Deck 21: The Respiratory System

Question 1

The lungs are perfused by two circulations: the pulmonary and the bronchial. The pulmonary circulation is for oxygenation of blood. The bronchial circulation supplies blood to the lung structures (tissue).

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Figure 21.2
Using Figure 21.2, match the following:
Air that does not participate in the exchange of gases.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Ventilation perfusion coupling means that more blood flows past functional alveoli than past nonfunctional alveoli.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Figure 21.2
Using Figure 21.2, match the following:
Residual volume.

Question 5

Figure 21.1
Using Figure 21.1, match the following:
Pharynx.

Question 6

Match the following:

A) Total lung capacity
B) Vital capacity
C) Inspiratory capacity
D) Functional residual capacity
TV + IRV + ERV + RV

Question 7

Match the following:

A) Total lung capacity
B) Vital capacity
C) Inspiratory capacity
D) Functional residual capacity
ERV + RV

Question 8

Intrapleural pressure is normally about 4 mm Hg less than the pressure in the alveoli.

Question 9

The functions of the nasal conchae are to enhance the air turbulence in the cavity and to increase the mucosal surface area exposed to the air.

Question 10

Figure 21.1
Using Figure 21.1, match the following:
Carina of trachea.

Question 11

Figure 21.2
Using Figure 21.2, match the following:
Inspiratory reserve volume.

Question 12

Figure 21.1
Using Figure 21.1, match the following:
Main (primary) bronchus.

Question 13

Match the following:

A) Total lung capacity
B) Vital capacity
C) Inspiratory capacity
D) Functional residual capacity
TV + IRV

Question 14

Changes in arterial pH can modify respiration rate and rhythm even when carbon dioxide and oxygen levels are normal.

Question 15

Figure 21.2
Using Figure 21.2, match the following:
Expiratory reserve volume.

Question 16

Match the following:

A) Total lung capacity
B) Vital capacity
C) Inspiratory capacity
D) Functional residual capacity
TV + IRV + ERV

Question 17

Figure 21.1
Using Figure 21.1, match the following:
Trachea.

Question 18

The olfactory mucosal lining of the nasal cavity contains the receptors for the sense of smell.

Question 19

Figure 21.1
Using Figure 21.1, match the following:
Larynx.

Question 20

Figure 21.2
Using Figure 21.2, match the following:
Tidal volume.

Question 21

The largest amount of carbon dioxide is transported in the bloodstream in the form of carbonic anhydrase.

Question 22

The average individual has 500 ml of residual volume in his lungs.

Question 23

The alveolar ventilation rate is the best index of effective ventilation.

Question 24

Nasal conchae mainly work on inhalation to warm and moisten air. They serve minor functions for exhalation.

Question 25

Under certain conditions, the vocal folds act as a sphincter that prevents air passage.

Question 26

As carbon dioxide enters systemic blood, it causes more oxygen to dissociate from hemoglobin (the Haldane effect), which in turn allows more CO₂ to combine with hemoglobin and more bicarbonate ions to be generated (the Bohr effect).

Question 27

Tracheal obstruction is life threatening.

Question 28

Atelectasis (lung collapse) renders the lung useless for ventilation.

Question 29

Smoking diminishes ciliary action and eventually destroys the cilia.

Question 30

Oxygenated hemoglobin releases oxygen more readily when the pH is more basic.

Question 31

Increased temperature results in decreased O₂ unloading from hemoglobin.

Question 32

The paired lungs occupy all of the thoracic cavity.

Question 33

The parietal pleura lines the thoracic wall.

Question 34

Valsalva's maneuver involves closing off the glottis (preventing expiration) while contracting the muscles of expiration, causing an increase in intra-abdominal pressure.

Question 35

The Hering-Breuer reflex is a potentially dangerous response that may cause overinflation of the lung.

Question 36

Strong emotions and pain acting through the limbic system activate sympathetic centers in the hypothalamus, thus modulating respiratory rate and depth by sending signals to the respiratory centers.

Question 37

Dalton's law states that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixture.

Question 38

Labored breathing is termed dyspnea.

Question 39

During normal quiet breathing, approximately 750 ml of air moves into and out of the lungs with each breath.

Question 40

In chronic bronchitis, mucus production is decreased and this leads to the inflammation and fibrosis of the mucosal lining of the bronchial tree.

Question 41

In the plasma, the quantity of oxygen in solution is ________.

A) only about 1.5% of the oxygen carried in blood
B) about equal to the oxygen combined with hemoglobin
C) greater than the oxygen combined with hemoglobin
D) not present except where it is combined with carrier molecules

Question 42

Intrapulmonary pressure is the ________.

A) pressure within the pleural cavity
B) pressure within the alveoli of the lungs
C) negative pressure in the intrapleural space
D) difference between atmospheric pressure and respiratory pressure

Question 43

Which of the following counteracts the movement of bicarbonate ions from the RBC?

A) the Bohr effect
B) the Haldane effect
C) chloride shifting
D) release of hydrogen ion

Question 44

The local matching of blood flow with ventilation is ________.

A) the Bohr effect
B) the Haldane effect
C) chloride shifting
D) ventilation-perfusion coupling

Question 45

Which of the following maintains the patency (openness) of the trachea?

A) surface tension of water
B) surfactant production
C) C-shaped cartilage rings
D) pseudostratified ciliated epithelium

Question 46

With the Bohr effect, more oxygen is released because a(n) ________.

A) decrease in pH (acidosis) strengthens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond
B) decrease in pH (acidosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond
C) increase in pH (alkalosis) strengthens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond
D) increase in pH (alkalosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond

Question 47

The loudness of a person's voice depends on the ________.

A) thickness of vestibular folds
B) length of the vocal folds
C) strength of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles
D) force with which air rushes across the vocal folds

Question 48

The major nonelastic source of resistance to air flow in the respiratory passageways is ________.

A) surfactant
B) surface tension
C) friction
D) air pressure

Question 49

Complete the following statement using the choices below. Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is ________.

A) less than the pressure in the atmosphere
B) greater than the pressure in the atmosphere
C) equal to the pressure in the atmosphere
D) greater than the intra-alveolar pressure

Question 50

Which of the choices below describes the forces that act to pull the lungs away from the thorax wall and thus collapse the lungs?

A) the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid
B) compliance and transpulmonary pressures
C) the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and transpulmonary pressures
D) compliance and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid

Question 51

Unlike inspiration, expiration is a passive act because no muscular contractions are involved. Expiration, however, depends on two factors. Which of the choices below lists those two factors?

A) the recoil of elastic fibers that were stretched during inspiration and the inward pull of surface tension due to the film of alveolar fluid
B) the expansion of respiratory muscles that were contracted during inspiration and the lack of surface tension on the alveolar wall
C) the negative feedback of expansion fibers used during inspiration and the outward pull of surface tension due to surfactant
D) combined amount of CO₂ in the blood and air in the alveoli

Question 52

Which of the following is not a form of lung cancer?

A) adenocarcinoma
B) Kaposi's sarcoma
C) small cell carcinoma
D) squamous cell carcinoma

Question 53

The most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is ________.

A) loss of oxygen in tissues
B) increase of carbon dioxide
C) acidosis
D) alkalosis

Question 54

Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by ________.

A) humidifying the air before it enters
B) warming the air before it enters
C) interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid
D) protecting the surface of alveoli from dehydration and other environmental variations

Question 55

The main site of gas exchange is the ________.

A) alveolar sacs
B) alveoli
C) alveolar duct
D) respiratory bronchiole

Question 56

The relationship between gas pressure and gas volume is described by ________.

A) Boyle's law
B) Henry's law
C) Charles' law
D) Dalton's law

Question 57

The statement, "in a mixture of gases, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of gases in the mixture" paraphrases ________.

A) Henry's law
B) Boyle's law
C) Dalton's law
D) Charles' law

Question 58

For gas exchange to be efficient, the respiratory membrane must be ________.

A) at least 3 micrometers thick
B) 0.5 to 1 micrometer thick
C) between 5 and 6 micrometers thick
D) The thickness of the respiratory membrane is not important in the efficiency of gas exchange.

Question 59

Which of the following is not an event necessary to supply the body with O₂ and dispose of CO₂?

A) pulmonary ventilation
B) blood pH adjustment
C) internal respiration
D) external respiration

Question 60

The walls of the alveoli are composed of two types of cells, type I and type II. The function of type II is to ________.

A) secrete surfactant
B) trap dust and other debris
C) replace mucus in the alveoli
D) protect the lungs from bacterial invasion

Question 61

The respiratory membrane is a combination of ________.

A) respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts
B) alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basement membranes
C) atria and alveolar sacs
D) respiratory bronchioles and alveolar sacs

Question 62

Factors that influence the rate and depth of breathing include ________.

A) thalamic control
B) voluntary cortical control
C) stretch receptors in the alveoli
D) temperature of alveolar air

Question 63

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through all cell membranes by ________.

A) osmosis
B) diffusion
C) filtration
D) active transport

Question 64

Which of the choices below determines the direction of respiratory gas movement?

A) solubility in water
B) partial pressure gradient
C) the temperature
D) molecular weight and size of the gas molecule

Question 65

Select the correct statement about the pharynx.

A) The pharyngeal tonsil is located in the laryngopharynx.
B) The auditory tube drains into the nasopharynx.
C) The laryngopharynx blends posteriorly into the nasopharynx.
D) The palatine tonsils are embedded in the lateral walls of the nasopharynx.

Question 66

Which of the following is not a stimulus for breathing?

A) rising carbon dioxide levels
B) rising blood pressure
C) arterial Po₂ below 60 mm Hg
D) acidosis resulting from CO₂ retention

Question 67

The amount of air that can be inspired above the tidal volume is called ________.

A) reserve air
B) expiratory capacity
C) inspiratory reserve
D) vital capacity

Question 68

Which of the following incorrectly describes mechanisms of CO₂ transport?

A) 7-10% of CO₂ is dissolved directly into the plasma
B) 20% of CO₂ is carried in the form of carbaminohemoglobin
C) as bicarbonate ion in plasma
D) attached to the heme part of hemoglobin

Question 69

Gas emboli may occur because a ________.

A) person holds his breath too long
B) diver holds his breath upon ascent
C) pilot holds her breath upon descent
D) person breathes pure oxygen in a pressurized chamber

Question 70

The larynx contains ________.

A) the thyroid cartilage
B) a cricoid cartilage also called the Adam's apple
C) an upper pair of avascular mucosal folds called True vocal folds
D) lateral cartilage ridges called False vocal folds

Question 71

Respiratory control centers are located in the ________.

A) midbrain and medulla
B) medulla and pons
C) pons and midbrain
D) upper spinal cord and medulla

Question 72

Which of the following determines lung compliance?

A) airway opening
B) flexibility of the thoracic cage
C) muscles of inspiration
D) alveolar surface tension

Question 73

Which of the following provide the greatest surface area for gas exchange?

A) alveolar sacs
B) alveoli
C) respiratory bronchioles
D) alveolar ducts

Question 74

Which statement about CO₂ is incorrect?

A) Its concentration in the blood is decreased by hyperventilation.
B) Its accumulation in the blood is associated with a decrease in pH.
C) More CO₂ dissolves in the blood plasma than is carried in the RBCs.
D) CO₂ concentrations are greater in venous blood than arterial blood.

Question 75

The lung volume that represents the total volume of exchangeable air is the ________.

A) tidal volume
B) vital capacity
C) inspiratory capacity
D) expiratory reserve volume

Question 76

Tidal volume is air ________.

A) remaining in the lungs after forced expiration
B) exchanged during normal breathing
C) inhaled after normal inspiration
D) forcibly expelled after normal expiration

Question 77

Which of the choices below is not a role of the pleura?

A) allows the lungs to inflate and deflate without friction
B) helps divide the thoracic cavity into three chambers
C) helps limit the spread of local infections
D) aids in blood flow to and from the heart because the heart sits between the lungs

Question 78

How is the bulk of carbon dioxide carried in blood?

A) chemically combined with the amino acids of hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin in the red blood cells
B) as the bicarbonate ion in the plasma after first entering the red blood cells
C) as carbonic acid in the plasma
D) chemically combined with the heme portion of hemoglobin

Question 79

Possible causes of hypoxia include ________.

A) too little oxygen in the atmosphere
B) obstruction of the esophagus
C) taking several rapid deep breaths
D) getting very cold

Question 80

Which respiratory-associated muscles would contract if you were to blow up a balloon?

A) diaphragm would contract, external intercostals would relax
B) internal intercostals and abdominal muscles would contract
C) external intercostals would contract and diaphragm would relax
D) diaphragm contracts, internal intercostals would relax