Deck 5: Correlates of Criminal Behaviour

Question 1

Some self-report studies have shown that:

A) the ratio of males to females among delinquents is much higher than found in UCR data
B) the ratio of males to females among delinquents is somewhat higher than found in UCR data
C) the ratio of males to females among delinquents is somewhat lower than found in UCR data
D) the ratio of males to females iamong delinquents is much lower than found in the UCR data.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

A _____________ is a relationship that exists when two or more variables are associated.

A) Correlation
B) Theory
C) Hypothesesy
D) Causal linkage

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The observation that involvement in crime tends to decrease as people age is called:

A) Correlation reform
B) Delinquency reform
C) Maturational reform
D) Demographic reform

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following provides the basis of a cultural explanation of Aboriginal criminal behaviour ?

A) Aboriginals lack adequate economic opportunities
B) Aboriginals experience more inequality that the dominant society
C) sharing rather than private ownership is central to Aboriginal society
D) Aboriginal peoples have been colonized

Question 5

Data from 2003-2004 from the Adult Criminal Court Survey show that

A) Older adults are over-represented among accused persons when comparing the age distribution of offenders to the age distribution or the general adult population
B) Younger adults are over-represented among accused persons when comparing the age distribution of offenders to the age distribution or the general adult population
C) Younger females but not males are over-represented among accused persons when comparing the age distribution of offenders to the age distribution or the general adult population
D) Younger males but not females are over-represented among accused persons when comparing the age distribution of offenders to the age distribution or the general adult population

Question 6

When criminologists discover two phenomena which vary together they call it:

A) causation
B) variation
C) correlation
D) coexistence

Question 7

One of the major differences in comparing self-report data to UCR data is:

A) self-report studies tend to over represent minor crimes
B) self-=report data tend to overrepresent major crimes
C) UCR data tends to over represent minor crimes
D) UCR data tends to over represent major crimes

Question 8

Which of the following provides the basis of a structural explanation of Aboriginal criminal behaviour?

A) Aboriginals lack of middle class values held by the dominant White society
B) Aboriginals experience more unemployment than the dominant society
C) sharing rather than private ownership is central to Aboriginal society
D) Aboriginal peoples experience the court system differently from non-Aboriginals

Question 9

Canadian self-report research found that __________________ tended to diminish with increasing age,while ________________ increased.

A) General delinquency; murder and assault charges
B) Murder and assault charges; general delinquency
C) Drug and status offences; serious delinquency
D) Serious delinquency ; drug and status offences

Question 10

In comparing crime on Aboriginal reserves and those in other urban and rural areas it has been found that:

A) Offence rates are several times higher on reserves
B) offence rates are slightly higher on reserves
C) offence rates are slightly higher off reserves
D) offence rates are several times higher off reserves

Question 11

Criminologists normally focus on ________ in explaining changes in patterns of female criminal behaviour.

A) biological differences between males and females
B) more consistent reporting
C) socially structured differences in gender roles
D) changes in judges' perceptions

Question 12

According to the Toronto Youth Crime and Victimization Survey:

A) Asian youths were more likely to report gang membership while Black students reported the highest levels of drug and alcohol use.
B) Black youths were more likely to report gang membership while white students reported the highest levels of drug and alcohol use
C) White youths were more likely to report gang membership while black students reported the highest levels of drug and alcohol use
D) Black youths were more likely to report gang membership while Asian students reported the highest levels of drug and alcohol use

Question 13

Which of the following is true regarding Aboriginal offenders?

A) they are more likely than others to receive a positive parole recommendation
B) they are sentenced more leniently than others
C) they are more likely to engage in plea-bargaining
D) they are disadvantaged in pre-sentence recommendations

Question 14

Which characteristic is most strongly correlated with crime?

A) age
B) sex
C) region
D) city size

Question 15

When studying crime rates among aboriginal people,research shows that

A) Crime rates on reserves are higher than those outside reserves.
B) Crime rates outside the reserves are higher than those on reserves
C) Crime rates on reserves the same as outside reserves
D) Crime rates on reserves are lower than those outside reserves

Question 16

The "role convergence" hypothesis suggests that:

A) male criminal behaviour is becoming similar to that of females
B) female criminal behaviour is becoming similar to that of males
C) as social roles of the sexes become more equal, differences in their criminal behaviour will diminish
D) as a result of male and female roles become similar, male crime will increase out of frustration

Question 17

The two strongest known correlates of crime are:

A) race and culture
B) sex and age
C) age and region
D) personality and attitudes

Question 18

Which of the following groups is unde represented in crime statsitics relative to their share of the Canadian population.

A) Black
B) Aboriginals living on reserves
C) Aboriginals living off reserves
D) Asian

Question 19

Which of the following demonstrates a negative correlation?

A) As age increases, crime increases.
B) As income increases, crime increases.
C) As age increases, crime decreases.
D) The lower the number of prior convictions, the lower the changes of re-offending after being released from prison

Question 20

According to the text, powerful explanation for the fact that criminal behaviour peaks at a young age and then declines is:

A) increasingly harsh punishments
B) maturational reform
C) school frustrations get left behind
D) physical abilities decline with age

Question 21

Which of the following countries had the highest had the highest homicide rate in 2005?

A) United States
B) England and Wales
C) Canada
D) Japan