Deck 12: Body Defenses

Question 1

What type of cells do natural killer cells destroy?

A)antibody marked cells
B)bacteria and virus-infected cells
C)bacteria and cancerous cells
D)cancerous cells and virus-infected cells
E)None of the above

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Viruses

A)are single-celled microorganisms
B)consist only of nucleic acids enclosed by a protein coat
C)must invade a host cell in order to carry out metabolism and reproduce
D)have characteristics a and c
E)have characteristics b and c

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Which occurrence is not characteristic of the inflammation response?

A)Increased capillary permeability
B)Increased macrophage activity
C)Localized vasodilation
D)Localized edema
E)Decreased phagocytic activity

Answer 3

E

Question 4

Bacterial multiplication depends on the availability of high concentrations of ____.

A)potassium
B)calcium
C)iron
D)sodium
E)glucose

Question 5

Which of the following are lymphoid tissues?

A)lymph nodes
B)spleen
C)bone marrow
D)tonsils
E)All of the above

Question 6

Specific immune responses

A)require helper T-cell activation
B)are under control of the adaptive immune system
C)could not occur if the thymus gland did not develop
D)require recognition of antigens by receptors
E)have all of the above characteristics

Question 7

Which of the following is not accomplished by a chemical released from activated phagocytes?

A)Decreasing plasma iron so that it is unavailable for bacterial multiplication
B)Stimulating histamine release from mast cells
C)Stimulating the synthesis of viral-blocking enzymes
D)Inducing the development of fever
E)Stimulating proliferation of white blood cells

Question 8

Which of the following does not apply to neutrophils?

A)Produced only in lymph nodes
B)Perform phagocytosis
C)Perform diapedesis
D)Exhibit amoeboid movement
E)Attracted by chemotaxis

Question 9

Which of the following is not attributable to the immune defense system?

A)Defends against pathogenic microorganisms
B)Converts foreign chemicals into compounds that can be more readily eliminated in the urine
C)Removes worn-out cells and tissue debris
D)Identifies and destroys abnormal or mutant cells
E)Can inappropriately induce allergic responses and autoimmune disease

Question 10

Nonspecific immune responses

A)come into play whether or not there has been prior experience with the offending agent
B)are triggered by invasion of infectious microorganisms, chemical injury, mechanical trauma, or burns
C)are mediated by lymphocytes
D)have characteristics a and b
E)have none of the above characteristics

Question 11

Which kind of white blood cells secretes chemicals that destroy parasitic worms?

A)basophil
B)eosinophil
C)lymphocyte
D)monocyte
E)neutrophil

Question 12

Which of the following is not attributable to complement activity?

A)Acting as opsonins
B)Walling-off the inflamed area
C)Serving as chemotaxins
D)Stimulating the release of histamine
E)Forming a membrane attack complex

Question 13

Which of the following is not a means by which viruses can lead to cellular damage or death?

A)release by the virus of enzymes or toxins that physically injure or disrupt affected cells
B)depletion of essential cellular components by the virus
C)cellular production of substances toxic to the cell under the dictatorship of the virus
D)transformation of normal host cells into cancer cells
E)incorporation of the virus into the cell so that the body's own defense mechanisms no longer recognize the cell as part of "normal self" and destroy it

Question 14

Leukocytes

A)are responsible for the body's various immune defense strategies
B)spend most of their time circulating in the blood
C)are all produced in the lymph nodes
D)have all of the above characteristics
E)have characteristics a and b

Question 15

Interferon is a

A)family of proteins that defends against viruses
B)toxin secreted from natural killer cells
C)specific bacterial surface receptor
D)specialized receptor on a white blood cell
E)vasodilator agent

Question 16

Which of the following is not part of the inflammatory response?

A)Localized vasodilation
B)Migration of neutrophils and macrophages to the site of injury
C)Kinin activation
D)Interferon inhibition of viral replication
E)Formation of interstitial-fluid clots that wall off bacterial invaders

Question 17

Neutrophils engulf foreign particles by

A)opsonization
B)diapedesis
C)chemotaxis
D)phagocytosis
E)agglutination

Question 18

Localized vasodilation in an inflamed area is brought about by the release of ____ from ____.

A)histamine; mast cells
B)opsonins; B lymphocytes
C)interleukin 1; mast cells
D)leukocyte mediator; phagocytes
E)prostaglandins; phagocytes

Question 19

Which of the following is part of the inflammatory response?

A)Migration of neutrophils and macrophages to the involved area
B)Localized vasodilation
C)Formation of interstitial-fluid clots in the injured region
D)Both migration of neutrophils and macrophages to the involved area, and localized vasodilation
E)All of the above

Question 20

Which of the following is not a component of innate immunity?

A)inflammation
B)antibody production
C)interferon
D)natural killer cells
E)the complement system

Question 21

Which of the following statements concerning an endogenous pyrogen is incorrect?

A)It is a protein produced by the liver.
B)It is secreted by phagocytes at a site of inflammation.
C)It induces the development of fever.
D)An example is interleukin 1.
E)It is believed to cause the local release of prostaglandins within the hypothalamus.

Question 22

Which type of leukocyte has a derivative known as the plasma cell?

A)neutrophil
B)B lymphocyte
C)T lymphocyte
D)macrophage
E)basophil

Question 23

The complement system

A)consists of plasma proteins produced by the liver that circulate in the blood in inactive form
B)is the primary mechanism activated by antibodies to kill foreign cells
C)can be activated by antibodies and/or antigens
D)is considered a nonspecific defense
E)has all of the above characteristics

Question 24

Which of the following is not accomplished by interferon?

A)It directly breaks down viral messenger RNA and inhibits protein synthesis.
B)It enhances macrophage phagocytic activity.
C)It stimulates antibody production.
D)It stimulates the activity of natural killer cells.
E)It slows cell division and suppresses tumor growth.

Question 25

B lymphocytes

A)are responsible for antibody-mediated immunity
B)are activated by thymosin
C)mature and differentiate into macrophages
D)bind with foreign antigen in association with self-antigen
E)are attacked by AIDS virus

Question 26

Interferon

A)is released from viruses
B)triggers the production of viral-blocking enzymes by cells that have not yet been invaded by viruses
C)directly breaks down viral messenger RNA
D)inhibits protein synthesis, both of which are essential for viral replication
E)have characteristics b and d

Question 27

Select the most abundant immunoglobulin in the blood.

A)IgA
B)IgD
C)IgE
D)IgG
E)IgM

Question 28

Chemotaxins

A)are specialized antibodies
B)attract migrating phagocytic cells
C)destroy histamine and other vasodilators
D)engulf foreign particles
E)stimulate white cell production

Question 29

Which of the following is not attributable to components of the complement system?

A)formation of a membrane-attack complex
B)walling-off of the inflamed area
C)serving as chemotaxins
D)acting as opsonins
E)enhancing local vascular changes

Question 30

The thymus

A)is the site of maturational processing for T lymphocytes
B)secretes a collection of hormones important in maintaining the T-cell lineage
C)gradually atrophies and becomes less important as an individual matures
D)is a lymphoid organ
E)has all of the above characteristics

Question 31

Viral-blocking enzymes

A)are produced by cells invaded by virus
B)are produced by cells in response to binding with interferon
C)may be produced by cells not yet invaded by a virus
D)have all of the above characteristics
E)have only characteristics a and c

Question 32

Opsonins

A)enhance phagocytosis by linking the foreign cell to a phagocytic cell
B)include antibodies
C)include a certain complement protein
D)include antibodies and a certain complement protein
E)have all of the above characteristics

Question 33

Select the incorrect statement about the glucocorticoids.

A)Cortisol is an example.
B)They are used to treat undesirable immune responses.
C)They stimulate lymphocyte production.
D)They reduce the body's ability to resist infection.
E)They suppress the inflammatory response.

Question 34

Monocytes

A)are the first phagocytes to exit the blood and arrive at an injured or invaded area
B)swell and mature into macrophages after exiting the blood
C)act as opsonins
D)have all of the above characteristics
E)have characteristics a and b

Question 35

Diapedesis is

A)the process of white blood cells engulfing and destroying invading organisms
B)the process of leukocytes squeezing through pores of the capillary wall into the surrounding interstitial fluid
C)the attraction of white blood cells to areas of injury, inflammation, and bacterial invasion
D)a feature exhibited by platelets
E)the linking together of a foreign cell and a phagocytic cell

Question 36

Activated complement does not

A)promote localized vasodilation
B)formation membrane-attack complexes
C)activate kinins
D)stimulate interferon production
E)stimulate local mast cell activity

Question 37

The molecules that can cause the body to produce antibodies are called

A)complements
B)antibodies
C)antigens
D)interleukins
E)interferons

Question 38

T lymphocytes

A)produce thymosin
B)secrete antibodies
C)are converted into plasma cells
D)mature ad differentiate within the bone marrow.
E)have none of the above characteristics

Question 39

Interferon

A)forms a membrane-attack complex
B)causes lysis of invading microbes
C)nonspecifically defends against viruses
D)stimulates histamine release from mast cells
E)is secreted by lymphoid tissues

Question 40

The primary purpose of the vascular changes in an invaded or injured area is to

A)produce swelling, redness, heat, and pain
B)bring to the affected area phagocytes and plasma proteins that defend against the offending agent
C)produce pus
D)exert an anti-inflammatory effect to protect against damage by potentially over-reactive defense mechanisms
E)trigger specific immune responses

Question 41

IgM immunoglobulin

A)serves as the B-cell surface receptor for antigen attachment
B)is found in milk and tears
C)mediates common allergies such as hay fever, asthma, and hives
D)is the most abundant antibody produced by plasma cells
E)is specific for viral invaders

Question 42

Which of the following is not secreted by helper T cells?

A)interleukin 2
B)perforin
C)macrophage-migration inhibition factor
D)B-cell growth factor
E)T-cell growth factor

Question 43

Plasma cells

A)are not derived from B cells
B)have an expanded rough endoplasmic reticulum
C)do not secrete antibodies but remain dormant and expand the clone specific for the invading antigen
D)have characteristics a and b
E)have characteristics b and c

Question 44

Which of the following does not have MHC proteins in its plasma membrane?

A)liver cells
B)lymphocytes
C)erythrocytes
D)skin cells
E)virus-infected cells

Question 45

Dendritic cells

A)are neurons
B)participate in the inflammation response
C)are specialized for phagocytosis of worms
D)are specialized antigen-presenting cells
E)are none of the above

Question 46

____ T cells release perforin.

A)Cytotoxic
B)Helper
C)Suppressor
D)Regulatory
E)Inhibitory

Question 47

T cells

A)bind with free extracellular antigen
B)bind with MHC molecules only when they are in association with a foreign antigen
C)are responsible for cell-mediated immunity
D)have characteristics a and c
E)have characteristics b and c

Question 48

Chemicals other than antibodies secreted by lymphocytes are collectively known as

A)cytokines
B)antigens
C)opsonins
D)complement factors
E)pyrogens

Question 49

The first human vaccination developed by Jenner was

A)for smallpox
B)for anthrax
C)used inoculum from sheep
D)both a and b
E)both a and c

Question 50

What type of immune defense cell is selectively invaded by AIDS virus?

A)cytotoxic T cells
B)helper T cells
C)suppressor T cells
D)macrophages
E)neutrophils

Question 51

A secondary response to an invading microorganism that has invaded a previous time is

A)launched by memory cells
B)slower and weaker than the primary response
C)more rapid, more potent, and longer-lasting than the primary response
D)both a and b
E)both a and c

Question 52

Passive immunity is accomplished by transfer of ____ antibodies.

A)IgA
B)IgE
C)IgG
D)IgM
E)any of the above

Question 53

Which of the following is not accomplished by antibodies?

A)neutralization of bacterial toxins
B)direct destruction of foreign cells
C)activation of the complement system
D)enhancement of phagocytosis
E)stimulation of killer (K) cells

Question 54

Active immunity

A)is self-generated upon exposure to antigen
B)can be produced only as a result of a person actually having the disease
C)involves administration of preformed antibodies
D)is shorter in duration than passive immunity
E)is acquired in the newborn as a result of the transfer of antibodies across the placenta during intrauterine development

Question 55

Cytotoxic T cells

A)are less numerous than helper T cells
B)secrete B-cell growth factor and T-cell growth factor
C)confer greater phagocytic properties on macrophages, converting them into angry macrophages
D)release antigens
E)bind with class II MHC glycoproteins

Question 56

Which statement is incorrect?

A)Cytotoxic T cells release chemicals that destroy targeted cells.
B)Helper T cells enhance the activity of other T cells and B cells.
C)Regulator T cells are believed to play an important role in tolerance to self-antigens.
D)Helper T cells can combine only with host cells bearing both foreign antigen and class I MHC-encoded self-antigens on their surface.
E)The majority of T cells are helper T cells.

Question 57

Which statement does not apply to macrophages?

A)They participate in inflammation.
B)They process and present antigens to lymphocytes.
C)They secrete antibodies.
D)They secrete interleukin 1.
E)They participate in immune surveillance against cancer.

Question 58

The antigen-binding fragments (Fab) of antibodies are

A)located in the arm tips of the antibody molecule
B)located in the tail portion of the antibody molecule
C)unique for each antibody so that each antibody can interact only with an antigen that specifically matches it
D)both a and c
E)both b and c

Question 59

Lymphocytes respond to antigens that have been processed and presented to them by

A)neutrophils
B)eosinophils
C)an APC
D)helper T cells
E)interleukin 2

Question 60

A large, complex molecule that triggers a specific immune response against itself when it gains entry into the body is known as

A)interferon
B)an antigen
C)an antibody
D)a complement
E)an opsonin

Question 61

Which of the following statements about cancer cells is/are incorrect?

A)They arise only when multiple independent mutations occur within the same cell.
B)They lack the ability to perform the specialized functions of the normal cell-type from which they mutated.
C)The body has no means by which to defend against them.
D)They usually do not adhere well to neighboring cells, so some of them may break away from the parent tumor.
E)Both a and d are incorrect

Question 62

Which cell type in the epidermis produces a pigment that absorbs ultraviolet light?

A)keratinocyte
B)melanocyte
C)Langerhans cell
D)Granstein cell
E)sebaceous cell

Question 63

Which of the following does not characterize immediate hypersensitivity?

A)It is mediated by T cells.
B)It involves IgE antibodies.
C)It occurs within 20 minutes of exposure to the allergen.
D)It usually involves allergic responses to inhaled or ingested allergens.
E)It includes hay fever, asthma, and hives.

Question 64

The epidermis

A)has an outermost keratinized layer that is tough, airtight, and fairly waterproof
B)contains melanocytes, keratinocytes, Langerhans cells, Granstein cells, and transient T lymphocytes
C)has a richly vascularized inner layer
D)has characteristics a and b
E)has none of the above characteristics

Question 65

A host cell is the body cell of an infected individual.

Question 66

Which of the following does not help defend against cancer?

A)interferon
B)macrophages
C)natural killer cells
D)cytotoxic T cells
E)antibodies

Question 67

Which chemical induces prolonged contraction of smooth muscle during allergic reactions?

A)basophil chemotactic factor
B)eosinophil chemotactic factor
C)histamine
D)SRS-A
E)TP-2

Question 68

Which of the following is not secreted by helper T cells?

A)B-cell growth factor
B)T-cell growth factor
C)interleukin 1
D)interleukin 2
E)macrophage migration inhibition factor

Question 69

Which of the following would not present an foreign antigen within MHC-2 glycoproteins?

A)macrophage
B)liver cell
C)dendritic cell
D)B cell
E)Neither b nor d

Question 70

Which of the following is not found in the epidermis?

A)blood vessels, which can experience diameter changes for thermoregulation
B)keratinocytes
C)melanocytes
D)Langerhans cells
E)Granstein cells

Question 71

With ____, the body fails to recognize and tolerate particular self-antigens.

A)delayed hypersensitivity
B)autoimmune disease
C)immune-complex disease
D)immediate hypersensitivity
E)inflammation

Question 72

Which item listed first is not paired with the correct type of immunity for which it is a part?

A)PAMPs, innate
B)interferon, innate
C)vaccine, adaptive
D)toll-like receptors, adaptive
E)NK cell, innate

Question 73

Pathogenic bacteria induce tissue damage and produce disease by invading host cells and taking over the cellular biochemical facilities for their own purposes.

Question 74

Which of the following does not play a direct role in immune surveillance against cancer?

A)B cells
B)natural killer cells
C)macrophages
D)cytotoxic T cells
E)interferon

Question 75

Which antibody group is most common in human milk and tears?

A)IgA
B)IgG
C)IgM
D)IgD
E)IgE

Question 76

Which pairing of item and function is most out of place?

A)sebum, skin waterproofing
B)hair; skin's sensitivity to touch
C)sweat; heating the skin
D)hair; heat conservation
E)sebum, skin softening

Question 77

Keratinocytes

A)form the outer protective layer of the skin
B)secrete interleukin 1
C)present antigens to helper T cells
D)have characteristics a and b
E)have characteristics a and c

Question 78

Which of the following is not a possible cause of autoimmune disease?

A)reduction in suppressor T cell activity
B)prolonged treatment with anti-inflammatory drugs
C)exposure of normally inaccessible self-antigens
D)modification of normal self-antigens
E)exposure to a foreign antigen almost identical structurally to a self-antigen

Question 79

Immune surveillance refers to the body's ability to resist or eliminate potentially harmful foreign invaders.

Question 80

Ways in which microbes in the body might be destroyed include

A)phagocytosis
B)extracellular release of destructive lysosomal enzymes
C)release from macrophages of lactoferrin, which binds iron needed for bacterial multiplication
D)lysing of bacteria by the complement system's membrane attack complex
E)all of the above