Deck 7: The Peripheral Nervous System: Efferent Division

Question 1

Which organ is not innervated by the parasympathetic division?

A)blood vessels
B)intestines
C)eye
D)liver
E)erectile tissues

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which statement is correct about terminal ganglia?

A)Those on parasympathetic preganglionic fibers lie in or near the effector organ.
B)They give rise to sympathetic postganglionic fibers.
C)They are the final common pathway for the autonomic nervous system.
D)They contain muscarinic receptors.
E)They lie in a chain located along either side of the spinal cord.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Postganglionic autonomic fibers

A)end in a single synaptic knob that releases the neurotransmitter
B)have numerous varicosities that simultaneously release neurotransmitter over a large area of the innervated organ rather than on single cells
C)innervate skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle
D)have characteristics a and c
E)have characteristics b and c

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Select the incorrect statement about the parasympathetic nervous system.

A)It inhibits all cardiac muscle and smooth muscle.
B)Neurotransmitter from all its postganglionic fibers bind to muscarinic receptors.
C)Neurotransmitter from all its preganglionic fibers bind to nicotinic receptors.
D)Part of it originates in the brain
E)Part of it originates in the most inferior region of the spinal cord.

Question 5

Atropine ____ the effect of acetylcholine at ____ receptors and ____ ____ receptors.

A)blocks; muscarinic; does not affect; nicotinic
B)enhances; muscarinic; does not affect; nicotinic
C)blocks; nicotinic; does not affect; muscarinic
D)enhances; nicotinic; does not affect; muscarinic
E)blocks; muscarinic; enhances; nicotinic

Question 6

Which is not characteristic of sympathetic pathways?

A)Fibers originate from the thoracic and lumbar levels
B)Preganglionic fibers release norepinephrine
C)Some postganglionic fibers release ACh
D)Short preganglionic fibers
E)Most preganglionic fibers synapse in the chain ganglia

Question 7

Which of the following does not characterize the sympathetic nervous system?

A)It promotes responses that prepare the body for strenuous physical activity.
B)It has some afferent fibers.
C)Most of its postganglionic fibers are adrenergic.
D)Its effects may be excitatory or inhibitory.
E)Its postganglionic neurons display nicotinic receptors.

Question 8

The sympathetic nervous system

A)is always excitatory for smooth muscle
B)innervates only tissues concerned with protecting the body against challenges from the outside environment
C)dominates in rest-and-digest situations
D)contains cholinergic and adrenergic fibers
E)stimulates only effectors that are dually innervated

Question 9

Acetylcholinesterase

A)has enhanced activity from organophosphates
B)inactivates a neurotransmitter.
C)is a neurotransmitter
D)stimulates an EPSP
E)triggers the release of sodium from postsynaptic cells

Question 10

The parasympathetic nervous system

A)has long preganglionic fibers that end on terminal ganglia, which lie in or near the effector organ
B)dominates in quiet, relaxed situations
C)releases a postganglionic neurotransmitter that binds with muscarinic receptors
D)has neurons that display nicotinic receptors
E)has all of the above characteristics

Question 11

Nicotinic receptors

A)bind with acetylcholine released from parasympathetic postganglionic fibers
B)respond to acetylcholine released from sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic fibers
C)are found primarily in the heart
D)bind with norepinephrine released from sympathetic postganglionic fibers
E)are found on certain effectors of the parasympathetic nervous system

Question 12

The overall functioning of the ANS contributes to

A)conservation of energy resources when stress levels are low
B)mobilization of energy reserves when stress levels are high
C)suppression of non-vital activities when stress levels are high
D)homeostasis
E)all of the above

Question 13

Sympathetic stimulation ____ heart rate and ____ the motility in the digestive tract.

A)does not affect; decreases
B)decreases; decreases
C)decreases; increases
D)increases; decreases
E)increases; increases

Question 14

Parasympathetic postganglionic fibers

A)arise from the ganglion chain located along either side of the spinal cord
B)are cholinergic
C)secrete a chemical messenger that binds to muscarinic receptors
D)have characteristics a and b
E)have characteristics b and c

Question 15

The motor end plate

A)contains receptor sites that are capable of binding curare
B)contains acetylcholinesterase
C)experiences an increase in permeability to cations when combined with acetylcholine
D)contains nicotinic receptors
E)exhibits all of the above characteristics

Question 16

Parasympathetic stimulation ____ heart rate and ____ the motility in the digestive tract.

A)does not affect; increases
B)decreases; decreases
C)decreases; increases
D)increases; decreases
E)increases; increases

Question 17

The autonomic nervous system is

A)part of the somatic nervous system
B)the involuntary branch of the peripheral nervous system's efferent division
C)part of the central nervous system
D)part of the afferent division of the nervous system
E)all of these

Question 18

The sympathetic nervous system

A)releases NE from most of its preganglionic neurons
B)has some postganglionic fibers that release acetylcholine
C)has preganglionic neurons that originate in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord
D)has characteristics a and b
E)has characteristics b and c

Question 19

The sympathetic nervous system causes

A)blood vessels with alpha receptors to dilate
B)bronchioles to constrict
C)pupils of the eye to dilate
D)sweat glands to be inhibited
E)the urinary bladder to contract and eliminate urine

Question 20

The neurotransmitter at a neuromuscular junction is

A)acetylcholine
B)the same as the transmitter substance at parasympathetic postganglionic nerve endings
C)the same as that released by all preganglionic fibers
D)all of the above
E)only a and b

Question 21

An EPP

A)occurs because of Na+ diffusing into a muscle fiber after ACh binds with a receptor on the muscle fiber
B)is usually smaller in magnitude than an EPSP
C)is terminated when Ca₂₊ inactivates acetylcholine
D)has characteristics a and b
E)has characteristics a and c

Question 22

Identify the true statement(s):

A)NE causes most blood vessels to constrict.
B)ACh causes the pancreas to release glucagon
C)Binding of a neurotransmitter to a beta-1 receptor on the heart would result in a faster heart rate.
D)Both a and b are true
E)Both a and c are true

Question 23

Select the CNS structure(s) that can influence autonomic activity.

A)medulla
B)hypothalamus
C)spinal cord
D)All of the above
E)Only a and b

Question 24

Curare

A)strongly binds to acetylcholine receptor sites
B)inhibits acetylcholinesterase
C)is found in pesticides and military nerve gases
D)has characteristics a and b
E)has characteristics b and c

Question 25

Botulism is caused by a toxin from bacteria in the species

A)Clostridium
B)Escherichia
C)Salmonella
D)Staphylococcus
E)Streptococcus

Question 26

Which of the following is least related to the innervation of skeletal muscle cells?

A)acetylcholine
B)varicosities
C)neuromuscular junction
D)somatic nervous system
E)motor neuron

Question 27

Which type of receptor binds norepinephrine on cardiac muscle, thus increasing cardiac activity?

A)cholinergic
B)nicotinic
C)alpha
D)beta-1
E)beta-2

Question 28

Myasthenia gravis

A)is an autoimmune disease
B)occurs when axons are unable to release adequate amounts of acetylcholine
C)can be treated with a drug that temporarily inhibits acetylcholinesterase
D)has characteristics a and c
E)has none of the above characteristics

Question 29

Which effector is not dually innervated?

A)salivary glands
B)urinary bladder
C)pancreas
D)radial muscle of iris
E)bronchioles in lungs

Question 30

Select the correct statement about the neuromuscular junction.

A)AChE activity is absent here.
B)It involves presynaptic neurons of the autonomic nervous system.
C)It is a junction between two neurons.
D)It is always excitatory.
E)The axon terminals do not store neurotransmitters.

Question 31

The neuromuscular junction

A)is the junction between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber
B)transmits an action potential between the nerve cell and muscle cell on a one-to-one basis
C)may produce either an EPSP or an IPSP on the motor end plate
D)has all of the above characteristics
E)has characteristics a and b

Question 32

Acetylcholine

A)opens voltage-gated Na+ channels in skeletal muscle fibers, which causes depolarization of the muscle fibers
B)may decrease the permeability of the motor end plate to Na+ and K+ when combined with the receptor sites on the motor end plate
C)always depolarizes skeletal muscle fibers and postganglionic neurons
D)does both a and b
E)does both b and c

Question 33

What would occur if ACh was not removed from the nicotinic receptors on skeletal muscle cells?

A)The cell would relax.
B)The cell would repolarize with the opening of chloride channels.
C)The cell would remain contracted until fatigued.
D)Sodium would continue to move into the cell, causing excitation.
E)Both c and d would occur.

Question 34

Efferent neurons

A)have cell bodies located only within ganglia
B)are part of a two-neuron chain in the autonomic nervous system
C)arise peripherally at a receptor
D)send information toward the CNS
E)signal only skeletal muscles

Question 35

Which of the following chemicals paralyzes skeletal muscle by binding to the acetylcholine receptor sites?

A)black widow spider venom
B)curare
C)organophosphates
D)insecticide
E)local anesthetics

Question 36

Which of the following events occurs after all the other steps listed when describing the stimulation of a skeletal muscle fiber?

A)ACh binds with receptors on the muscle cell membrane, opening sodium channels.
B)ACh diffuses across the cleft of the junction.
C)ACh is released by exocytosis.
D)Calcium diffuses into the terminal button.
E)Voltage-gated channels for calcium in the axon terminal are opened.

Question 37

Acetylcholine

A)binds to cholinergic receptors on preganglionic neurons and skeletal muscle cells
B)destroys acetylcholinesterase
C)binds to muscarinic receptors
D)is released from all postganglionic neurons
E)does all of the above except b

Question 38

What is the fate of ACh following binding to receptors?

A)It remains bound, causing continued excitement.
B)It is removed by acetylcholinesterase.
C)It is actively reabsorbed by the axon terminal.
D)It is passively reabsorbed by the muscle cell.
E)None of the above.

Question 39

Atropine is an antagonist of ACh and works by

A)selectively binding to nicotinic receptors
B)selectively binding to muscarinic receptors
C)blocking the binding of ACh
D)both a and b
E)both b and c

Question 40

A drop in blood glucose concentration would likely cause

A)increased release of ACh onto autonomic effectors
B)decreased frequency of impulses along short preganglionic neurons
C)increased frequency of autonomic impulses from the lumbar region of the spinal cord
D)decreased binding of neurotransmitters to alpha-2 receptors in the pancreas
E)all of the above

Question 41

The autonomic nervous system mainly controls smooth and cardiac muscles, but it can inhibit a few skeletal muscles.

Question 42

Only terminals of autonomic nerve fibers and motor neurons end in a single, enlarged knoblike structure that releases neurotransmitter.

Question 43

The autonomic and somatic nervous systems are part of the efferent nervous system.

Question 44

Action potentials are transmitted on a one-to-one basis at both a neuromuscular junction and a synapse.

Question 45

By blocking the effect of acetylcholine at muscarinic but not nicotinic receptors, atropine is able to block parasympathetic effects.

Question 46

The salivary glands and the eye are sympathetically innervated by cranial nerves.

Question 47

The preganglionic fibers of the autonomic nervous system are cholinergic fibers.

Question 48

Dual innervation of organs by both branches of the autonomic nervous system allows a fine degree of control over these organs.

Question 49

The sympathetic nervous system is always excitatory to the organs it innervates.

Question 50

Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in the thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord.

Question 51

Parasympathetic activation of sweat glands occurs to help reduce body temperatures.

Question 52

The autonomic nervous system is the part of the peripheral nervous system that regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.

Question 53

ACh always causes depolarization of skeletal muscles.

Question 54

Sympathetic stimulation of the urinary bladder relaxes the activity of this organ.

Question 55

Activation of ______ receptors usually brings about _______.

A)alpha-1, excitation
B)alpha-2, inhibition
C)beta-1, excitation
D)beta-2, inhibition
E)All of the above are correct choices.

Question 56

Which of the following selectively activates beta-2 receptors at low doses, making it possible to dilate bronchioles in the treatment of asthma?

A)salbuterol
B)atropine
C)metoprolol
D)neostigmine
E)curare

Question 57

Most innervated blood vessels receive only sympathetic nerve fibers.

Question 58

The parasympathetic nervous system dominates in situations when a person is afraid.

Question 59

The parasympathetic nervous system inhibits the rate of heartbeat.

Question 60

Binding of neurotransmitter to which of the following receptors on an effector would likely cause inhibition of the effector?

A)alpha-1
B)alpha-2
C)beta-1
D)Both a and b
E)Both a and c

Question 61

Muscarinic receptors are found on the effector cells innervated by the parasympathetic division.

Question 62

Binding of a neurotransmitter to a beta receptor on the urinary bladder causes the bladder to contract.

Question 63

Action potentials are initiated at the motor end-plate region of skeletal muscle fibers.

Question 64

Atropine blocks all nicotinic receptor sites.

Question 65

Most innervated blood vessels receive sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers.

Question 66

Binding of ACh with receptor sites on the motor end plate opens chemical messenger-gated cation channels in the motor end plate, bringing about depolarization of the motor end plate.

Question 67

Sympathetic dominance would be most likely responsible for erection.

Question 68

The axons controlling skeletal muscles are large and myelinated.

Question 69

The sympathetic nervous system has its cells of origin in the brain stem as well as the spinal cord.

Question 70

NE can cause inhibition of certain effectors by functioning as an autonomic antagonist.

Question 71

Autonomic activity can be influenced by conscious neural activity.

Question 72

The sympathetic postganglionic fibers that innervate the sweat glands secrete acetylcholine rather than norepinephrine.

Question 73

Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors are the two kinds of adrenergic receptors.

Question 74

Sympathetic and parasympathetic activity at the salivary glands is antagonistic.

Question 75

An EPP is similar to an EPSP, except that the magnitude of an EPSP is much larger.

Question 76

It is possible through the use of drugs to activate the receptors found in bronchiolar smooth muscle without influencing the receptors in the heart.

Question 77

Acetylcholinesterase is stored in secretory vesicles in the motor end plate of the muscle fiber.

Question 78

An EPP is a graded potential.

Question 79

Sympathetic postganglionic fibers are longer than parasympathetic postganglionic fibers.

Question 80

Clostridium botulinum toxin inhibits acetylcholinesterase.