Deck 16: The Digestive System

Question 1

Chewing increases

A)salivary secretion
B)gastric secretion
C)pancreatic secretion
D)liver secretion
E)all of the above

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Which of the following organs is not a digestive tract organ?

A)esophagus
B)stomach
C)pancreas
D)small intestine
E)large intestine

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which statement is incorrect?

A)The myenteric plexus is located in the submucosa.
B)The intrinsic plexuses innervate smooth muscle and exocrine and endocrine glands.
C)The plexuses are influenced by extrinsic nerves.
D)The plexuses coordinate local digestive tract activity.
E)There are two major networks of nerve fibers forming the plexuses of the gut.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Mixing movements

A)promote digestion by mixing food with digestive juices
B)facilitate absorption by exposing luminal contents to absorptive surfaces
C)take place only in the stomach
D)do both a and b
E)are all of the above

Question 5

The intrinsic nerve plexuses

A)produce spontaneous depolarization of the muscle cells in the wall of the digestive tract
B)are located in the mucosa
C)coordinate local activity in the digestive tract
D)have characteristics a and c
E)have none of the above characteristics

Question 6

Which is the primary absorptive organ of the digestive system?

A)salivary glands
B)oral cavity
C)stomach
D)small intestine
E)colon

Question 7

The serosa is the

A)abdominal cavity containing the stomach
B)blood supply to the stomach
C)inner lining of the digestive tract
D)layer of smooth muscle of the digestive tract
E)outer connective-tissue covering of the digestive tract

Question 8

Which tissue layer provides for primary digestive motility?

A)mucosa
B)submucosa
C)muscularis mucosae
D)muscularis externa
E)mesentery

Question 9

Fats are digested to

A)amino acids
B)cellulose
C)fatty acids and glycerol
D)fructose
E)monosaccharides

Question 10

The enteric nervous system includes

A)the myenteric plexus
B)the submucosal plexus
C)branches of the vagus nerves
D)a and b
E)a and c

Question 11

Digestive motility is

A)accomplished by smooth muscle contractions
B)accomplished by smooth and voluntary muscle contractions
C)propulsive in nature
D)both a and c
E)both b and c

Question 12

Milk sugar is digested to

A)glucose and fructose
B)glucose and galactose
C)sucrose and glucose
D)maltose
E)cellulose

Question 13

Which statement is incorrect about parasympathetic stimulation of the digestive system?

A)In general, it is excitatory for digestive organs.
B)It comes primarily through the vagus nerve.
C)It is part of the extrinsic nerve supply to the digestive tract.
D)It causes salivary glands to secrete saliva rich in mucus.
E)It increases salivary, gastric, pancreatic, and biliary secretion.

Question 14

Digestion of polysaccharides

A)is accomplished using enzymes
B)utilizes hydrolysis
C)utilizes dehydration
D)is both a and b
E)is both a and c

Question 15

Carbohydrates are absorbed as

A)polysaccharides
B)disaccharides
C)monosaccharides
D)amino acids
E)fatty acids

Question 16

The BER refers to

A)the basic eating reflex ensuring that food moves efficiently in the digestive tract
B)the basic electrical rhythm consisting of spontaneous, rhythmic, wavelike fluctuations in membrane potential
C)the basic emptying reflex, which governs the rate of gastric emptying
D)the bowel evacuation reflex or defecation reflex
E)none of the above

Question 17

Proteins are primarily digested to and absorbed as

A)amino acids
B)polypeptides
C)fatty acids and glycerol
D)monosaccharides
E)vitamins

Question 18

Which statement regarding control of digestive processes is incorrect?

A)Short reflexes influence motility and secretion in localized areas.
B)All elements of the short reflexes are contained within the digestive organ's wall.
C)Hormones play a role.
D)Osmoreceptors monitor the acidity of the luminal contents.
E)There are stretch receptors in the walls of digestive organs.

Question 19

Over nine liters of fluid are absorbed from the digestive tract daily.The ultimate source of most of this fluid is

A)food and fluid ingested during meals
B)salivary glands
C)blood plasma
D)the pancreas
E)metabolic water

Question 20

Secretions from digestive organs include

A)enzymes
B)bile
C)mucus
D)hormones
E)all of the above

Question 21

Which statement is incorrect?

A)Salivation is entirely under neural control.
B)Parasympathetic stimulation and sympathetic stimulation both increase salivary secretion.
C)The acquired salivary reflex occurs upon stimulation of chemoreceptors and/or pressure receptors in the mouth.
D)Parasympathetic stimulation produces a watery saliva rich in enzymes.
E)The salivary center is located in the medulla.

Question 22

Which of the following factors will not influence the rate at which a meal will empty from the stomach?

A)fat in the duodenum
B)acid in the duodenum
C)caffeine in the duodenum
D)hypertonicity of the duodenal contents
E)distention of the duodenum

Question 23

Secondary peristaltic waves in the esophagus occur

A)when a large or sticky bolus becomes stuck in the esophagus
B)through coordination by the swallowing center
C)through coordination by extrinsic nerve signals
D)through b and c
E)only in the duodenum

Question 24

If peristalsis in the esophagus is insufficient to carry a large bolus to the stomach,

A)a secondary peristaltic wave is initiated by the swallowing center
B)a secondary peristaltic wave is initiated and, mediated by the intrinsic nerve plexuses
C)the food remains in the esophagus until voluntary swallowing is initiated again
D)increased esophageal secretion lubricates the bolus so that it can slide to the stomach
E)food never becomes stuck because the esophagus is very distensible

Question 25

Chewing

A)grinds and breaks up food
B)mixes food with saliva to facilitate swallowing
C)reflexively increases salivary and gastric secretions
D)reflexively increases pancreatic and bile secretions
E)does all of the above

Question 26

Gastric mixing is

A)primarily in the body of the stomach
B)a result of the stomach's contents being tumbled back and forth in the fundus
C)able to combine food and gastric secretions to form a liquid known as chyme
D)both a and b
E)all of the above

Question 27

The gastroesophageal sphincter is normally closed to prevent

A)air from entering the esophagus during breathing
B)gastric contents from refluxing into the esophagus
C)vomiting
D)esophageal leaking into the stomach
E)food from entering the pharynx

Question 28

The pharyngoesophageal sphincter is normally closed to prevent

A)air from entering the esophagus during breathing
B)gastric contents from refluxing back into the esophagus
C)vomiting
D)esophageal secretions from leaking into the stomach
E)food from entering the pharynx

Question 29

What helps prevent food from entering the trachea during swallowing?

A)elevation of the uvula
B)contraction of the pharyngeal muscles
C)positioning of the tongue
D)tight apposition of the vocal cords over the glottis
E)elevation of the epiglottis over the pharyngoesophageal sphincter

Question 30

Salivary secretion is

A)entirely under neural control (i.e., there is no hormonal control of salivary secretion)
B)a passive secretion
C)stimulated by the parasympathetic nervous system and inhibited by the sympathetic nervous system
D)both a and b
E)both a and c

Question 31

What prevents food from entering the nasal passages during swallowing?

A)elevation of the uvula
B)contraction of the pharyngeal muscles
C)positioning of the tongue
D)tight apposition of the vocal cords over the glottis
E)elevation of the epiglottis over the nasopharynx

Question 32

Swallowing is

A)the movement of the bolus from the mouth to the stomach
B)only the movement of the bolus from the mouth to the esophagus
C)a sequentially programmed, multiple response, all-or-none reflex
D)both a and c
E)both b and c

Question 33

Which of the following is not a component of saliva?

A)amylase
B)mucus
C)pepsin
D)lysozyme
E)water

Question 34

During the oropharyngeal phase of swallowing, food is prevented from

A)reentering the mouth by elevation of the uvula
B)entering the nasal passages by closure of the nasopharyngeal sphincter
C)entering the trachea primarily by the epiglottis blocking the opening between the vocal cords
D)doing a or c
E)doing none of the above

Question 35

Receptive relaxation refers to relaxation of the

A)pharyngoesophageal sphincter during swallowing
B)pyloric sphincter when the duodenum is prepared to receive the chyme
C)external anal sphincter when the individual is receptive to the defecation reflex
D)stomach as it starts to fill, thereby allowing an increase in volume with very little increase in pressure
E)none of the above

Question 36

The swallowing center is located in the

A)cerebral cortex
B)medulla
C)hypothalamus
D)throat
E)spinal cord

Question 37

The major chemical digestive activity occurring in the stomach is digestion of

A)starch
B)protein
C)fat
D)disaccharides
E)vitamins

Question 38

Which of the following factors is the most potent stimulus for inhibition of gastric motility?

A)fat in the duodenum
B)acid in the duodenum
C)acid in the stomach
D)distention of the stomach
E)hypertonicity of the duodenal contents

Question 39

Saliva does not

A)facilitate swallowing
B)serve as a solvent for molecules that stimulate taste buds
C)hydrolyze glucose to facilitate its absorption by the oral mucosa
D)have antibacterial action
E)aid speech

Question 40

Which of the following is entirely under nervous control and has no hormonal regulatory component?

A)Salivary secretion
B)Gastric secretion
C)Pancreatic secretion
D)Liver secretion
E)None of the above (all have a hormonal regulatory component)

Question 41

Peristaltic antral contractions

A)occur at a rate of 3/min
B)are responsible for emptying food into the duodenum
C)are responsible for mixing food and gastric enzymes within the antrum
D)are the result of smooth muscle contractions
E)have all of the above characteristics

Question 42

Which of the following breakfasts would remain in the stomach the longest?

A)toast, orange juice, and coffee
B)black coffee
C)fried eggs, bacon, and hash browns
D)bowl of cereal with skim milk
E)boiled egg, toast, and juice

Question 43

__________ does not contribute to a reduction of gastric secretion after food leaves the stomach?

A)Fat in the duodenum
B)Low gastric pH
C)Distention of the duodenum
D)High concentration of acid in the stomach or duodenum
E)Pepsinogen in the duodenum

Question 44

The pyloric sphincter is located between the

A)esophagus and stomach
B)oral cavity and esophagus
C)large intestine and rectum
D)small intestine and large intestine
E)stomach and small intestine

Question 45

Which factor below does not slow down gastric activities?

A)enterogastric reflex
B)enterogastrones
C)secretin
D)gastrin
E)cholecystokinin

Question 46

The pyloric gland area of the stomach antrum

A)secretes gastrin
B)is inhibited by acid
C)is stimulated by the presence of glucose
D)contains mucous cells
E)secretes pepsinogen

Question 47

Which of the following statements concerning HCl in the stomach is correct?

A)It inactivates salivary amylase and the pancreatic enzymes.
B)It activates pepsinogen.
C)It establishes a low pH in the stomach.
D)It is secreted by oxyntic cells.
E)All of the above.

Question 48

After pepsinogen is activated, it

A)autocatalytically activates more pepsinogen
B)activates pancreatic enzymes in the duodenum after gastric emptying has occurred
C)inhibits the pyloric gland area in a negative-feedback fashion
D)does a and b
E)does none of the above

Question 49

Pernicious anemia can occur when

A)the stomach has been removed
B)the terminal ileum has been removed
C)there is a deficiency of intrinsic factor
D)all of the above occur
E)only a and b occur

Question 50

Inhibition of gastric secretion following a meal is accomplished by

A)the enterogastric reflex
B)inhibition of the pyloric gland area by vagal stimulation
C)a high concentration of H+ in the antrum and duodenum, which inhibits gastric secretion
D)a and b
E)a and c

Question 51

Which statement regarding gastric motility and emptying is incorrect?

A)Increased fluidity allows more rapid emptying.
B)Presence of acid and fat in the stomach initiates the enterogastric reflex.
C)Increased gastric volume stimulates motility.
D)Vagal activity stimulates motility.
E)Distention of the stomach initiates short reflexes.

Question 52

The parietal cells of the gastric mucosa secrete

A)HCl
B)pepsinogen
C)intrinsic factor
D)a and b
E)a and c

Question 53

The chief cells of the gastric mucosa secrete

A)bicarbonate ions
B)HCl
C)pepsinogen
D)sucrase
E)trypsin

Question 54

Stomach acid is neutralized

A)in the duodenum
B)by trypsin
C)by solutions secreted from the antrum
D)in the colon
E)by secretin

Question 55

Bile acts on

A)distention of the stomach
B)gastrin
C)carbohydrate in the stomach
D)fat in the duodenum
E)fat in the stomach

Question 56

The pyloric gland area of the stomach antrum secretes

A)histamine
B)gastrin
C)intrinsic factor
D)both a and b
E)both a and c

Question 57

During the cephalic phase of gastric secretion,

A)thinking about, seeing, and smelling food reflexively increases gastric secretion
B)vagal stimulation of the gastric glands occurs
C)gastrin is released
D)chewing food reflexively increases gastric secretion
E)all of the above are true

Question 58

Hormones acting in the small intestine include

A)secretin and cholecystokinin
B)secretin and gastrin
C)cholecystokinin and gastrin
D)all of the above
E)none of the above

Question 59

Intrinsic factor is

A)secreted by the parietal cells in the stomach
B)necessary for absorption of vitamin B12
C)abundant in pernicious anemia
D)both a and b
E)both b and c

Question 60

Which of the following is a precursor to an enzyme that functions in the stomach?

A)pepsinogen
B)HCl
C)intrinsic factor
D)gastrin
E)mucus

Question 61

Which of the following is not a function of the liver?

A)Metabolic processing of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats
B)Secretion of proteolytic digestive enzymes
C)Detoxification and/or degradation of body wastes, hormones, drugs, and foreign compounds
D)Synthesis of plasma proteins essential to the clotting process
E)Storage of glycogen, fats, iron, copper, and many vitamins

Question 62

Which of the following does not occur during vomiting?

A)Contraction of the diaphragm
B)Contraction of abdominal muscles
C)Contraction of the stomach
D)Inhibition of muscles used in breathing
E)Closing of the glottis

Question 63

Which statement about cholecystokinin is incorrect?

A)It is secreted by the endocrine portion of the pancreas.
B)It stimulates pancreatic bicarbonate secretion.
C)It causes contraction of the gallbladder.
D)Both a and c
E)All of the above

Question 64

Which of the following stimulates gallbladder contraction?

A)CCK
B)secretin
C)sympathetic stimulation
D)a and b
E)a and c

Question 65

The most important stimulus for contraction of the gallbladder is

A)CCK
B)mechanical contraction of the small intestine
C)sympathetic stimulation
D)an increase in bile secretion by the liver
E)bile salts

Question 66

Which statement regarding control of pancreatic secretion is correct?

A)Gastrin stimulates release of a substance that neutralizes acid.
B)CCK stimulates release of enzymes.
C)Secretin stimulates release of bicarbonate.
D)All of the above are correct.
E)Only b and c are correct.

Question 67

Which statement about chymotrypsinogen is correct?

A)It is activated by enterokinase.
B)Once activated, it is involved in protein digestion.
C)It is secreted by the endocrine pancreas.
D)All of the above
E)None of these

Question 68

The hormone secretin is released by endocrine cells in the duodenal mucosa in response to

A)distention of the stomach
B)carbohydrate in the duodenum
C)acid in the duodenum
D)gastrin secreted by the pyloric gland area of the stomach
E)none of the above

Question 69

Identify the function(s) of NaHCO₃ secreted by the pancreas?

A)Neutralization of acidic gastric contents emptied into the duodenum
B)Prevention of irritation of the duodenal mucosa
C)Active digestion of fat molecules into fatty acids
D)Both a and b
E)None of the above

Question 70

The typical coloration of the feces is due to

A)bile salts
B)undigested cellulose
C)aqueous NaHCO3 secretion
D)modified bilirubin
E)disintegrated epithelial cells

Question 71

The pancreas does not

A)have endocrine tissue
B)have exocrine tissue
C)secrete an alkaline fluid
D)secrete pepsinogen
E)secrete trypsinogen

Question 72

Blood flow into the liver is via the

A)hepatic vein
B)hepatic portal vein
C)hepatic artery
D)all of the above
E)only b and c

Question 73

Which of the following is an active proteolytic enzyme?

A)pepsinogen
B)chymotrypsinogen
C)procarboxypeptidase
D)secretin
E)None of the above

Question 74

Which of the following substances is absorbed by the stomach?

A)glucose
B)caffeine
C)aspirin
D)amino acids
E)fatty acids

Question 75

Which statement is incorrect?

A)Trypsinogen is secreted in an inactive form.
B)Pancreatic amylase digests carbohydrates.
C)Pancreatic lipase is responsible for triglyceride digestion.
D)Except for trypsinogen, other proteolytic enzymes are secreted in active form.
E)Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase.

Question 76

Identify the true statement(s) about peptic ulcers.

A)They are usually caused by excessive neural stimulation
B)They are usually caused by bacterial infection
C)They compromise the mucosal barrier and stomach wall
D)Both a and b
E)Both b and c

Question 77

Which statement about secretin is correct?

A)The most potent stimulus for its secretion is the presence of fat in the duodenum.
B)It stimulates pancreatic enzyme secretion.
C)It stimulates the secretion of bicarbonate.
D)It stimulates the pancreatic acinar cells.
E)None of the above

Question 78

Alcohol

A)inhibits gastric secretion
B)can be absorbed more rapidly from the small intestine than from the stomach
C)inhibits gastric emptying through the enterogastric reflex
D)has characteristics a and b
E)has all of the above characteristics

Question 79

During vomiting,

A)the diaphragm contracts
B)the abdominal muscles contract
C)the stomach contracts
D)both a and b occur
E)both a and c occur

Question 80

Bile salts

A)aid fat digestion
B)aid fat absorption through micelle formation
C)are made in the gall bladder
D)have characteristics a and b
E)have all of the above characteristics