Deck 16: Innate Host Defenses

Question 1

Which of the following does NOT occur in the process of phagocytosis?

A)chemotaxis
B)granulation
C)adherence
D)ingestion

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Defensins:

A)are located within the lysosomal vesicles of phagocytes
B)are enzymes secreted by natural killer cells
C)defend against parasitic worms
D)are receptors for distinguishing between microorganisms

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Physical barriers of nonspecific defenses:

A)include both the cells that line the body surfaces and the chemicals they secrete
B)include phagocytes and interferon
C)respond to antigens by making thousands of different antibodies
D)are part of the host immune defenses

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Specific defenses:

A)function against any infectious agent
B)include phagocytes and interferon
C)includes only noncellular defenses
D)respond to a particular infectious agent

Question 5

A multilobed lymphatic organ that functions to process lymphocytes known as T cells and release them into the blood is the:

A)tonsil
B)trachea
C)thymus gland
D)salivary gland

Question 6

Macrophages include all of the following except:

A)wandering macrophages
B)cells that phagocytize large debris
C)the fastest phagocytes to reach an infection site
D)histiocytes, Kupffer cells and osteoclasts

Question 7

All of the following are components of the nonspecific host defenses except:

A)fever
B)mucus
C)antibodies
D)interferon

Question 8

A phagocytic cell:

A)contains phagolysosomes that fuses with a phagosome to produce a lysosome
B)must first adhere to an infectious agent before it can find it
C)in the blood would include monocytes and neutrophils
D)refers to the oxidative chemicals that kill internalized microorganisms

Question 9

Which of the following is not a chemical barrier?

A)Mucous membrane
B)Saliva
C)Gastric juice
D)Complement

Question 10

Granulocytes include all of the following except:

A)basophils
B)neutrophils
C)lymphocytes
D)eosinophils

Question 11

Toll-like receptors can distinguish between:

A)nonspecific and specific immune responses
B)Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria
C)bacteria versus viruses
D)two of the above

Question 12

Blood contains cells including all of the following except:

A)red blood cells
B)antibodies
C)platelets
D)lymphocytes

Question 13

Sequential steps taken by a phagocytic cell destroying an invading microorganism include:

A)chemotaxis →adherence→ingestion →digestion
B)finding→filtering→secreting enzymes →streptolysin
C)chemotaxis→granuloma→adherence→histamine
D)finding→invading→clotting→regulating temperature

Question 14

Which statement about chemical barriers is false?

A)high salt content of sweat inhibits the growth of bacteria
B)chemical barriers include mechanisms to limit free iron
C)secreted defensins form pores in microbes membranes
D)chemical barriers include eosinophils and macrophages

Question 15

Phagocytic leukocytes that contain oxidative chemicals to kill internalized microorgansisms are called _____.

A)lymphocytes
B)platelets
C)mast cells
D)neutrophils

Question 16

The largest lymphatic organ that engulfs worn-out blood cells and microorganisms is:

A)the heart
B)a lymph node
C)the spleen
D)the thymus gland

Question 17

Toll-like receptors:

A)come from outside the body and stimulate a cytokine
B)act nonspecifically to cause cell killing
C)are a set of receptors that when activated produce a membrane attack complex
D)recognize molecular patterns unique to pathogens

Question 18

The granulocyte that releases the inflammatory agent histamine is a:

A)neutrophil
B)monocyte
C)lymphocyte
D)basophil

Question 19

Bacteria that resist digestion by phagocytes use all of the following mechanisms except:

A)produce capsule that can resist lysosomal digestion
B)block chemokines from reaching phagocytes
C)form parasitophorous vacuoles
D)produce streptolysin and leukocidin

Question 20

What area of the body is drained by the right lymphatic duct?

A)Upper right torso
B)Right leg
C)Left leg
D)Upper left torso

Question 21

What collection of lymphoid tissue,found in the ileum of the small intestine,is comprised of unencapsulated regions filled with lymphocytes,called lymphoid nodules?

A)Gut-associated lymphatic tissues (GALT)
B)Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissues (MALT)
C)Phagosomes
D)Tonsils

Question 22

The inflammatory condition resulting from an infectious agent continuously producing tissue damage is:

A)granulated inflammation
B)acute inflammation
C)chronic inflammation
D)edema

Question 23

Leukocyte endogenous mediator:

A)elevates body temperature
B)lowers the plasma iron concentration
C)decreases the hosts metabolic rate
D)two of the above

Question 24

Tissue debris,remains of digested microorganisms,injured cells and dead phagocytes is the content of:

A)pus
B)plasma
C)opsonin
D)tonsils

Question 25

The classical pathway of complement activation involves which of the following proteins?

A)C1, C4 and C2
B)C3 only
C)factor B
D)factor D and factor P

Question 26

A pocket of tissue that surrounds and walls off the inflammatory agent is called a _____.

A)granuloma
B)edema
C)fibroblast
D)pyrogen

Question 27

Interferons are stimulated by viruses and _____.

A)are produced only by macrophages
B)stimulate the production of antiviral proteins in neighboring cells
C)form membrane attack complexes
D)none of these choices

Question 28

The lymphatic system does all of the following except:

A)carry plasma to tissue
B)transport digested fats to the cardiovascular system
C)drain excess fluid from space between cells
D)allow for the circulation of cellular defenses

Question 29

A protein that interferes with the ability of a virus to replicate inside a host cell is _____.

A)streptolysin
B)leukocidin
C)interferon
D)histamine

Question 30

Antiviral proteins (AVPs)interfere with the production of which of the following molecules?

A)DNA
B)lipids
C)mRNA
D)all of the above

Question 31

What non-specific defense component is directly responsible for the lysis of invading microorganisms?

A)Chemotaxis
B)Membrane attack complex
C)Opsonin
D)Chronic inflammation

Question 32

During inflammation,permeable capillary walls allow accumulation of fluids near injured cells causing which of the following?

A)calor
B)redness
C)edema
D)blood clotting

Question 33

Leukocytes responsible for killing intracellular viruses are _____.

A)fixed macrophages
B)basophils
C)granulocytes
D)natural killer cells

Question 34

Heat,pain,redness and swelling are symptoms of:

A)phagocytosis
B)immune cytolysis
C)inflammation
D)leukocytosis

Question 35

What occurs in a lymph node?

A)Lymph moves in two directions.
B)Lymph enters sinuses lined by aggregations of B cells.
C)Bacteria are removed by phagocytes and the adaptive immune response is initiated.
D)Only lymphocytes flow through the lymph nodes therefore they are not a site of infection.

Question 36

The process whereby immune cells leave the blood by passing between the endothelial cells that line blood vessels is known as:

A)leukocytosis
B)phagocytosis
C)specific defenses
D)diapedesis

Question 37

The condition that is caused by exogenous and endogenous pyrogens is called _____.

A)edema
B)pain
C)swelling
D)fever

Question 38

What is the fragile,reddish,grainy tissue that is typically observed in cut tissue and consists of capillaries and fibroblasts?

A)Gut-associated lymphoid tissue
B)Granulation tissue
C)Granuloma
D)Granulocytes

Question 39

What chemical substance diffuses into venules and capillaries causing their vasodilation during inflammation?

A)Bradykinin
B)Antibradykinin
C)Histamine
D)Antihistamine

Question 40

Complement activation results in all of the following physiological processes EXCEPT:

A)opsonization
B)formation of membrane attack complexes
C)inflammation
D)fever

Question 41

Complement:

A)is a system that consists of over 20 proteins that function in a cascade-like manner
B)activation results in the onset of inflammation
C)pathway involves factors B, D and P
D)all of the above

Question 42

You receive a cut on your foot. What are the four characteristic signs of inflammation you would expect to see? How would an inflammatory response develop against bacteria that enter the cut?

Question 43

A residual body:

A)is the remains of parasitic worms killed extracellularly
B)consists of a thin layer of cells that secrete mucus
C)prevents adherence of a phagocyte and a bacterium
D)is a material that remains in a phagolysosome after digestion of a microbe

Question 44

Recombinant interferon:

A)is of a different molecular form than that produced by infected cells
B)blocks virus replication but does not stimulate the adaptive immune system
C)unequivocally is the best available treatment for viruses and cancer
D)can be produced cheaply and abundantly

Question 45

Cytokines:

A)are soluble proteins
B)function in host defenses such as macrophage chemotaxis
C)include interferons
D)all of the above

Question 46

The spleen:

A)along with the thymus gland and the tonsils are all lymphoid organs
B)contains lymph nodes that filter microbes from the lymph
C)filters material but does not contain phagocytes
D)two of the above

Question 47

Region "B" in this image drains lymph into the:

A)left subclavian vein
B)left subclavian artery
C)brachiocephalic vein
D)coronary veins

Question 48

What is the body's first line of defense against microbial danger? Why are these considered non-specific? Why are these considered innate? Is non-specific a better description than innate?

Question 49

Region "A" in this image drains lymph into the:

A)right carotid artery
B)right subclavian vein
C)superior vena cava
D)inferior vena cava

Question 50

The binding and coating of the surfaces of invading microbes by either antibodies or C3b is:

A)aided by the release of cytokines by phagocytes
B)necessary for phagocytosis of all microbes
C)called opsonization
D)responsible for the direct lysis of invading microrganisms

Question 51

.Which of the following structures represents the residual body?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D

Question 52

An accumulation of pus in a cavity formed by damaged tissue:

A)only occurs during chronic inflammatory process
B)represents unencapsulated areas of lymphocytes
C)accounts for redness and increased tissue temperature
D)is known as an abscess

Question 53

Which of the following proteins activate complement,enhance inflammation and stimulate macrophages to undergo chemotaxis?

A)Antiviral proteins
B)Exogenous pyrogens
C)Leukocidins
D)Acute phase proteins

Question 54

Is fever useful? A patient comes to you with a fever and a respiratory infection,would you be more worried about aggressively treating the fever or too little fever control? Explain your answers.

Question 55

Acute phase response proteins:

A)include C-reactive protein (CRP)and mannose-binding protein (MBP)
B)all bind to and coat the surface of the infectious agent
C)directly destroy abnormal cells
D)increase resistance of cells to viral infection

Question 56

Exogenous and endogenous __________ are fever causing substances.

A)prostraglandins
B)pyrogens
C)cytokines
D)bradykines