Deck 22: Endocrine and Immune Systems

Question 1

Which of the following is a component of innate immunity?

A)the production of sensitized T cells
B)the production of antibodies from B cells
C)vaccinations
D)the acidic environment in the digestive system

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The steroid hormones testosterone, estradiol, and progesterone enter target cells and bind intracellular receptors to regulate gene expression. Based on this information, which of the following statements about steroid hormones must be correct?

A)They are large and polar.
B)They are hydrophilic.
C)They are cationic or anionic, and they are water soluble.
D)They are mainly nonpolar and hydrophobic.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which of the following is an example of the immune system's second line of defense?

A)the low pH environment of the stomach
B)saliva containing antimicrobial enzymes
C)macrophages engulfing pathogens during inflammation
D)tears containing antimicrobial enzymes

Answer 3

C

Question 4

By what mechanism do most hormones travel through the organism that produces them?

A)the circulatory system
B)diffusion
C)the nervous system
D)the urinary system

Question 5

Which of the following statements accurately describes hormonal signaling, as depicted in this figure?

A)Each endocrine cell has the ability to make all of an organism's hormones.
B)Hormones act on specific target cells.
C)Hormones may diffuse into the circulatory system but they cannot diffuse out of it.
D)Target cells signal each other using hormones.

Question 6

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is produced by the pituitary gland when the brain detects lower-than-optimum levels of water in the body. In the kidneys, ADH promotes the uptake of water, creating more concentrated urine. ADH travels from the pituitary gland to the kidneys through the

A)nervous system.
B)circulatory system.
C)endocrine system.
D)digestive system.

Question 7

Which of the following organs coordinate(s) communication between the endocrine system and the nervous system?

A)the thyroid
B)the pancreas
C)the adrenal glands
D)the hypothalamus

Question 8

Serotonin, one of the hormones thought to be involved in depression, is a water-soluble molecule. Where on the target cell would you expect to find receptors for this hormone?

A)in the cytoplasm
B)inside the nucleus
C)on the outside of the plasma membrane
D)in the interstitial fluid around the cell

Question 9

Which of the following statements accurately describes how hormones can affect a cell, as illustrated in this figure?

A)Hormones often trigger the shearing of DNA.
B)Protein synthesis helps cells maintain metabolism at current levels.
C)Intracellular receptors increase the export of important signaling molecules when they are bound with hydrophilic hormones.
D)Hormones are effective at low concentrations.

Question 10

Which of the following statements accurately describes hormonal signaling, as depicted in this figure?

A)Endocrine cells take up hormones from target cells.
B)Signaling molecules are released through ducts.
C)Hormones may signal cells that are located a considerable distance away from them.
D)All hormones are taken up through specialized cell surface receptors.

Question 11

White blood cells of the innate immune response ________, whereas white blood cells of the adaptive immune response ________.

A)may function in inflammation; may secrete antibodies
B)target infected self cells; induce tear production
C)produce memory cells; stimulate fever
D)differentiate into T cells; reduce blood pressure

Question 12

Which of the following statements about hormones is true?

A)They are distributed primarily through the lymphatic tissue.
B)They may regulate certain developmental periods of life.
C)They are taken up by target cells via endocytosis.
D)They have generalized functions but no specific functions.

Question 13

Once a hormone enters the bloodstream, it

A)is usually broken down within minutes.
B)remains active for months.
C)is broken down after it has performed its function on the target cells.
D)produces enzymes that affect target cells.

Question 14

Which of the following is a component of the immune system's first line of defense?

A)antibodies
B)histamine
C)T cells
D)earwax

Question 15

What prevents pathogens from entering our bodies through the delicate tissues of the lungs?

A)The lining of the lungs has a low pH that creates an inhospitable environment for most pathogens.
B)The tubes that enter the lungs are lined with mucus that traps pathogens and is then removed from the respiratory system.
C)The cells of the lungs are covered by several layers of dead cells that prevent pathogens from reaching living lung tissue.
D)Certain cells in the lungs produce toxins that paralyze pathogens before they can infect the body.

Question 16

Which of the following is a component of the immune system's third line of defense?

A)T cells
B)mucus
C)macrophages
D)platelets

Question 17

A difficult wound for the immune system to respond to is

A)a bruise, because the blood vessels lose too much blood.
B)a puncture wound, because the first and second lines of defense can be bypassed.
C)a burn, because the acidity of the skin is compromised.
D)a cut or tear, because salty secretions of sweat glands cause infection.

Question 18

Which of the following statements best explains how one hormone can regulate several different developmental events?

A)One hormone can affect different types of target tissues in different ways.
B)A hormone can migrate to a gland, where the endocrine system reshapes it for a different use.
C)Once a steroid hormone attaches to a receptor on the surface of a cell, it starts several different signal cascades that activate many genes at once.
D)Hormones are made up of molecules that separate once they are inside the cell to signal the development of different aspects of sexual maturity.

Question 19

The primary role of the immune system's first line of defense is to

A)mark pathogens for destruction.
B)act as a barrier to prevent entry of pathogens.
C)kill pathogens that have entered self cells.
D)stimulate fever and inflammation.

Question 20

A single hormone molecule can have dramatic effects on a target cell, because

A)it causes the cell to produce thousands of copies of the hormone.
B)it initiates a chain of events that amplifies its effect.
C)it causes the nuclear membrane to break down and expose DNA directly to the hormone.
D)it becomes surrounded by enzymes that transport it to the nucleus.

Question 21

During a primary immune response,

A)antibodies are immediately made.
B)nonspecific immunity may be of great benefit to the organism.
C)the immune system has encountered the pathogen previously.
D)the production of memory cells is blocked.

Question 22

Which of the following events is the first to occur during inflammation?

A)Spaces form in blood vessels to enable phagocytes to pass.
B)The wound is repaired to ease blood loss.
C)Damaged cells release key signaling molecules.
D)Phagocytes engulf and digest invading bacteria.

Question 23

Cell-mediated immunity is regulated by the activities of

A)antibodies.
B)neutrophils.
C)adrenaline.
D)T cells.

Question 24

Which of the following statements about immune response is correct?

A)The primary immune response develops slowly over two weeks or more.
B)Secondary immune responses lengthen the reaction time to the same pathogen during subsequent exposures.
C)Primary immune responses are initiated on the organism's second exposure to the pathogen.
D)The secondary immune response provides a generic response to pathogens when it is initiated.

Question 25

Which of the following statements about memory cells is true?

A)They include B cells and T cells that remain in the body for long periods of time after the first exposure to a pathogen.
B)They are macrophages that store copies of antibodies for decades.
C)They make copies of T cells that remain active long after the primary response has ended.
D)They become T cells during a secondary response to a pathogen.

Question 26

Which of the following statements correctly describes the immune response when the invading organism is a virus?

A)The antigen molecules on the viral DNA enable the immune system to prevent the infection.
B)Lymphocytes are not involved in the immune response.
C)The lack of nucleic acid in a virus complicates the immune response.
D)Lymphocytes respond to infected human cells rather than to the virus itself.

Question 27

Which of the following is a white blood cell that will arrive in the next stage of inflammation?

A)a platelet
B)a T cell
C)a macrophage
D)an antibody

Question 28

The term that is most closely associated with the secondary immune response is

A)"memory."
B)"slow."
C)"innate."
D)"weak."

Question 29

At the site of a wound or cut, platelets combine with proteins in our blood to form

A)macrophages.
B)antibodies.
C)prostaglandins.
D)blood clots.

Question 30

In which of the following organs would you be LEAST likely to find mature lymphocytes?

A)the tonsils
B)the liver
C)the spleen
D)the appendix

Question 31

Which of the following is a molecule that makes blood vessels near a wound more porous?

A)a platelet
B)histamine
C)a cytokine
D)an adrenal hormone

Question 32

Which of the following prevents both blood loss and the invasion of pathogens in vertebrates?

A)the formation of blood clots
B)phagocytosis
C)humoral immunity
D)cell-mediated immunity

Question 33

Substance A is likely to be which of the following?

A)lymph
B)blood
C)lymphocytes
D)pus

Question 34

Why is it important that white blood cells are able to travel outside the human circulatory system?

A)To form a complement, white blood cells must leave the circulatory vessels.
B)White blood cells are the antibodies that target parasites.
C)Pathogens may be found in other areas of the body besides the circulatory vessels.
D)White blood cells must leave the circulatory system in order to return red blood cells to the circulatory vessels.

Question 35

The body responds to tissue damage by mounting an immediate and coordinated sequence of events called the

A)specific immune response.
B)prostaglandin response.
C)inflammatory response.
D)histamine response.

Question 36

Activated B cells are responsible for

A)producing antibodies that bind to pathogens.
B)generating pathogens.
C)increasing systemic body temperature.
D)sealing breaks in the skin via clotting reactions.

Question 37

Which of the following is most likely to be the target of a T cell?

A)antibodies
B)pathogens suspended in lymph
C)bacteria circulating through blood
D)virally infected self cells

Question 38

Each T cell and each B cell binds to only one specific type of

A)antibody.
B)antigen.
C)neutrophil.
D)histamine.

Question 39

White blood cells of the adaptive immune response provide what advantage that is lacking in white blood cells of the innate immune response?

A)rapid response time
B)memory
C)decreased specificity
D)barriers

Question 40

Which of the following is likely to be first on the scene of a bacterial infection?

A)macrophages
B)neutrophils
C)T helper cells
D)killer T cells

Question 41

Because steroid hormones are ________, they are able to pass through a cell's plasma membrane without the assistance of membrane transport proteins.

Question 42

________ cells remain in our body after the initial exposure to a disease-causing organism, and they help the immune system recognize that particular organism during a second exposure.

Question 43

Upon first exposure to a pathogen, a ________ immune response is triggered.

Question 44

Based on the information provided in the figure, explain the events that occur during inflammation and blood clotting. In addition, label the following structures in the figure: neutrophil, platelet, macrophage, and cytokine.

Question 45

Neutrophils and macrophages function in the process of ________, which traps pathogens at the site of a wound.

Question 46

In preparation for your Biology exam, you study endocrine signaling with a classmate. Your classmate suggests that all forms of signaling require receptors in order to affect target cells. Do you agree with your classmate? Explain why or why not.

Question 47

Hormones often alter ________ by turning a certain gene or group of genes on or off.

Question 48

The ________ are components of the immune system's third line of defense that secrete antibodies.

Question 49

________ are white blood cells that engulf and destroy pathogens in a nonspecific manner.

Question 50

When a doctor performs a Mantaux skin test to determine whether a patient has tuberculosis (TB), she exposes the patient to small amounts of protein from the microorganism that causes TB. The doctor reads the reaction to these proteins a few days later. If the patient has had previous TB antigen exposure (and infection), he or she will develop localized swelling at the site where the proteins were injected. The presence of swelling and the amount of swelling are observed and measured to determine whether the test is positive. Explain why this test measures a secondary (versus primary) exposure to antigens. Which aspects of this test demonstrate secondary exposure?

Question 51

In the vertebrate immune response to a pathogen, which of the following events would happen last?

A)establishment of skin and mucous membranes
B)neutrophils and macrophages engulfing pathogens
C)elevation of body temperature in response to pathogens
D)development of memory cells

Question 52

In the vertebrate immune response to a pathogen, which of the following would occur first?

A)inflammation
B)external defenses
C)fever
D)adaptive immunity

Question 53

Neutrophils usually get to a wound site ________ [before or after?] macrophages begin to phagocytize bacteria.

Question 54

How do phagocytes of the innate immune system differ in function from lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system?

Question 55

Explain how the vertebrate immune system, once it has been violated, works to destroy invading pathogens. Include mechanisms of the first, second, and third lines of defense in your answer.

Question 56

In a ________ response, B cells and T cells only recognize one particular type of pathogen.

Question 57

Create a table that lists components of the immune system's first, second, and third lines of defense. You must list at least two examples in each column.

Question 58

The hormone-producing tissues of animals make up the ________ system.

Question 59

In hormonal signaling, are target cells typically close to or far away from endocrine cells? Explain your answer.

Question 60

How do B cells and T cells differ in their response to pathogens?

Question 61

Match the chemical, cell, or tissue with the function it performs in the immune response.
a.macrophages
b.mucous membranes
c.cytokines
d.B cells
e.lymph nodes
f.platelets
phagocytize pathogens during inflammation

Question 62

Match the chemical, cell, or tissue with the function it performs in the immune response.
a.macrophages
b.mucous membranes
c.cytokines
d.B cells
e.lymph nodes
f.platelets
sites where trapped pathogens initiate adaptive immune responses

Question 63

Match the chemical, cell, or tissue with the function it performs in the immune response.
a.macrophages
b.mucous membranes
c.cytokines
d.B cells
e.lymph nodes
f.platelets
molecules secreted by immune cells for initiation and regulation of immune responses

Question 64

Match the chemical, cell, or tissue with the function it performs in the immune response.
a.macrophages
b.mucous membranes
c.cytokines
d.B cells
e.lymph nodes
f.platelets
clotting factors that prevent excess blood loss

Question 65

Match the chemical, cell, or tissue with the function it performs in the immune response.
a.macrophages
b.mucous membranes
c.cytokines
d.B cells
e.lymph nodes
f.platelets
secrete antibodies in response to foreign molecules

Question 66

Match the chemical, cell, or tissue with the function it performs in the immune response.
a.macrophages
b.mucous membranes
c.cytokines
d.B cells
e.lymph nodes
f.platelets
physical barriers lining the respiratory and digestive system that prevent the invasion of pathogens