Deck 19: The Lymphatic System and Immunity

Question 1

________ are clusters of lymphoid nodules deep to the epithelial lining of the small intestine.

A) Tonsils
B) Adenoids
C) Peyer's patches
D) Immune complexes
E) Lymph glands

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Compared to blood capillaries, lymph capillaries exhibit all of the following, except that they

A) have no basement membrane.
B) are larger in diameter.
C) have walls of endothelial cells that overlap like shingles.
D) are smaller in diameter.
E) are frequently irregular in shape.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Lymphocytes are produced and stored in all of the following, except

A) the thymus.
B) lymphoid nodules.
C) lymph node organs.
D) the spleen.
E) the brain.

Answer 3

E

Question 4

Lymphatic vessels are located in almost all portions of the body, except the

A) CNS.
B) periphery.
C) renal arteries.
D) groin.
E) throat.

Question 5

The medulla of a lymph node contain ________ lymphocytes and plasma cells.

A) cytotoxic T
B) medullary
C) NK
D) B
E) cordal

Question 6

Lymphatic vessels commonly occur in association with

A) hyaline cartilage.
B) blood vessels.
C) adipose tissue.
D) sensory nerve endings.
E) both hyaline cartilage and adipose tissue.

Question 7

T is to ________ as B is to ________.

A) top; bottom
B) thymus-dependent; bone marrow-derived
C) thyroid; bowel
D) non-thymus-dependent; bottom
E) none of the above

Question 8

The lymphocytes are most important in

A) helping maintain normal blood volume.
B) transporting gases to and away from lymph nodes.
C) eliminating variations in the composition of interstitial fluid.
D) transporting lipids from the digestive tract.
E) fighting infection.

Question 9

The thoracic duct drains lymph from all of the following regions, except the

A) left breast.
B) right breast.
C) left arm and shoulder.
D) pelvic viscera.
E) left side of the neck.

Question 10

Most of the lymph returns to the venous circulation by way of the

A) right lymphatic duct.
B) thoracic duct.
C) cisterna chyli.
D) hepatic portal vein.
E) dural sinus.

Question 11

Lymph nodes do all of the following, except that they

A) produce antibodies.
B) monitor the contents of lymph.
C) remove debris and pathogens from the lymph.
D) detect pathogens.
E) remove excess nutrients from the lymph.

Question 12

The lymphoid system is composed of all of the following, except

A) lymphatic vessels.
B) the venae cavae.
C) the spleen.
D) lymph nodes.
E) lymph.

Question 13

In general, lymphocytes

A) spend most of their time in lymphoid tissue.
B) have relatively long life spans.
C) have one nucleus.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 14

Lymphocyte production involves

A) bone marrow.
B) thymus tissue.
C) peripheral lymphoid tissues.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 15

________ are large lymphoid nodules that are located in the walls of the pharynx.

A) Tonsils
B) Peyer's patches
C) Lymph nodes
D) Immune complexes
E) Spleens

Question 16

The primary function of the lymphoid system is

A) circulation of nutrients.
B) the transport of hormones.
C) defending the body against both environmental hazards and internal threats.
D) the production and distribution of plasma proteins.
E) both the transport of hormones and the production and distribution of plasma proteins.

Question 17

Lymphoid organs differ from lymphoid tissues in what way?

A) They contain T lymphocytes and lymphoid tissues do not.
B) They are found in the digestive tract and lymphoid tissues are found in the thorax.
C) They are surrounded by a fibrous capsule and lymphoid tissues are not.
D) They cannot produce antibodies, whereas lymphoid tissues can.
E) none of the above

Question 18

Lymphocytes

A) are all actively phagocytic.
B) destroy red blood cells.
C) respond to antigens.
D) are primarily found in red bone marrow.
E) decrease in number during infection.

Question 19

The merging of ________ forms the right lymphatic duct.

A) the right jugular, right subclavian, and right bronchomediastinal trunks
B) the left jugular, right subclavian, and right bronchomediastinal trunks
C) two great vessels
D) the thoracic and mediastinal ducts
E) superior and inferior lymphatic ducts

Question 20

Which of these statements about lymph flow in a node is False ?

A) Lymph enters in an afferent lymphatic.
B) Lymph first enters the subcapsular space.
C) Lymph flows past dendritic cells.
D) The efferent lymphatic exits at the hilum.
E) The afferent lymphatics enters at the hilum.

Question 21

Dividing lymphocytes can be found in the ________ of the lymphoid nodule.

A) trabeculae
B) germinal center
C) afferent lymphatics
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 22

Figure 19-1 The Structure of a Lymph Node
Use Figure 19-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled " 1."

A) efferent lymphatic vessel
B) venule
C) arteriole
D) afferent lymphatic vessel
E) lymphatic nodule

Question 23

The first line of cellular defense against pathogens are the

A) T cells.
B) B cells.
C) NK cells.
D) phagocytes.
E) plasma cells.

Question 24

The cell that dominates the deep cortical region of a lymph node is the ________ cell.

A) B
B) T
C) plasma
D) nodule
E) NK

Question 25

The body's nonspecific defenses include all of the following, except

A) the skin.
B) complement.
C) interferon.
D) inflammation.
E) B and T cells.

Question 26

Lymph nodes range in diameter from

A) 1 nm to 10 nm.
B) 1 inch to 2 inches.
C) 1 mm to 25 mm.
D) 1 cm to 25 cm.
E) 1 cm to 1 inch.

Question 27

Figure 19-1 The Structure of a Lymph Node
Use Figure 19-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the dominant cell type in the area labeled "4."

A) T cells
B) B cells
C) erythrocytes
D) platelets
E) monocyte

Question 28

The largest single collection of lymphoid tissue in the adult body is located in the

A) liver.
B) thymus.
C) tonsils.
D) spleen.
E) lymph nodes.

Question 29

Stem cells that will form T cells develop in the

A) bone marrow.
B) liver.
C) spleen.
D) thymus.
E) kidneys.

Question 30

Areas of the spleen that contain large aggregations of lymphocytes are known as

A) Peyer's patches.
B) adenoids.
C) white pulp.
D) red pulp.
E) lymph nodes.

Question 31

Which class of leukocytes is particularly abundant in the red pulp of the spleen?

A) T lymphocytes
B) free and fixed macrophages
C) B lymphocytes
D) neutrophils
E) red blood cells

Question 32

Each of the following is a physical barrier to infection, except

A) body hair.
B) epithelium.
C) secretions.
D) complement.
E) basement membranes.

Question 33

Figure 19-1 The Structure of a Lymph Node
Use Figure 19-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled "6."

A) medulla
B) capsule
C) cortex
D) trabeculae
E) cortical sinus

Question 34

Leslie has a bad sore throat, and the lymph glands in her neck are swollen. This would indicate that

A) the focus of the infection is the lymph glands.
B) lymph is not flowing through these lymph glands.
C) the affected lymph glands contain an increased number of lymphocytes.
D) the lymph gland is actively producing phagocytes.
E) the lymph gland has increased its secretion of thymosin.

Question 35

All of the following are True of the thymus gland, except that it

A) activates B cells.
B) reaches its greatest relative size before puberty.
C) involutes after puberty.
D) produces T cells.
E) lies in the anterior mediastinum.

Question 36

The white pulp of the spleen is populated by

A) lymphocytes.
B) trabeculae.
C) arteries.
D) veins.
E) fibrous connective tissue.

Question 37

Figure 19-1 The Structure of a Lymph Node
Use Figure 19-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the dominant cell type in the area labeled "6."

A) T cells
B) B cells
C) erythrocytes
D) platelets
E) monocyte

Question 38

Figure 19-1 The Structure of a Lymph Node
Use Figure 19-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled "3."

A) cortex
B) capsule
C) subcapsular space
D) trabeculae
E) outer cortex

Question 39

If the thymus shrank and stopped making thymosins, we would expect to see an immediate decrease in the number of

A) B lymphocytes.
B) NK cells.
C) T cells.
D) neutrophils.
E) NK cells and T cells.

Question 40

Lymphocytes may be found in which of the following tissues or organs?

A) tonsils
B) spleen
C) lymph nodes
D) thymus
E) all of the above

Question 41

Plasma contains ________ special complement proteins that form the complement system.

A) 3
B) 5
C) 7
D) 9
E) 11

Question 42

A sample of John's blood shows a high level of pyrogens. This would indicate that John

A) is feeling achy.
B) is producing T lymphocytes.
C) has a sore throat.
D) is running a fever.
E) has swollen lymph nodes.

Question 43

Histamine increases blood flow and vascular permeability. This would account for all of the following changes that occur during inflammation, except

A) redness of the inflamed tissue.
B) chemotaxis of phagocytes.
C) heat of the inflamed tissue.
D) movement of defense proteins and cells into the interstitial space.
E) swelling of the inflamed tissue.

Question 44

In passive immunity, the

A) immune system attacks normal body cells.
B) body is deliberately exposed to an antigen.
C) body receives antibodies produced by other humans.
D) body receives antibodies produced by an animal.
E) body receives antibodies produced by other humans or the body receives antibodies produced by an animal.

Question 45

Various types of macrophages are derived from

A) lymphocytes.
B) monocytes.
C) neutrophils.
D) eosinophils.
E) basophils.

Question 46

Immunity that results from exposure to an antigen in the environment is called ________ immunity.

A) naturally acquired active
B) natural passive
C) passive
D) auto
E) innate

Question 47

Inflammation produces localized

A) swelling.
B) redness.
C) heat.
D) pain.
E) all of the above

Question 48

Immunity that is genetically determined and present at birth is called ________ immunity.

A) active
B) natural passive
C) passive
D) auto
E) innate

Question 49

The role of antigen-presenting cells in immunity is to

A) activate T cells.
B) display antigen fragments.
C) process antigens.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 50

The classic pathway of complement activation begins when the complement protein binds to

A) the cell wall of bacteria.
B) the plasma membrane of bacteria.
C) an antibody attached to an antigen.
D) a cell surface antigen.
E) a plasma protein.

Question 51

The release of endogenous pyrogen (or interleukin-1) by active macrophages would

A) cause inflammation.
B) produce a fever.
C) activate complement.
D) opsonize pathogens.
E) activate antibodies.

Question 52

Fever is the maintenance of body temperature greater than

A) 37.2°C.
B) 99°F.
C) 98.6°F.
D) 37.2°C or 98.6°F
E) 37.2°C or 99°F.

Question 53

Immunity that results from antibodies that pass the placenta from mother to fetus is called ________ immunity.

A) active
B) naturally acquired passive
C) passive
D) auto
E) innate

Question 54

The effects of activating the complement system include all of the following, except

A) destruction of target cell plasma membranes.
B) stimulation of inflammation.
C) inhibition of the immune response.
D) enhanced phagocytosis.
E) histamine release.

Question 55

Nonspecific defenses include

A) phagocytic cells.
B) physical barriers.
C) inflammation.
D) interferons.
E) all of the above

Question 56

An inflammatory response is triggered when

A) red blood cells release pyrogens.
B) T cells release interferon.
C) mast cells release histamine and heparin.
D) neutrophils phagocytize bacteria.
E) blood flow to an area increases.

Question 57

The cells that perform immunological surveillance are the ________ cells.

A) NK
B) plasma
C) B
D) helper T
E) suppressor T

Question 58

Examples of physical barriers against pathogens include

A) sebaceous glands.
B) mucus.
C) epithelia.
D) epidermal layers.
E) all of the above

Question 59

Characteristics of specific defenses include

A) versatility.
B) tolerance.
C) memory.
D) specificity.
E) all of the above

Question 60

Defense of the body against a particular pathogen is provided by

A) nonspecific immunity.
B) specific immunity.
C) immunological surveillance.
D) skin defenses.
E) fever.

Question 61

When an antigen is bound to a Class I MHC molecule, it can stimulate a ________ cell.

A) B
B) plasma
C) helper T
D) cytotoxic T
E) NK

Question 62

Class II MHC molecules are found only on which of the following?

A) all body cells with a nucleus
B) red blood cells
C) granulocytes and microphages
D) lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells
E) liver cells and macrophages in the spleen

Question 63

Which of the following statements about MHC proteins is not True ?

A) bind complement
B) allow the body to differentiate its own cells from foreign cells
C) function in antigen presentation
D) fall into two major classes
E) are found on all nucleated cells

Question 64

When an antigen is bound to a Class II MHC protein, it can activate a ________ cell.

A) plasma
B) helper T
C) NK
D) suppressor T
E) cytotoxic T

Question 65

B cells are primarily activated by the activities of

A) antigens.
B) antibodies.
C) helper T cells.
D) macrophages.
E) plasma cells.

Question 66

Cells that help regulate the antibody-mediated immune response are ________ cells.

A) B
B) plasma
C) helper T
D) cytotoxic T
E) NK

Question 67

Before specific defenses are activated, most antigens must

A) infect cells.
B) be processed by a phagocyte.
C) bind to the DNA of the lymphocyte.
D) depolarize the lymphocyte.
E) either infect cells or be processed by a phagocyte.

Question 68

Suppressor T cells act to

A) suppress antigens.
B) erase memory T cells.
C) limit antigen proliferation.
D) inhibit T and B cell activities.
E) produce antibodies involved in autoimmunity.

Question 69

Helper T cells do all of the following, except

A) activate sensitized B cells by costimulation.
B) destroy target cells using perforins.
C) enhance cell-mediated immunity.
D) secrete cytokines to stimulate production of plasma cells.
E) enhance antibody-mediated immunity.

Question 70

Cytotoxic T cells can attack target cells with which of these chemical weapons?

A) secrete strong acid
B) secrete organic solvent
C) secrete free radicals
D) activate genes that trigger apoptosis
E) secrete mutant proteins

Question 71

The cells directly responsible for cell-mediated immunity are the ________ cells.

A) B
B) plasma
C) helper T
D) cytotoxic T
E) suppressor T

Question 72

Newborns gain their immunity initially from

A) early immunizations.
B) contact with viruses and bacteria.
C) antibodies passed across the placenta from the mother.
D) contact with siblings.
E) breast milk.

Question 73

The cells responsible for the production of circulating immunoglobulins are ________ cells.

A) NK
B) plasma
C) helper T
D) thymus
E) liver

Question 74

The various classes of immunoglobulins are differentiated on the basis of their

A) asymmetry.
B) antigen specificity.
C) light-chain variable segments.
D) heavy-chain constant segments.
E) both light-chain variable segments and heavy-chain constant segments.

Question 75

The cells responsible for antibody-mediated immunity are the ________ cells.

A) NK
B) B
C) helper T
D) cytotoxic T
E) suppressor T

Question 76

T cells and B cells can be activated only by

A) pathogens.
B) interleukins, interferons, and colony-stimulating factors.
C) cells infected with viruses, bacteria, or cancer cells.
D) exposure to a specific antigen at a specific site in a plasma membrane.
E) disease-causing agents.

Question 77

Specific defenses depend on the activities of

A) monocytes.
B) leukocytes.
C) agranulocytes.
D) erythrocytes.
E) lymphocytes.

Question 78

Class II MHC proteins are present in the plasma membrane only

A) when plasma cells are releasing antibodies.
B) in antigen-presenting cells and lymphocytes.
C) when cytotoxic T cells are inhibited.
D) when NK cells are activated.
E) during infections.

Question 79

In an experimental situation, a rabbit is exposed to a viral antigen to which it makes antibodies. These antibodies are then purified and injected into a human with the same viral disease. This is an example of

A) innate immunity.
B) active immunization.
C) passive immunity.
D) natural immunity.
E) alloimmunity.

Question 80

Lymphocytes that destroy foreign cells or virus-infected cells are ________ cells.

A) B
B) plasma
C) helper T
D) cytotoxic T
E) suppressor T