lead to

A) an increase in metabolic activity.
B) relaxation of airway smooth muscle.
C) the breakdown of triglycerides within adipocytes.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 47

A certain drug decreases heart rate by blocking a receptor on cardiac pacemaker cells. This drug probably binds to ________ receptors.

A) nicotinic cholinergic
B) muscarinic cholinergic
C) alpha-1 adrenergic
D) alpha-2 adrenergic
E) beta-1 adrenergic

Question 48

Which of the following statements about adrenergic receptors is True ?

A) They are proteins in the plasma membrane.
B) When activated, cAMP levels are affected.
C) Epinephrine activates both alpha and beta types.
D) Norepinephrine activates mainly the alpha type.
E) all of the above

Question 49

The adrenal medullae secrete

A) medullin.
B) epinephrine.
C) norepinephrine.
D) renin.
E) both epinephrine and norepinephrine.

Question 50

In general, parasympathetic preganglionic fibers are ________ and postganglionic fibers are ________.

A) long; short
B) short; long

Question 51

Stimulation of the beta receptors on heart muscle cells results in

A) the formation of cAMP.
B) increased heart rate.
C) increased force of contraction.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 52

Muscarinic receptors

A) are normally activated by acetylcholine.
B) are found mostly in autonomic ganglia.
C) always produce an excitatory response.
D) control sodium channels in the affected membrane.
E) are blocked by norepinephrine.

Question 53

Postganglionic sympathetic axons release the neurotransmitter ________ at their effector junctions.

A) acetylcholine
B) nitric oxide
C) norepinephrine
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 54

Parasympathetic blocking agents can be useful in treating

A) heart failure.
B) high blood pressure.
C) urinary incontinence.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 55

An inhaler used to treat airway constriction in asthma or allergy might contain a drug that

A) activates β₁ adrenergic receptors.
B) activates β₂ adrenergic receptors.
C) blocks muscarinic cholinergic receptors.
D) activates β₁ or β₂ adrenergic receptors
E) activates β₂ adrenergic receptors or blocks muscarinic cholinergic receptors.

Question 56

Nicotinic receptors

A) respond to epinephrine.
B) respond to norepinephrine.
C) open chemically gated sodium ion channels.
D) are found at neuroeffector junctions of the autonomic nervous system.
E) open chemically gated calcium ion channels.

Question 57

Drugs known as beta-blockers may be useful for treating

A) constipation.
B) diarrhea.
C) excessive salivation.
D) excessive heart rate.
E) prostate disorders.

Question 58

Stimulation of α₁ adrenergic receptors by norepinephrine results in

A) an increase in the amount of intracellular cAMP.
B) a decrease in the amount of intracellular cAMP.
C) decreased membrane permeability to sodium ion.
D) release of calcium ions from intracellular stores.
E) increased membrane permeability to potassium ions.

Question 59

As the result of an accident, the white rami of spinal nerves T₁ and T₂ on the left side of Brad's body are severed. What organ(s) would you expect might be affected by this injury?

A) left pupil
B) right pupil
C) heart
D) left and right pupil
E) left pupil and the heart

Question 60

Which of the following statements concerning the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is False ?

A) Preganglionic neurons are located in the brainstem and sacral region of the spinal cord.
B) Ganglionic neurons are located in ganglia within or near to effectors.
C) Preganglionic fibers are relatively short and postganglionic fibers are relatively long.
D) The actions of the parasympathetic division are more localized than those of the sympathetic division.
E) The ganglionic neurons always release acetylcholine.

Question 61

Stimulation of the neurons in the celiac ganglion would lead to

A) relaxation of the urinary sphincter.
B) increased heart rate.
C) hydrolysis of liver glycogen reserves.
D) activation of ventral sweat glands.
E) increased gastric motility.

Question 62

Ganglionic neurons in the adrenal gland

A) are located in the adrenal cortex.
B) release acetylcholine into blood capillaries.
C) release epinephrine into blood capillaries.
D) have no known function.
E) are modified and can't release neurotransmitters.

Question 63

A person is confronted by a dangerous dog. His heart begins to race and beat strongly, his pupils dilate, and his hairs stand up. These signs are the result of

A) sympathetic activation.
B) increased levels of epinephrine in the blood.
C) increased activity of autonomic centers in the hypothalamus.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 64

Mary accidentally ate poison mushrooms that contain muscarine. What symptoms would you expect to observe?

A) diarrhea
B) salivation
C) very low heart rate
D) sweating
E) all of the above

Question 65

During sympathetic activation, ________ occurs.

A) elevated heart rate
B) elevated blood pressure
C) sweating
D) elevated blood glucose
E) all of the above

Question 66

Each of the following effects is associated with the action of postganglionic sympathetic fibers, except

A) increased sweat secretion.
B) reduced circulation to the skin.
C) decreased heart rate.
D) dilation of the pupils.
E) increased blood flow to skeletal muscles.

Question 67

Which of the following visceral reflexes is not coordinated by the medulla oblongata?

A) swallowing reflex
B) baroreceptor reflex
C) coughing reflex
D) cardioacceleratory reflex
E) pupillary reflex

Question 68

Which of the following would lead to increased heart rate?

A) increased sympathetic input
B) decreased sympathetic input
C) increased parasympathetic input
D) decreased parasympathetic input
E) both increased sympathetic input and decreased parasympathetic input

Question 69

The statement "It controls the diameter of the pupil." is

A) True only for the parasympathetic nervous system.
B) True only for the sympathetic nervous system.
C) True for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.
D) not True for either the parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous systems.
E) True only for the somatic nervous system.

Question 70

Dual innervation refers to an organ receiving

A) two nerves from the spinal cord.
B) both autonomic and somatomotor nerves.
C) both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation.
D) nerves from both the brain and the spinal cord.
E) two nerves from the spinal cord and both autonomic and somatomotor nerves.

Question 71

Control of the diameter of the respiratory passages depends upon

A) sympathetic stimulation only.
B) parasympathetic stimulation only.
C) somatomotor stimulation only.
D) both parasympathetic and sympathetic levels of stimulation.
E) sensory receptors sensitive to changes in lung ventilation.

Question 72

Parasympathetic functions include all of the following, except

A) decrease in the rate of cardiac contraction.
B) constriction of the pupils.
C) dilation of the airways.
D) stimulation of urination.
E) stimulation of defecation.

Question 73

Autonomic tone is an important aspect of ANS function because it

A) allows ANS neurons to be silent under normal conditions.
B) allows ANS neurons to increase activity on demand but not decrease their activity.
C) allows ANS neurons to decrease their activity on demand but not increase their activity.
D) allows ANS neurons to increase or decrease their activity, providing a range of control options.
E) provides for a narrow range of control options that keeps target tissues constantly active.

Question 74

The parasympathetic nervous system is especially active during which physiological state(s)?

A) exertion
B) trauma
C) digestion
D) stress
E) all of the above

Question 75

A decrease in the autonomic tone of the smooth muscle in a blood vessel would result in

A) an increase in vessel diameter.
B) a decrease in vessel diameter.
C) oscillation in vessel diameter.
D) an increase in blood flow through the vessel.
E) both an increase in vessel diameter and an increase in blood flow through the vessel.

Question 76

Parasympathetic stimulation

A) increases heart rate.
B) increases gastric motility.
C) causes sweat glands to secrete.
D) causes blood vessels in the skin to dilate.
E) causes the pupils to dilate.

Question 77

Most sympathetic effector junctions release norepinephrine but a significant number release acetylcholine instead. Which of these is an example of an organ of the cholinergic type?

A) the heart
B) a blood vessel in the skin
C) a sweat gland
D) the liver
E) the salivary glands

Question 78

In general, autonomic tone of peripheral blood vessels increases when

A) sympathetic stimulation is increased.
B) sympathetic stimulation is decreased.
C) parasympathetic stimulation is increased.
D) parasympathetic stimulation is decreased.
E) somatomotor stimulation is increased.

Question 79

Which of the following is an example of a visceral reflex?

A) defecation reflex
B) cardioacceleratory reflex
C) pupillary reflex
D) ejaculation in response to tactile stimuli
E) all of the above

Question 80

Which of the following would be an example of higher-level control of autonomic function?

A) gagging on food that does not appeal to you
B) a violent coughing attack in response to an irritant
C) increased heart rate when you see a person you fear
D) dilation of the pupils when you enter a dark room
E) increased salivation when you smell food that appeals to you