Deck 26: Development and Inheritance

Question 1

After fertilization, the first cell division is completed

A) within a few seconds.
B) within the hour.
C) about 6 hours later.
D) in 12 hours.
E) more than a day later.

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Contact of a sperm with the oocyte membrane causes

A) oocyte activation.
B) completion of the second meiosis.
C) extrusion of the second polar body.
D) membrane fusion.
E) all of the above

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Each of the following statements concerning development is True , except that

A) embryological development includes the events that occur in the first two months.
B) fetal development occurs from the 9ᵗʰ week until birth.
C) the first trimester is when the fetus looks distinctively human.
D) postnatal development begins at birth.
E) All of the above are True of development.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

A space opens within the inner cell mass that will form the

A) blastocoele.
B) lacunae.
C) amniotic cavity.
D) chorion.
E) allantois.

Question 5

Which of the following is not part of fertilization?

A) release of acrosomal enzymes
B) oocyte activation
C) completion of Meiosis II
D) amphimixis
E) completion of Meiosis I

Question 6

The individual cells produced by cleavage are called

A) embryos.
B) blastomeres.
C) blastocytes.
D) blastocysts.
E) zygotes.

Question 7

A blastocyst is a(n)

A) extraembryonic membrane.
B) solid ball of cells.
C) hollow ball of cells.
D) portion of the placenta.
E) origin of the urinary bladder.

Question 8

During implantation, the

A) syncytial trophoblast erodes a path through the endometrium.
B) inner cell mass begins to form the placenta.
C) maternal blood vessels in the endometrium are walled off from the blastocyst.
D) entire trophoblast becomes syncytial.
E) inner cell mass is temporarily deprived of nutrients.

Question 9

The process of cell division that divides the cytoplasm of the zygote among blastomeres is called

A) cleavage.
B) implantation.
C) placentation.
D) embryogenesis.
E) blastulation.

Question 10

Figure 26-1 Early Human Development
Use Figure 26-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the stage labeled "12."

A) zygote
B) early morula
C) blastocyst
D) trophoblast
E) late morula

Question 11

The inner cell mass of the blastocyst will

A) form the placenta.
B) form the morula.
C) form the embryo.
D) form blood vessels of the placenta.
E) provide nutrients for early growth.

Question 12

The solid ball of cells that has been likened to a mulberry is called a

A) chorion.
B) blastula.
C) gastrula.
D) morula.
E) blastocyst.

Question 13

During amphimixis,

A) sperm become capacitated.
B) the ovum finishes meiosis II.
C) the male and female pronuclei fuse.
D) meiosis occurs.
E) gametes are formed.

Question 14

The gradual modification of anatomical structures during the period from conception to maturity is

A) development.
B) differentiation.
C) embryogenesis.
D) capacitation.
E) all of the above

Question 15

________ are nearly identical cells that are produced by early cleavages.

A) Blastomeres
B) Morulas
C) Gastrulas
D) Amnions
E) Blastulas

Question 16

Completion of cytokinesis leads to

A) a doubling of blastomere number.
B) a division of the cytoplasm into two portions.
C) interphase.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 17

Figure 26-1 Early Human Development
Use Figure 26-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the stage labeled "8."

A) zygote
B) early morula
C) blastomere
D) trophoblast
E) advanced morula

Question 18

Attachment to and penetration of the endometrium by the blastocyst is referred to as

A) cleavage.
B) implantation.
C) placentation.
D) embryogenesis.
E) fertilization.

Question 19

Figure 26-1 Early Human Development
Use Figure 26-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structures labeled "4."

A) zygotic twins
B) morula
C) blastomere
D) trophoblast
E) polar bodies

Question 20

Under the influence of the trophoblast, maternal blood vessels in the endometrium

A) disappear.
B) attach to the inner cell mass.
C) break down and form lacunae.
D) form a capillary network in the trophoblast.
E) increase in size and penetrate the blastocyst.

Question 21

During gastrulation,

A) the blastomeres fuse.
B) the placenta penetrates the endometrium.
C) three germ layers are formed.
D) cells from the hypoblast move to the epiblast.
E) the neural tube closes.

Question 22

The extraembryonic membrane that forms the fetal portion of the placenta is the

A) yolk sac.
B) amnion.
C) allantois.
D) chorion.
E) decidua.

Question 23

The endoderm forms

A) muscle.
B) blood.
C) neural tissue.
D) skin.
E) the urinary bladder.

Question 24

Ectoderm is to ________ as mesoderm is to ________.

A) nervous system; muscular system
B) cardiovascular system; neural tissue
C) mesoderm; endoderm
D) epithelial tissue; connective tissue
E) all of the above

Question 25

The region known as the primitive streak is the site of

A) migration of mesodermal cells to form the endoderm.
B) endoderm formation.
C) ectoderm formation.
D) migration of ectodermal cells to form the mesoderm.
E) amnion formation.

Question 26

By day 12 of embryonic development, mesoderm begins to form through

A) embryolization.
B) gastrulation.
C) mitosis.
D) meiosis.
E) none of the above

Question 27

What is the developmental fate of "9? "

A) forms the embryo
B) forms the trophoblast
C) forms the chorion
D) forms the placenta
E) forms the decidua parietalis

Question 28

Identify what process is occurring at the structure labeled "13."

A) fertilization
B) ovulation
C) cleavage
D) migration
E) gastrulation

Question 29

The oval, three-layered sheet produced by gastrulation is called the ________.

A) embryo
B) ectoderm
C) inner cell mass
D) embryonic disc
E) yolk sac

Question 30

The mesoderm forms

A) muscle.
B) epidermis.
C) the brain.
D) the lining of the digestive tract.
E) respiratory epithelium.

Question 31

All of the following are True of the allantois, except that

A) it derives partly from endoderm.
B) it projects into the umbilical cord.
C) it stores nitrogenous wastes.
D) part will develop as the urinary bladder.
E) it acts as the fetal bone marrow.

Question 32

The ectoderm forms

A) muscle.
B) blood.
C) neural tissues.
D) the lining of the stomach and small intestine.
E) the urinary system.

Question 33

The mesoderm and the trophoblast combine to form the

A) amnion.
B) amniotic sac.
C) chorion.
D) allantois.
E) none of the above

Question 34

Figure 26-2 Fetus at 10 Weeks
Use Figure 26-2 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled "7."

A) amnion
B) chorion
C) decidua basalis
D) placenta
E) endometrium

Question 35

Which of these is not one of the extraembryonic membranes?

A) yolk sac
B) amnion
C) allantois
D) chorion
E) umbilical cord

Question 36

The trophoblast has many of the characteristics of ________ cells.

A) cardiac
B) cancer
C) infectious
D) rejuvenating
E) none of the above

Question 37

Which of these statements about the trophoblast is False ?

A) spreads into the endometrium
B) absorbs nutrients released by degenerating endometrial glands
C) has both a syncytial and cellular component
D) is derived from the inner cell mass
E) causes maternal blood vessels to break down

Question 38

The extraembryonic membrane that forms blood cells is the

A) yolk sac.
B) amnion.
C) allantois.
D) chorion.
E) decidua.

Question 39

Figure 26-2 Fetus at 10 Weeks
Use Figure 26-2 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled "4."

A) amnion
B) chorion
C) decidua basalis
D) placenta
E) endometrium

Question 40

The extraembryonic membrane that forms a fluid-filled sac is the

A) yolk sac.
B) amnion.
C) allantois.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 41

Embryological and early fetal development occur in the ________ trimester.

A) first
B) second
C) third
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 42

The stage of labor during which the fetus emerges from the vagina is called the ________ stage.

A) emergence
B) dilation
C) placental
D) expulsion
E) fetal

Question 43

Figure 26-2 Fetus at 10 Weeks
Use Figure 26-2 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled "3."

A) umbilical cord
B) placenta
C) decidua basalis
D) decidua capsularis
E) yolk sac

Question 44

The prostaglandins produced in the endometrium

A) initiate the release of oxytocin for parturition.
B) stimulate smooth muscle contractions.
C) initiate secretory activity in the mammary glands.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 45

The hormone that increases the flexibility of the pubic symphysis during pregnancy is

A) luteinizing hormone.
B) progesterone.
C) human chorionic gonadotropin.
D) human placental lactogen.
E) relaxin.

Question 46

Which of the following is one of the critical events of the first trimester?

A) cleavage
B) implantation
C) placentation
D) gastrulation
E) all of the above

Question 47

Stretching of the cervix causes an increase in the blood levels of

A) estrogen.
B) progesterone.
C) oxytocin.
D) relaxin.
E) chorionic gonadotropin.

Question 48

Progesterone calms the myometrium and prevents contraction. What factors antagonize progesterone and trigger labor and delivery?

A) rising estrogen levels increase sensitivity
B) rising oxytocin levels lead to uterine contractions
C) distortion of the myometrium
D) distortion of the cervix
E) all of the above

Question 49

The first stage of labor is the ________ stage.

A) dilation
B) expulsion
C) placental
D) decidual
E) neonate

Question 50

During gestation, contraction of the myometrium is inhibited by ________, produced by the placenta.

A) progesterone
B) estrogen
C) oxytocin
D) prostaglandins
E) inhibin

Question 51

All of the following occur during pregnancy, except that

A) a woman's respiratory rate and tidal volume increase.
B) maternal blood volume increases.
C) maternal nutrient requirements increase.
D) a woman's glomerular filtration rate increases.
E) a woman's bladder capacity increases.

Question 52

The neonatal period extends

A) for the first 24 hours of life.
B) for the first month of life.
C) until the first birthday.
D) from day 1 until day 60.
E) until breast feeding stops.

Question 53

Figure 26-2 Fetus at 10 Weeks
Use Figure 26-2 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled "5."

A) amniotic cavity
B) chorion
C) amnion
D) placenta
E) endometrium

Question 54

The period of gestation when organs and organ systems complete most of their development and the fetus looks distinctly human is the ________ trimester.

A) first
B) second
C) third

Question 55

The period of gestation that is characterized by the largest fetal weight gain and fat deposition is the ________ trimester.

A) first
B) second
C) third

Question 56

By the end of gestation, maternal blood volume normally increases by almost ________ percent.

A) 20
B) 25
C) 50
D) 80
E) 100

Question 57

The placenta is a source of which of these hormones?

A) hCG
B) relaxin
C) placental lactogen
D) progesterone
E) all of the above

Question 58

Figure 26-2 Fetus at 10 Weeks
Use Figure 26-2 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled "6."

A) umbilical cord
B) placenta
C) decidua basalis
D) amnion
E) decidua parietalis

Question 59

The period of gestation when the rudiments of all major organ systems are established is the ________ trimester.

A) first
B) second
C) third

Question 60

If fertilization occurs, the ________ is maintained because the embryo secretes ________.

A) corpus albicans; human chorionic gonadotrophin
B) corpus luteum; luteinizing hormone
C) corpus cavernosum; human chorionic gonadotrophin
D) corpus luteum; human chorionic gonadotrophin
E) all of the above

Question 61

In simple autosomal inheritance, phenotypic characters are determined, or controlled, by

A) a single pair of alleles.
B) multiple alleles.
C) the action of a single gene.
D) regulator genes on a different chromosome.
E) the genes on the Y chromosome.

Question 62

In polygenic inheritance, phenotypic characters are

A) determined by a double pair of alleles.
B) determined by interactions among several genes.
C) determined by multiple copies of a single gene.
D) always controlled by genes on the same chromosome.
E) determined by the genes on the Y chromosome.

Question 63

________ is the time spent in prenatal development.

Question 64

How many chromosomes do human somatic cells contain?

Question 65

All of the following occur at puberty, except that

A) FSH levels rise.
B) GnRH levels decline.
C) levels of sex hormones rise.
D) gametogenesis begins.
E) secondary sexual characteristics begin to develop.

Question 66

The infancy stage of life is considered to be over at

A) age 1.
B) age 2.
C) 6 months.
D) 1 month.
E) 18 months.

Question 67

The blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood away from the placenta is the ________.

Question 68

If a color-blind (X-linked recessive trait) man marries a woman who is heterozygous for the trait, what proportion of their male offspring can be expected to be color blind?

A) 1/2
B) 1/4
C) 1/8
D) all
E) none

Question 69

The blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood to the placenta are the ________.

Question 70

If an individual carries a pair of alleles that are the same, the individual is ________ for the trait.

A) homologous
B) homozygous
C) heterozygous
D) autosomous
E) polygenic

Question 71

A trimester is ________ months long.

Question 72

Non-sex chromosomes are called

A) homologous.
B) homozygous.
C) heterozygous.
D) autosomal.
E) chromatids.

Question 73

The ________ is formed by the allantois, blood vessels, and yolk sac.

Question 74

The ________ stage is the stage of labor during which the placenta is expelled from the uterus.

Question 75

The alternate forms of any one gene are called

A) homologous.
B) homozygous.
C) heterozygous.
D) autosomes.
E) alleles.

Question 76

The developmental period heralded by the onset of puberty is known as ________.

Question 77

Which of these is a puberty related change caused by increased testosterone levels?

A) accelerated bone deposition and skeletal growth
B) loss of terminal hairs on the face and chest
C) replication of skeletal muscle fibers
D) thinning of the vocal folds
E) decreased erythropoiesis

Question 78

The almost identical cells produced by cleavage divisions are called ________.

Question 79

Which of these hormones is the cause of most puberty related changes in a female?

A) estrogen
B) progesterone
C) oxytocin
D) relaxin
E) chorionic gonadotropin.

Question 80

If an individual carries two different alleles for the same trait, the individual is ________ for the trait.

A) homologous
B) homozygous
C) heterozygous
D) autosomous
E) polygenic