Deck 20: Digestive, Muscular, and Skeletal Systems

Question 1

Which of the following nutrients have the lowest energy content per gram?

A)fats
B)vitamins
C)proteins
D)carbohydrates

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Food passing through our digestive tract would contain the fewest nutrients when it reaches which of the following organs?

A)the small intestine
B)the stomach
C)the large intestine
D)the esophagus

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The liver secretes bile to the

A)pancreas.
B)small intestine.
C)gallbladder.
D)large intestine.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following vitamins is NOT associated with building or maintaining bones and teeth?

A)vitamin B12
B)vitamin C
C)vitamin D
D)vitamin E

Question 5

Which of the following sequences correctly describes the journey of a potato chip through our digestive tract?

A)mouth to esophagus to stomach to liver to small intestine to large intestine to anus
B)mouth to esophagus to stomach to small intestine to large intestine to anus
C)mouth to stomach to esophagus to pancreas to small intestine to large intestine to anus
D)mouth to esophagus to stomach to large intestine to small intestine to anus

Question 6

Minerals are

A)organic compounds.
B)required by the human body in small amounts.
C)not harmful to humans when ingested in large amounts.
D)created by chemical reactions within cells.

Question 7

The advantage of chewing food is that this process

A)provides mechanical digestion and increases the surface area of the food for further digestion.
B)makes food immediately ready for nutrient absorption in the stomach.
C)increases the amount of vitamins in the food.
D)decreases the surface area of the food to speed digestion.

Question 8

Babies may receive an injection of vitamin K at birth. Which of the following is the most likely reason why an injection of vitamin K would be given?

A)Vitamin K is required for calcium absorption, and babies need to build strong bones.
B)Vitamin K is required to prevent bleeding, and babies are born with low levels of this vitamin.
C)Vitamin K is required for the formation of visual pigments in the eyes, and babies use their eyes more often than their other senses.
D)Vitamin K is required to build cell membranes, and babies are growing rapidly.

Question 9

The function of the esophagus is to

A)break down food physically.
B)break down food chemically.
C)carry food to the stomach.
D)prepare undigested material and waste for disposal.

Question 10

A college student tracks his diet for several weeks as part of a nutrition project. During the tracking period, he realizes that his diet is rich in yellow and orange fruits and vegetables, citrus fruits, nuts, and fish, but that he tends to avoid most leafy green vegetables. Which of the following vitamins is most likely deficient in his diet?

A)vitamin B12
B)vitamin K
C)vitamin A
D)vitamin C

Question 11

Carbohydrates and fats are both

A)digested and absorbed in the human stomach.
B)sources of amino acids.
C)used as energy sources.
D)indigestible unless they are consumed together.

Question 12

Which of the following statements about the amino acids that are required by adult humans is true?

A)The human body produces 20 amino acids.
B)There are eight amino acids used as building blocks for human proteins.
C)Amino acids are the building blocks of carbohydrates.
D)Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins.

Question 13

As an experiment, a person who wishes to avoid getting ill during the winter significantly boosts his or her vitamin intake by taking multiple vitamin supplements. This action could

A)help the person live decades longer.
B)be dangerous, because the human body needs vitamins only in small amounts.
C)help the person look decades younger.
D)reduce the person's fiber intake.

Question 14

The most likely potential problem faced by a person who is following a low-protein diet is the failure to

A)take in the carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen required for life.
B)take in enough essential amino acids.
C)take in enough calories to survive.
D)produce vitamins and minerals required by living organisms.

Question 15

Pancreatic cancer is an especially dangerous disease in humans because the pancreas is

A)the organ that produces and stores bile.
B)the site of synthesis for all the essential amino acids.
C)one of the organs through which food must pass on its way to the large intestine.
D)an organ that manufactures many different kinds of digestive enzymes.

Question 16

Which of the following organs plays a role in producing vitamin D?

A)the skin
B)the small intestine
C)the stomach
D)the large intestine

Question 17

The human liver produces bile, a substance that

A)aids in the absorption of vitamin C.
B)allows fats to dissolve more easily in the watery contents of the gut.
C)neutralizes the acids that are produced by pepsin.
D)breaks the bonds between amino acids.

Question 18

Which letter in this figure identifies the site where most digestion and nutrient absorption takes place?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D

Question 19

A genetic mutation has altered a signaling molecule found embedded within cell membranes. This signaling molecule is most likely a

A)protein.
B)carbohydrate.
C)fat.
D)dietary fiber.

Question 20

If you were a bird about to embark on a long migratory journey, which of the following nutrients would you want to have stored in large quantities?

A)sugars
B)proteins
C)vitamins
D)fats

Question 21

Vanessa has been lifting weights to increase strength in her arms. Which of the following statements about the muscles she is strengthening is true?

A)They lack myofibrils.
B)They lack a banded appearance.
C)They are involuntary muscles.
D)They have tendons that are connected to bones.

Question 22

One of the most common knee injuries is the tearing of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). How would an injury like this affect the function of the knee?

A)Ligaments attach muscle to bone, so tearing of the ligament would mean that the knee muscles would no longer be able to cause the joint to bend.
B)Ligaments lubricate the cartilage in a joint, and tearing the ligament would let the lubricant leak out. This would cause bones in the knee to grind against each other, making it painful to bend the knee.
C)Ligaments hold the bones of the knee in the proper orientation. Tearing the ligament could disrupt the alignment of the knee, making the knee difficult to bend.
D)Ligaments are the muscles that surround a joint. Muscle tears can be painful, but they heal quickly and they usually do not affect knee function.

Question 23

The knee is part of the ________ skeleton, which is designed primarily for ________.

A)axial; protection
B)axial; motion
C)appendicular; protection
D)appendicular; motion

Question 24

Which of the following statements best explains why starch molecules must be broken down before they can be absorbed by the small intestine?

A)They are toxic to the cells of the small intestine.
B)They are too large to pass through the plasma membrane of the intestinal cells.
C)They must be broken down in order to extract the essential amino acids they contain.
D)The cells of the small intestine are much too small to contain them.

Question 25

If an athlete damages a ligament in his or her knee, he or she has damaged

A)a connection between two bones.
B)a connection between bone and muscle.
C)a mineral-based component of his or her skeleton.
D)a nonliving component of his or her skeleton.

Question 26

After certain knee injuries, patients experience a swelling because of an accumulation of fluid within the knee. This condition is referred to as "water on the knee." Which of the following is a likely source of this fluid?

A)the tendons around the knee
B)the ligaments around the knee
C)spongy bone
D)the synovial sac

Question 27

Which of the following statements about the muscle shown in this figure is true?

A)It is under our conscious control.
B)It lacks myofibrils.
C)It lacks nuclei.
D)It is an involuntary muscle.

Question 28

Where in the body would you expect to find voluntary muscle that has a banded appearance?

A)within the wall of the esophagus
B)in a muscle that bends the knee
C)in the heart
D)within the wall of the stomach

Question 29

If a drug attacked and destroyed involuntary muscle cells only, which of the following body functions would be affected?

A)movement of the arms
B)movement of the legs
C)movement of materials through the digestive system
D)movement of the eyes

Question 30

Which of the following statements about cardiac muscle is true?

A)Cardiac muscle is like skeletal muscle, because skeletal muscle has involuntary contractions.
B)Cardiac muscle is like smooth muscle, because smooth muscle has a banded appearance.
C)Cardiac muscle contains bands like skeletal muscle, but its contractions are involuntary like smooth muscle.
D)Cardiac muscle is like smooth muscle, because it contains no bands.

Question 31

The structure that is highlighted in this illustration of a knee joint is a

A)bone.
B)ligament.
C)tendon.
D)synovial sac.

Question 32

The lower region of the small intestine is structured to create large amounts of surface area so that it can more efficiently

A)produce enzymes to break food down into smaller molecules.
B)grind food down into smaller molecules.
C)absorb the chemical building blocks that are produced by digestion.
D)eliminate waste products.

Question 33

The power that moves food along your esophagus comes from

A)skeletal muscle.
B)smooth muscle.
C)cardiac muscle.
D)voluntary muscle.

Question 34

Which of the following would NOT be found in the lower small intestine?

A)microvilli
B)villi
C)a large surface area
D)a smooth surface

Question 35

One of the advantages of the villi that line the small intestine is that they

A)decrease the surface area available for food absorption.
B)increase the speed at which vitamins are broken down.
C)increase the amount of mechanical breakdown that occurs.
D)increase the surface area available for food absorption.

Question 36

As nutrients move across an intestinal villus, most of the nutrients are absorbed by

A)lymphatic vessels.
B)capillaries.
C)epithelial cells.
D)collagen.

Question 37

How rapidly an organism can absorb nutrients generally depends on

A)the surface area available for absorption.
B)how quickly the nutrient can diffuse into the stomach.
C)the passive mechanisms that carry the nutrient into the organism.
D)the volume of the organism that is taking up the nutrients.

Question 38

The structure that is highlighted in this illustration of a knee joint is a

A)bone.
B)ligament.
C)tendon.
D)synovial sac.

Question 39

Which of the following things would you expect to happen if a knee joint was formed without any cartilage?

A)The knee would lack any ability to bend.
B)Bones within the knee would experience friction.
C)The joint would be able to bend past its normal position.
D)The knee would lack synovial fluid.

Question 40

Which of the following statements about what happens during a muscle contraction is true?

A)Actin and myosin filaments both shorten in length.
B)Actin filaments shorten in length when myosin filaments bind to actin.
C)Myosin filaments become attached to the Z disks in a sarcomere.
D)Myosin filaments slide along actin filaments.

Question 41

The ________ is the digestive organ that contracts to mix food particles with acid and enzymes, and also holds food until it can pass farther along for continued digestion.

Question 42

Which of the following statements about myofibrils is true?

A)They consist of a single sarcomere.
B)They contain a single muscle fiber.
C)They have no Z bands.
D)They contain many sarcomeres.

Question 43

________ are the contractile units within muscle fibers.

Question 44

Doris visits a physician because she says it feels like bones in her knee are grinding against one another. What two structures within her knee that provide direct contact between bones could be damaged?

Question 45

Bending your elbow involves

A)smooth muscle contraction.
B)the use of voluntary muscles.
C)the use of involuntary muscles.
D)the lengthening of sarcomeres beyond their resting length.

Question 46

Which of the following sequences correctly describes the organization of muscle tissue from smallest to largest component?

A)myofibrils to sarcomeres to muscle fibers
B)sarcomeres to myofibrils to muscle fibers
C)muscle fibers to sarcomeres to myofibrils
D)sarcomeres to muscle fibers to myofibrils

Question 47

Ligaments are connective tissue that connects ________ to bone.

Question 48

As a muscle contracts, which of the following things happens?

A)The Z disks move closer together.
B)The sarcomeres extend.
C)The muscle creates energy.
D)The myofibrils break down.

Question 49

Of the four classes of organic compounds that are found in organisms, ________ are capable of storing the most energy.

Question 50

Explain why dietary fiber is important in a human's diet.

Question 51

________ are small, organic nutrients that do not provide the human body with energy and are required only in small quantities; however, they help regulate metabolic processes.

Question 52

Suppose that researchers in a laboratory who are trying to find a way to replace damaged muscle fibers within the body are able to grow involuntary muscle fibers that have a banded appearance. If these muscle fibers could be transplanted into a human, which muscle(s) would they be able to repair?

Question 53

Describe how secretions from the gallbladder and the pancreas are correlated with the functions of the small intestine.

Question 54

Tendons are connective tissue that connects ________ to bone.

Question 55

Muscles that move food along the digestive tract and cause the heart to pump blood without our conscious thought are called ________ muscles.

Question 56

A child with adequate calcium in her diet has soft, weak, misshapen bones and is diagnosed with a vitamin deficiency. What vitamin is most likely deficient in her diet, and what foods could she eat to increase her levels of this vitamin?

Question 57

Two babies, Stephen and Janeah, are born with severe defects in their digestive tracts. Stephen is missing most of the upper region of his small intestine. Janeah is missing a large section of the lower region of her small intestine. Describe how these different defects would affect Stephen and Janeah.

Question 58

The nutrients in food enter our body by crossing through the epithelial cells that line the ________ intestine.

Question 59

Muscle contraction is caused by

A)movement of bones that anchor the muscles.
B)sarcomeres moving along other sarcomeres.
C)myosin filaments sliding along actin filaments.
D)contraction of actin and myosin filaments.

Question 60

The ________ supplies digestive enzymes and bicarbonate to the small intestine.

Question 61

Match each vitamin to the function or deficiency described below.
a.Deficiency of this vitamin reduces calcium absorption and leads to poor formation of bones and teeth.b.This vitamin is used to produce visual pigments in the eyes.
c.This vitamin protects lipids in cell membranes.
d.Deficiency of this vitamin leads to scurvy.
e.Deficiency of this vitamin affects the ability to control bleeding.
vitamin E

Question 62

Match each vitamin to the function or deficiency described below.
a.Deficiency of this vitamin reduces calcium absorption and leads to poor formation of bones and teeth.b.This vitamin is used to produce visual pigments in the eyes.
c.This vitamin protects lipids in cell membranes.
d.Deficiency of this vitamin leads to scurvy.
e.Deficiency of this vitamin affects the ability to control bleeding.
vitamin A

Question 63

A person has a disorder that prevents the heads of myosin molecules from being released from actin filaments. How would you expect this disorder to affect a muscle in this person's body?

Question 64

Match each vitamin to the function or deficiency described below.
a.Deficiency of this vitamin reduces calcium absorption and leads to poor formation of bones and teeth.b.This vitamin is used to produce visual pigments in the eyes.
c.This vitamin protects lipids in cell membranes.
d.Deficiency of this vitamin leads to scurvy.
e.Deficiency of this vitamin affects the ability to control bleeding.
vitamin D

Question 65

Match each vitamin to the function or deficiency described below.
a.Deficiency of this vitamin reduces calcium absorption and leads to poor formation of bones and teeth.b.This vitamin is used to produce visual pigments in the eyes.
c.This vitamin protects lipids in cell membranes.
d.Deficiency of this vitamin leads to scurvy.
e.Deficiency of this vitamin affects the ability to control bleeding.
vitamin C

Question 66

Match each vitamin to the function or deficiency described below.
a.Deficiency of this vitamin reduces calcium absorption and leads to poor formation of bones and teeth.b.This vitamin is used to produce visual pigments in the eyes.
c.This vitamin protects lipids in cell membranes.
d.Deficiency of this vitamin leads to scurvy.
e.Deficiency of this vitamin affects the ability to control bleeding.
vitamin K