Deck 5: Socialization

Question 1

If you were to put together the lessons learned from the cases of Anna, Isabelle, and Genie, you would correctly conclude that

A) social experience plays a crucial part in forming human personality.
B) both social experience and the presence of the birth mother are crucial to early development.
C) the effect of long-term social isolation can be overcome in a relatively short time.
D) once social isolation sets in, its effects are irreversible.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

George Herbert Mead considered the self to be

A) that part of an individual's personality composed of self-awareness and self-image.
B) the presence of culture within the individual.
C) basic drives that are self-centred.
D) present in infants at the time of their birth.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

For Jean Piaget, at which stage of development do individuals first use language and other cultural symbols?

A) sensorimotor stage
B) pre-operational stage
C) concrete operational stage
D) formal operational stage

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Carol Gilligan extended Kohlberg's research, showing that

A) girls and boys typically assess situations as right and wrong using different standards.
B) girls are more interested in right and wrong than boys are.
C) boys are more interested in right and wrong than girls are.
D) the ability to assess situations as right and wrong typically develops only as young people enter the teenage years.

Question 5

Based on both the Harlows' research with rhesus monkeys and the case of Anna, the isolated child, one might reasonably conclude that

A) the two species react differently to social isolation.
B) both monkeys and humans "bounce back" from long-term isolation.
C) even a few days of social isolation permanently damages both monkeys and humans.
D) long-term social isolation leads to permanent developmental damage in both monkeys and humans.

Question 6

The focus of Lawrence Kohlberg's research was

A) cognition.
B) the importance of gender in socialization.
C) moral reasoning.
D) isolation.

Question 7

Jean Piaget's focus was on

A) how children develop their motor skills.
B) how children are stimulated by their environment.
C) the role of heredity in shaping human behaviour.
D) cognition, or how people think and understand.

Question 8

Our basic drives or needs as humans are reflected in Freud's concept of

A) superego.
B) ego.
C) id.
D) generalized other.

Question 9

The tragic case of Anna, the isolated girl studied by Kingsley Davis, shows that

A) humans have most of the same instincts found in other animal species.
B) without social experience, a child is incapable of thought or meaningful action.
C) personality is present in humans at birth.
D) many human instincts disappear after the first few years of life.

Question 10

Which theory developed by the psychologist John B. Watson claims human behaviour is not instinctive but learned within a social environment?

A) behaviourism
B) biological psychology
C) evolutionary psychology
D) naturalism

Question 11

According to Piaget, in what stage of human development do individuals experience the world only through sensory contact?

A) sensorimotor stage
B) pre-operational stage
C) concrete operational stage
D) formal operational stage

Question 12

What concept refers to a person's fairly consistent pattern of acting, thinking, and feeling?

A) socialization
B) behaviour
C) human nature
D) personality

Question 13

In Freud's model of personality, what represents the presence of culture within the individual?

A) id
B) ego
C) superego
D) thanatos

Question 14

The Harlow experiments to discover the effects of social isolation on rhesus monkeys showed that

A) monkeys isolated for six months were highly fearful when returned to others of their kind.
B) isolated monkeys able to cuddle artificial mothers developed normally.
C) even several days of social isolation permanently damaged infant monkeys.
D) monkeys are unable to tell the difference between an authentic and an artificial mother.

Question 15

In Freud's model of personality, which element of the personality represents a person's efforts to balance the demands of society and innate pleasure-seeking drives?

A) id
B) ego
C) superego
D) generalized other

Question 16

In the nature versus nurture debate, sociologists claim that

A) nature is far more important than nurture.
B) nurture is far more important than nature.
C) nature and nurture have equal importance.
D) neither nature nor nurture creates the essence of our humanity.

Question 17

The social sciences, including sociology, make the claim that

A) humans have instincts that guide our lives.
B) biological forces underlie human culture.
C) as humans, to nurture is our nature.
D) Darwin's model of biological evolution explains patterns of human culture.

Question 18

Applying Freud's thinking to a sociological analysis of personality development, you would conclude that

A) human behaviour is basically random.
B) humans have basic, self-centred drives that must be controlled by learning the ways of society.
C) societies encourage people to become self-centred.
D) humans can never become cultural creatures.

Question 19

Carol Gilligan's work on the issue of self-esteem in girls showed that

A) girls begin with low self-esteem, but it gradually increases as they progress through adolescence.
B) at all ages, girls have higher self-esteem than boys.
C) at all ages, boys have higher self-esteem than girls.
D) girls begin with high levels of self-esteem, which gradually decrease as they go through adolescence.

Question 20

What concept refers to the lifelong social experience by which human beings develop their potential and learn culture?

A) socialization
B) personality
C) human nature
D) behaviourism

Question 21

The special contribution of schooling to the socialization process includes

A) exposing the child to a bureaucratic setting.
B) exposing the child to people of similar social backgrounds.
C) teaching children to be highly flexible and to express their individuality.
D) helping children break free of gender roles.

Question 22

The special importance of the peer group is the fact that it

A) has a greater effect than parents on children's long-term goals.
B) lets children escape the direct supervision of parents.
C) gives children experience in an impersonal setting.
D) shelters children from social negativity.

Question 23

According to Mead, children learn to take the role of the other as they model themselves on important people in their lives, such as parents. Mead referred to these people as

A) role models.
B) looking-glass models.
C) significant others.
D) the generalized other.

Question 24

When Cooley used the concept "looking-glass self," he meant to say that

A) people are self-centred.
B) people see themselves as they think others see them.
C) people see things only from their own point of view.
D) our actions are a reflection of our values.

Question 25

Which of the following statements comes closest to describing Erik H. Erikson's view of socialization?

A) Personality develops over the entire life course in patterned stages.
B) Personality involves tensions between the forces of biology and forces of culture.
C) We come to see ourselves as we think others see us.
D) Most of our personality development takes place in childhood.

Question 26

Who wrote "No hard-and-fast line can be drawn between ourselves and the selves of others"?

A) Gilligan
B) Kohlberg
C) Mead
D) Freud

Question 27

Today, the factor people most commonly use in deciding if a person has reached adulthood is noting if the young woman or young man

A) has completed all schooling.
B) has a full-time job, with the ability to support a family.
C) is married and has a child.
D) has a good relationship with their parents.

Question 28

According to Mead, social experience involves

A) understanding the world in terms of our senses.
B) the exchange of symbols.
C) a mix of biological instinct and learning.
D) acting but not thinking.

Question 29

On the basis of Melvin Kohn's study of what parents expect of their children, high-income parents are likely to be most concerned when their child

A) is given a "tardy slip" for being late to school.
B) needs to be told what he should draw during free art time.
C) is labelled a "non-conformist."
D) is said to have an "active imagination."

Question 30

Mead considered the "generalized other" to be

A) important individuals in the child's life.
B) a person who provides complete care for a child.
C) any "significant other."
D) widespread cultural norms and values people take as their own.

Question 31

Erikson's theory of personality development states that

A) everyone confronts the stages of development in random order.
B) we develop according to challenges throughout our lives, delineated by eight observable stages.
C) personality development is secondary to the development of the id, ego, and the superego.
D) the looking-glass self is the primary determining factor in this development.

Question 32

Mead would agree with only one of the following statements. Which one is it?

A) Socialization ends with the development of self.
B) If you win $100 million in a lottery, your self might change.
C) People are puppets with little control over their lives.
D) Human behaviour reflects both nature and nurture.

Question 33

Mead placed the origin of the self in

A) biological drives.
B) genetics.
C) social experience.
D) the functioning of the brain.

Question 34

By 2001, approximately _______% of Canadian households had colour televisions.

A) 22
B) 44
C) 66
D) 99

Question 35

When people model themselves after the members of peer groups they would like to join, they are engaging in

A) group conformity.
B) future directedness.
C) anticipatory socialization.
D) group rejection.

Question 36

Family is important to the socialization process because

A) family members are often what Mead called "generalized others."
B) families pass along to children social identity in terms of class, ethnicity, and religion.
C) extended family has a greater impact than immediate family.
D) It is not actually important.

Question 37

By "taking the role of the other," Mead had in mind

A) imagining a situation in terms of past experience.
B) recognizing that people have different views of most situations.
C) imagining a situation from another person's point of view.
D) trading self-centredness for a focus on helping other people.

Question 38

In historical perspective, the importance of the mass media to the socialization process has

A) increased over time.
B) been about the same over the last century.
C) decreased over time.
D) The mass media have never played a large part in the socialization process.

Question 39

In Mead's model, which sequence correctly orders stages of the developing self?

A) imitation, play, game, generalized other
B) imitation, generalized other, play, game
C) imitation, game, play, generalized other
D) imitation, generalized other, play, game

Question 40

Thinking about how patterns of child rearing vary by class, lower-class parents generally stress _____, while well-to-do parents typically stress _____.

A) independence; protecting children
B) independence; dependence
C) obedience; creativity
D) creativity; obedience

Question 41

Looking at childhood in global perspective, we find that

A) childhood is a time of play and learning everywhere.
B) rich societies extend childhood much longer than poor societies do.
C) poor societies extend childhood much longer than rich societies do.
D) biological immaturity is the main factor that defines childhood.

Question 42

Psychologist John B. Watson claimed that specific patterns of behaviour are not instinctive, but learned.

Question 43

Industrial societies typically define people in old age as

A) the most wise.
B) the most knowledgeable about current fashion and trends.
C) more out of touch and less socially important than younger adults.
D) the most valued members of society.

Question 44

According to Erving Goffman, the goal of a total institution is

A) to help integrate a troubled patient into the outside world.
B) to give a person greater choices about how to live.
C) to radically alter a person's personality or behaviour.
D) to encourage lifelong learning in a supervised context.

Question 45

Which of the following traits linked to a total institution is NOT correct?

A) Staff members supervise all the daily life of inmates.
B) Staff members encourage the individual growth and creativity of inmates.
C) Inmates have standardized food, clothing, and activities.
D) Formal rules direct people's daily routines.

Question 46

In her research, Elisabeth Kübler-Ross found that death

A) is defined in much the same way in every society.
B) is an orderly transition involving specific stages.
C) is a topic that people in the United States have always been comfortable discussing.
D) is a chaotic mess which defies categorization.

Question 47

Based on what you have read in this chapter, you would correctly conclude that

A) the way we think and act has no effect on how society operates.
B) human beings are defined and predictable, preventing them from changing society.
C) human beings have the capacity to overcome even great challenges.
D) once a human being becomes an inmate, they can never be reintroduced to society.

Question 48

A "cohort" is

A) a part of a person's personality.
B) a category of people with something in common.
C) a group that has special importance for socialization.
D) the term for human basic drives.

Question 49

Based on the text's survey of the life course, you might conclude that

A) life-course stages are shaped by society and have nothing to do with biology.
B) life-course stages are much the same throughout the world.
C) while life-course stages are linked to biology, they are largely a social construction.
D) life-course stages have changed little over recent centuries.

Question 50

Which of the following is NOT one of the five stages of death and dying identified by Kubler-Ross?

A) denial
B) anger
C) resignation
D) exuberance

Question 51

What is the term sociologists give to a category of people with a common characteristic, usually their age?

A) age subculture
B) generation
C) age group
D) cohort

Question 52

Which of the following concepts refers to a setting where a staff tries to radically change someone's personality through carefully controlling the environment?

A) anticipatory social centre
B) cohort community
C) a total institution
D) a degradation ceremony

Question 53

Which of the following best sums up Goffman's idea of the resocialization process?

A) break down an old identity, then build up a new identity
B) reward inmates for being creative
C) help integrate inmates into the larger society
D) establish dominance in the hierarchy of a new social class.

Question 54

About _________ million of the world's children work in factories instead of going to school.

A) 1
B) 12
C) 38
D) 250

Question 55

Resocialization is a two-part process-first, the existing identity is broken down and, second

A) a new self is built.
B) the existing self is thoroughly analyzed.
C) the individual is asked how they would like to change.
D) the old self is restructured to be more workable.

Question 56

The Harlow studies found that six months of social isolation was sufficient to permanently damage infant rhesus monkeys.

Question 57

According to Table 5-1, after "Canadian/Canadien," what is the largest ethnic or racial category in Canada?

A) French
B) North American Indian
C) Chinese
D) English

Question 58

Based on what you have read in this chapter, how would sociologists explain the fact that many young people in Canada experience adolescence as a time of confusion?

A) There are cultural inconsistencies in the definition of this stage of life as partly childlike and partly adultlike.
B) Hormones greatly affect young people as they mature.
C) Growth always involves change, and change is confusing.
D) Adolescence is supposed to be a time of carefree play, but most adolescents are forced to work.

Question 59

The "Controversy and Debate Box" in Chapter 5 discusses which of the following total institutions?

A) a prison
B) a psychiatric hospital
C) a boot camp
D) a boarding school

Question 60

An inmate who loses the capacity for independent living is described as

A) unsocialized.
B) integrated.
C) institutionalized.
D) dissociated.

Question 61

Erik H. Erikson emphasized that almost all important socialization takes place in childhood.

Question 62

In Freud's model of personality, the superego manages the opposing forces of the id and the ego.

Question 63

What we know of the later lives of socially isolated children squares with the finding of the Harlows' research.

Question 64

Cooley's term for self-image based on how we think others see us is "mirrored image."

Question 65

Schools provide children with early experience of bureaucracy.

Question 66

The "ego" in Freud's model of personality is the same as "conscience."

Question 67

According to Piaget, people think abstractly and critically in the concrete operational stage.

Question 68

During adolescence, the family's influence on children virtually stops.

Question 69

Mead's concepts of the "I" and the "me" are close parallels of Freud's concepts of the id and the superego.

Question 70

According to Jean Piaget, language and other symbols are first used in the pre-operational stage.

Question 71

While many researchers have studied outward behaviour, George Herbert Mead focused on symbolic meaning-specifically the meaning people attach to behaviour.

Question 72

Lawrence Kohlberg claims that individuals develop the capacity for moral reasoning in stages as they grow older.

Question 73

Mead's theory of the self is completely social; he recognized no role for biology in personality development.

Question 74

Socialization within the family is always intentional.

Question 75

The "id" in Freud's work represents the human being's basic needs, which are unconscious and demand immediate satisfaction.

Question 76

The tragic case of Anna shows how, without adequate nutrition, a human being cannot develop a healthy personality.

Question 77

According to Carol Gilligan, the self-esteem of girls steadily increases through the teenage years.

Question 78

Even years of social isolation in infancy may not cause permanent and irreversible developmental damage.

Question 79

Of all social institutions, the family has the greatest impact on socialization.

Question 80

Mass media is the means for delivering impersonal communication to a vast audience.