Deck 18: Immunology Ii: Immunological Disorders and Tests

Question 1

The only treatment used to cure allergies is _____________.

A)epinephrine
B)antibiotics
C)desensitization
D)sensitization

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Rhogam,which is administered to women during pregnancy to prevent the occurrence of hemolytic disease of the newborn,contains:

A)Rh positive antigen
B)Rh negative antigen
C)Anti-Rh antibodies (IgG)
D)two of the above

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Propensity to allergies seems _____.

A)only to run in the family for contact allergens (type IV hypersensitivity)
B)to be determined by prior sensitization to insect venom
C)to be linked to cold air injuring cell membranes of mast cells
D)at least in part have a genetic basis

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which of the following statements about immunological disorders is correct?

A)Bottle-fed infants are less likely to develop food allergies than are breast-fed infants.
B)Primary immunodeficiences include malnutrition and AIDS.
C)Autoimmune disorders are hypersensitivity reactions against self-antigens.
D)Secondary immunodeficiences are genetic or developmental defects.

Question 5

Anaphylaxis is associated with which type of hypersensitivity?

A)Immune Complex
B)Immediate
C)Cell-mediated
D)Delayed

Question 6

A wheal and flare reaction is best described as a:

A)raised white area with a reddened area
B)raised red area
C)blister
D)flat red area

Question 7

Type II hypersensitivities appear to be responsible for the tissue damage in all of the following except:

A)rheumatic fever following strep throat infections
B)transfusion reactions
C)hemolytic disease of the newborn
D)lupus erythematosus

Question 8

To treat generalized anaphylaxis,_________ must be administered immediately.

A)histamine
B)epinephrine
C)prostaglandins
D)antibiotics

Question 9

Which of the following is an example of lower respiratory anaphylaxis?

A)Tuberculosis
B)Legionnaire's disease
C)Hay fever
D)Asthma

Question 10

Which of the following could result in a Type II hypersensitivity?

A)a patient with A blood given B blood by mistake
B)an Rh-negative mother carrying an Rh-positive fetus
C)an Rh-positive mother carrying an Rh-negative fetus
D)two of the above

Question 11

Allergens bind to sensitized mast cells carrying surface ____ molecules,causing degranulation.

A)IgG
B)IgB
C)IgM
D)IgE

Question 12

Which is the main cellular mediator released during degranulation of mast cells is associated with capillary dilation (capillaries become more permeable)?

A)Interleukins
B)Histamine
C)Antihistamine
D)IgG

Question 13

Which of the following statements related to serum sickness is false?

A)Serum sickness was initially associated with injections of anti-toxin for diphtheria.
B)The patient's immune system makes antibody against horse proteins.
C)Glomerulus function is impaired due to immune complexes.
D)Most patients die rather quickly from the condition.

Question 14

All of the following are Type III hypersensitivity except:

A)granulomatous reactions
B)serum sickness
C)rheumatoid arthritis
D)lupus erythematosus

Question 15

Hypersensitivity or allergy refers to the immune system responding _____.

A)in an exaggerated way to a foreign substance
B)too little too late
C)inadequately to an antigen
D)to its own tissues as if they were foreign

Question 16

The blocking antibodies formed in response to desensitization are composed of which class of antibody?

A)IgG
B)IgD
C)IgA
D)IgM

Question 17

Which of the following statements about localized anaphylaxis is incorrect?

A)"atopy" means "out of place"
B)demonstrates a wheal and flare
C)if the allergen enters the skin, may result in itching
D)is most likely life threatening

Question 18

Which of the following statements about cytotoxic hypersensitivity is correct?

A)Normally a person's serum has IgM against the antigens on their own red blood cells.
B)Adverse transfusion reactions are no longer a problem because transfusions rarely occur.
C)Hemolytic disease of the newborn cannot be prevented.
D)Sensitization to Rh antigens can occur during delivery, miscarriage or abortion.

Question 19

Immunodeficiency refers to the immune system responding _____.

A)in an exaggerated way to a foreign substance
B)so that there is too much of a good thing
C)inadequately to an antigen
D)to its own tissues as if they were foreign

Question 20

Which matches the correct hypersensitivity reaction with their type?

A)Immediate (type I)- immune complexes
B)Cytotoxic (type II)-- anaphylaxis
C)Immune complex (type III)- precipitation of antigen-antibody complexes
D)Cell-mediated (type IV)- blood transfusion

Question 21

Antihistamines and/or desensitization may be effective in relieving the symptoms of:

A)Cytotoxic hypersensitivity
B)Immune complex hypersensitivity
C)Immediate hypersensitivity
D)Cell-mediated hypersensitivity

Question 22

Steroids can be useful drugs to lessen the effects of _____.

A)Cytotoxic hypersensitivity
B)Immune complex hypersensitivity
C)Immediate hypersensitivity
D)all of the above

Question 23

Examples of autoimmune diseases include which of the following?

A)Systemic lupus erythematosus
B)Myasthenia gravis
C)Rheumatoid arthritis
D)All of the above

Question 24

Cytotoxic hypersensitivity is mediated by _____.

A)IgG, IgM
B)IgE
C)complement
D)two of the above

Question 25

Type IV hypersensitivity involves _____.

A)B cells
B)complement
C)immune complexes
D)TH1 cells

Question 26

An Arthus reaction is a _____.

A)local reaction at the site of injection with edema and hemorrhage
B)systemic reaction in which immune complexes increase activating complement
C)deposition of antibody and interleukin on the membrane of epithelial tissues
D)local reaction in a large mass of cells which leads to granuloma formation

Question 27

Local wheal and flare,airway restriction,and anaphylactic shock are all associated with _____.

A)Cytotoxic hypersensitivity
B)Immune complex hypersensitivity
C)Immediate hypersensitivity
D)Cell-mediated hypersensitivity

Question 28

Antigenic or molecular mimicry _____.

A)occurs when T cells attack tissue antigens similar to bacterial antigens
B)involves self reactive T cells hiding in the thymus
C)leads to an increase in the number of regulatory T cells
D)none of the above

Question 29

A tuberculin skin test _____.

A)is read by the diameter and the elevation of the induration
B)is negative if a person has received the BCG vaccine
C)is read by the redness of the induration
D)two of the above

Question 30

Myasthenia gravis:

A)involves autoantibodies that are against the acetylcholine receptors
B)form IgM:IgG immune complexes and TH1 cells which initiate inflammation in joints
C)mainly affects the joints of the hands and the joints
D)two of the above

Question 31

Hypersensitivity to poison ivy _____.

A)is due to the formation of granulomas
B)is a Type I hypersensitivity reaction
C)leads to contact dermatitis due to immune reaction to urushiol
D)occurs immediately after contact with the oil from the plant

Question 32

Type IV hypersensitivity includes:

A)contact dermatitis
B)granulomatous hypersensitivity
C)allergy to metals
D)all of the above

Question 33

Which of the following definitions of tissue transplants is incorrect?

A)Autograft -- tissue is moved from one part of the body to another
B)Allograft -- tissue is grafted between two individuals who are not genetically identical
C)Xenograft -- tissue is grafted from one animal species to another
D)Isograft -- tissue is grafted from parent to child

Question 34

Cell-mediated hypersensitivity is mediated by _____.

A)IgG, IgM
B)T cells
C)mast cells
D)two of the above

Question 35

Autoimmunization:

A)is an acquired process not linked to any genetic factors
B)involves vaccinations that are administered by the patient not a doctor
C)is the process by which hypersensitivity to self develops
D)two of the above

Question 36

Rheumatoid arthritis:

A)involves autoantibodies that are against the acetylcholine receptors
B)form IgM:IgG immune complexes and TH1 cells which initiate inflammation in joints
C)mainly affects the joints of the hands and the joints
D)two of the above

Question 37

Granulomatous hypersensitivity,the most serious Type IV hypersensitivity,might occur during all the following infections except:

A)Staphylococcus aureus
B)Mycobacterium tuberculosis
C)Mycobacterium leprae
D)Leishmania tropica

Question 38

Immediate type hypersensitivity is mediated by _____.

A)IgG
B)T cells
C)IgM
D)IgE

Question 39

All of the following are associated with Type IV hypersensitivity except:

A)antigen presenting cells
B)plasma cells
C)sensitized TH1 cells
D)granulomatous lesions

Question 40

DiGeorge's Syndrome is due to a lack of _____.

A)B-cells
B)T-cells
C)complement
D)TH cell deficiency

Question 41

What type of hypersensitivity reaction is illustrated in this figure?

A)I
B)II
C)III
D)IV

Question 42

Drug reactions:

A)are associated with only 3 of the 4 types of hypersensitivities
B)are common because most drug molecules are large enough to act as allergens
C)can occur with antibiotics
D)two of the above

Question 43

What type of testing is demonstrated in this figure?

A)Immunodeficiency
B)Allergy
C)Transplant
D)Serological

Question 44

In HIV testing ELISA detects _________ while Western blot detects ________.

A)HIV antibodies, HIV antigen proteins
B)HIV proteins, HIV reverse transcriptase
C)HIV capsid proteins, HIV carbohydrates
D)HIV antibodies, HIV antibody complexes

Question 45

The match between HLAs determines the suitability of transplants,which HLA is known to generate the strongest transplant rejection reaction?

A)HLA-A and HLA-B
B)HLA B27
C)HLA Dw3
D)HLA-DR

Question 46

All of the following can occur after tissue transplantation except:

A)tissue transplants may be rejected and destroyed by the host's immune system
B)the host immune system can become tolerant to the transplanted tissue
C)tissue transplants can launch a cell-mediated response against the recipient's tissue
D)all immune rejection occurs either at the time of the graft or within days after

Question 47

People with HIV are susceptible to many infections.Which sets of cells are destroyed?

A)white blood cells and red blood cells
B)TC cells and B cells
C)TH cells and macrophages
D)macrophages and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs)

Question 48

Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)is a life threatening condition. Its treatment includes _____.

A)bone marrow transplants
B)immunosuppressive drugs
C)steroids
D)two of the above

Question 49

The immunologically privileged site that protects the fetus from mother's immune system is most likely due to the fact that _____.

A)mother's IgG do not cross the placenta
B)fetal portion of placenta does not exhibit MHC molecules
C)alpha-fetoprotein inhibits immune responses
D)two of the above

Question 50

HIV has an affinity for cells that bear the _______ antigen(s)on their surface.

A)CD4
B)HLA-B27
C)CD8
D)two of the above

Question 51

What type of reaction is illustrated in this image?

A)Type IV
B)Type III
C)Type II
D)Type I

Question 52

Imagine you have a sibling that needs a kidney transplant. You offer to give your kidney. What reaction against the red blood cells in the donor kidney would occur if you had different blood groups? Even if you had the same blood groups why might you not be able to give her one of your kidneys?

Question 53

Choose one immunological test - either a precipitin test,agglutination reaction or a tagged antibody test -- diagram how it is used to detect antibodies or antigens. In your diagram be sure to show what allows for the visualization of either the precipitin ring,the agglutination or the antigen on a cells surface.

Question 54

Which of the following statements about immunological tests is incorrect?

A)Neutralization tests can detect bacterial toxins, but not anti-viral antibodies.
B)Three tagged antibody tests include RIA, FACS, and ELISA.
C)Agglutination reactions can be used to determine the antibody titer.
D)Home pregnancy tests are modified agglutination assays.

Question 55

Which of the following agglutination reaction term is matched incorrectly?

A)Seroconversion-antibodies found in serum after exposure to infectious agent
B)Hemmagglutination inhibition test-used to diagnose measles and influenza
C)Coomb's antiglobulin test-used to detect ABO blood group antibodies
D)Complement fixation test-used to diagnose syphilis, pertussis, and gonorrhea

Question 56

In an effort to have a successful tissue transplant,the _____ of the recipient and the donor are matched.

A)IgD antibodies
B)Seroantigens
C)Human leukocyte antigens
D)two of the above

Question 57

Secondary immunodeficiency diseases can be caused by all of the following except:

A)Hodgkin's disease
B)radiation
C)genetic defects
D)tuberculosis

Question 58

Immunosuppression is important in transplant success; which of the following are immunosuppressive agents?

A)Radiation
B)Methotrexate
C)Cyclosporine
D)all of the above

Question 59

One explanation for the increased incidence of allergies is the hygiene hypothesis. It suggests that a lack of early childhood exposure to infectious agents and later a lack of exposure to helminths as adults increase susceptibility to allergic diseases. How would you explain why people living in modern hygienic conditions have more allergies? Do you believe they are exposed to more allergens or that having less infectious agents makes one more likely to react to allergens? Explain your decision and describe what experiments or observations would be necessary to support your explanation.

Question 60

Which of the following is an immunological test based on precipitins (antibodies)which form a visible precipitate with antigens?

A)agglutination
B)radial immunodiffusion
C)immunoelectrophoresis
D)two of the above