Deck 11: General Issues in Psychotherapy

Question 1

Which of the following statements is NOT true? Despite the overwhelming evidence offered by efficacy studies,

A)there is a gap between those who conduct efficacy research on psychotherapy and those who practice it.
B)the studies' results are not always heeded by those who practice therapy in the real world.
C)some practicing clinicians complain that researchers who conduct the studies do so in an artificial,contrived,and irrelevant manner.
D)there has yet to be a corresponding effectiveness study that supports their findings.

Answer 1

there has yet to be a corresponding effectiveness study that supports their findings.

Question 2

The term common factors refers to the idea that

A)intelligence tests by various authors (e.g. ,Wechsler and Binet)are based on the same underlying factors.
B)various forms of psychotherapy work about equally well because of fundamental,shared components.
C)the techniques used by behavioral,humanistic,psychodynamic,and cognitive psychotherapists are essentially similar.
D)projective and objective personality tests share essentially the same structure.

Answer 2

various forms of psychotherapy work about equally well because of fundamental,shared components.

Question 3

The extent to which a psychotherapy works in "real-world" settings (such as clinics,private practices,and hospitals)is best described as the _____ of that form of psychotherapy.

A)efficacy
B)effectiveness
C)evidence
D)none of the above

Answer 3

effectiveness

Question 4

The most common professional activity of clinical psychologists is _____.

A)personality assessment
B)intelligence testing
C)psychotherapy
D)teaching

Question 5

Which of the following statements most accurately summarizes the results of the thousands of psychotherapy efficacy studies that have been conducted?

A)Psychotherapy does not work.
B)Psychotherapy works.
C)Psychotherapy with female clients works;psychotherapy with male clients does not work.
D)It is not possible to determine whether psychotherapy works.

Question 6

Dr.Harbinger is studying a new psychotherapy treatment for depression.He carefully screens potential participants to make sure they fit strict diagnostic criteria and randomly assigns them to a treatment or control group.He is most likely conducting a(n)_____ study.

A)power
B)effectiveness
C)efficiency
D)efficacy

Question 7

Taking a(n)_____ approach to psychotherapy efficacy studies means attempting to identify and treat the underlying pathology that causes symptoms across related disorders.

A)monodiagnostic
B)polydiagnositc
C)transdiagnostic
D)bidiagnostic

Question 8

Compared to effectiveness studies,efficacy studies of psychotherapy outcome

A)typically have stronger internal validity.
B)typically include a wider variety of clients with more complex diagnostic profiles.
C)typically have stronger external validity.
D)are best conducted in private practice settings.

Question 9

The 1995 psychotherapy study published in Consumer Reports magazine

A)is an example of an efficacy study.
B)is an example of an effectiveness study.
C)concluded that treatment by a mental health professional usually did not produce benefits.
D)included a comparison group of individuals who were on the waiting list for psychotherapy but did not receive it.

Question 10

Barlow's development of a unified protocol is an example of a(n)_____ approach to psychotherapy efficacy studies.

A)monodiagnostic
B)polydiagnositc
C)transdiagnostic
D)bidiagnostic

Question 11

The "dodo bird verdict" refers to the finding that

A)behavioral psychotherapy is more beneficial than cognitive psychotherapy.
B)psychodynamic psychotherapy is more beneficial than humanistic psychotherapy.
C)behavioral psychotherapy is more beneficial than all other forms of psychotherapy.
D)various forms of psychotherapy are about equally beneficial.

Question 12

A(n)_____ statistically combines the results of many separate studies to create numerical representations of the effects of psychotherapy as tested across massive numbers of settings,therapists,and patients.

A)tripartite model
B)meta-analysis
C)effectiveness study
D)outcome measure

Question 13

Psychotherapy outcome researchers have proposed that _____,the nature of the relationship between client and psychotherapist,is a common factor across diverse forms of psychotherapy.

A)therapeutic alliance
B)hope
C)positive expectations
D)collaboration

Question 14

The tripartite model,a theory related to the measurement of psychotherapy outcome,was created by _____.

A)Hans Eysenck
B)Hans Strupp
C)Dianne Chambless
D)Bruce Wampold

Question 15

The primary finding of Hans Eysenck's 1952 review of psychotherapy outcome studies was that

A)psychotherapy was of little benefit,since most clients got better without it.
B)psychotherapy was beneficial when practiced by therapists with doctoral degrees,but not beneficial when practiced by therapists with master's or bachelor's degrees.
C)humanistic psychotherapy was significantly more effective than psychodynamic psychotherapy.
D)cognitive psychotherapy was significantly more effective than behavioral psychotherapy.

Question 16

The tripartite model was developed to address which question related to psychotherapy research?

A)Whose opinion should researchers seek?
B)When should researchers ask?
C)How should researchers measure psychotherapy outcome?
D)Where should psychotherapy studies be conducted?

Question 17

The extent to which a psychotherapy works in a controlled research setting with well-defined groups of patients is best described as the _____ of that form of psychotherapy.

A)efficacy
B)effectiveness
C)evidence
D)none of the above

Question 18

Researchers have examined to what extent practitioners use treatments supported by efficacy studies.What did they find?

A)Clinicians who are also psychotherapy researchers are more likely to place a high value on selecting treatments supported by efficacy studies.
B)Practitioners often cited their clinical experience,not efficacy studies,as a top factor in treatment selection.
C)Clinicians preferred treatments supported by efficacy studies when the treatments were manualized to an extent that did not allow any deviation from the protocol.
D)Dissemination of treatments supported by efficacy studies to clinicians is relatively easy.

Question 19

In addition to effectiveness and efficacy,other ways to measure psychotherapy outcome include

A)the neurobiological effects of psychotherapy and medical cost offset.
B)medical cost offset,but not the neurobiological effects of psychotherapy.
C)the neurobiological effects of psychotherapy,but not medical cost offset.
D)neither medical cost offset nor the neurobiological effects of psychotherapy.

Question 20

A strategy for disseminating psychotherapy treatments supported by efficacy research in which groups of researchers and practitioners collaborate throughout the research process is known as _____.

A)practice-oriented research
B)communal research
C)effectiveness research
D)collaborative research

Question 21

Who are the three parties described in the tripartite model that should be consulted to determine what constitutes a successful therapy outcome?

Question 22

Chiles et al.(1999)conducted a review of over 90 studies of the effect of psychotherapy on medical costs and found that,in comparison to clients receiving no psychotherapy,clients receiving psychotherapy

A)had higher medical costs.
B)spent more days in the hospital.
C)required more time to recovery from surgery.
D)reduced their need for emergency room visits.

Question 23

Over the past three months,Jennifer's family has repeatedly expressed concern about her abuse of alcohol.Jennifer refuses to acknowledge that problems have arisen from her drinking,and she clearly states she has no desire to change her behaviors.In the stages of change model developed by Norcross,Krebs,and Prochaska (2011),Jennifer is in the _____ stage.

A)precontemplation
B)contemplation
C)preparation
D)action

Question 24

The correct order of Lambert and Ogles's (2004)three-stage sequential model of common factors is

A)support,learning,action.
B)learning,action,support.
C)action,support,learning.
D)learning,support,action.

Question 25

A(n)_____ approach to psychotherapy involves blending techniques in order to create an entirely new,hybrid form of therapy.

A)integrative
B)psychodynamic
C)eclectic
D)behavioral

Question 26

According to surveys of clinical psychologists since 1960,the popularity of cognitive therapy

A)has decreased.
B)has increased.
C)increased in the 1960s and 1970s,but decreased in the 1980s,1990s,and 2000s.
D)has remained constant.

Question 27

Based on the textbook,researchers have measured the outcome of psychotherapy by doing all of the following EXCEPT

A)assessing the reduction in spending on medical services when psychotherapy is provided.
B)using PET and fMRI scans to view changes in the brain subsequent to psychotherapy.
C)surveying clients about their experiences in psychotherapy.
D)comparing hemoglobin levels between those with and without mental disorders.

Question 28

An approach to psychotherapy in which specific therapy techniques are viewed as the treatment of choice for specific disorders is best described as the _____ approach.

A)behavioral
B)prescriptive
C)common-factors
D)relationship-based

Question 29

The dodo bird verdict has been challenged by some psychotherapy researchers,including _____.

A)Bruce Wampold
B)Dianne Chambless
C)Stanley Messer
D)Henrietta Churchill

Question 30

Among the following individuals,who would be most likely to support a prescriptive approach to therapy?

A)Bruce Wampold
B)Dianne Chambless
C)Stanley Messer
D)Henrietta Churchill

Question 31

A(n)_____ approach to psychotherapy involves selecting the best treatment for a given client based on empirical data from studies of the treatment of similar clients.

A)integrative
B)psychodynamic
C)eclectic
D)behavioral

Question 32

According to a survey of experts in the field of clinical psychology (Norcross,Pfund,& Prochaska,2013),which of the following is likely to happen in the near future?

A)A rise in the use of cognitive and behavioral approaches to psychotherapy
B)A decline in the use of evidence-based forms of psychotherapy
C)A decline in the use of eclectic/integrative approaches to psychotherapy
D)A rise in the use of classic psychoanalysis

Question 33

According to surveys of clinical psychologists since 1960,the most commonly endorsed psychotherapy orientation

A)was the eclectic/integrative orientation until 2010,when the cognitive orientation was most commonly endorsed.
B)has consistently been the behavioral orientation.
C)has consistently been the psychodynamic orientation.
D)was the psychodynamic orientation until the 1980s,and has been the behavioral orientation since that time.

Question 34

According to surveys of clinical psychologists since 1960,the humanistic orientation to psychotherapy

A)was the most commonly endorsed orientation in the 1970s.
B)was the most commonly endorsed orientation in the 1990s.
C)has steadily increased in popularity through the 2010s.
D)has decreased in popularity from the late 1980s to present.

Question 35

In the stages of change model developed by Norcross,Krebs,and Prochaska (2011),a patient in the _____ stage is aware that a problem exists,considering doing something to address it,but is not ready to commit to any real effort in that direction.

A)precontemplation
B)contemplation
C)preparation
D)action

Question 36

The tripartite model,created by Hans Strupp and colleagues,essentially suggests that

A)multiple parties may have meaningful and potentially inconsistent views of psychotherapy outcome.
B)various styles of psychotherapy are equally effective due to common factors.
C)the success of the first three sessions of psychotherapy correlates very strongly to the eventual success of psychotherapy after its completion.
D)psychotherapy yields the best results when at least three approaches are blended together into a new,integrative approach.

Question 37

When a client's preference for type of psychotherapy is honored,it

A)has little effect on the client's dropout rate.
B)decreases client satisfaction with treatment.
C)is unrelated to how much benefit the client derives from treatment.
D)can enhance the therapy relationship and outcome.

Question 38

What was the conclusion of Hans Eysenck's (1952)study of psychotherapy?

Question 39

A recent survey of clinical psychologists (Norcross & Karpiak,2012)found that the format of psychotherapy that was practiced by the highest percentage of clinical psychologists was _____.

A)marital/couples
B)individual
C)family
D)group

Question 40

According to surveys of clinical psychologists since 1960,the popularity of psychodynamic psychotherapy

A)has generally decreased.
B)has remained constant.
C)decreased through the 1960s and 1970s,but increased in the 1980s,1990s,and 2000s.
D)has increased.

Question 41

List two common factors discussed in the text.

Question 42

In 2010,what was the orientation most endorsed by clinical psychologists?

Question 43

What is the difference between the efficacy and effectiveness of a form of psychotherapy?

Question 44

List and briefly describe each of the stages in Norcross,Krebs,and Prochaska's (2011)stages of change model.

Question 45

What is the most common format of psychotherapy practiced by clinical psychologists?

Question 46

What is the dodo bird verdict?

Question 47

List and briefly explain three common factors proposed by psychotherapy outcome researchers.

Question 48

_____ refers to how well psychotherapy works "in the lab."

Question 49

A(n)_____ approach to therapy blends techniques to create an entirely new,hybrid form of therapy.

Question 50

Briefly compare and contrast eclectic and integrative approaches to psychotherapy.