Deck 23: Nutrition, Metabolism, and Body Temperature Regulation

Question 1

Match the following:

A) glycogenesis
B) gluconeogenesis
C) glycogenolysis
D) glycolysis
Storage of glucose in the form of glycogen.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Match the following:

A) Glycolysis
B) Krebs cycle
C) Electron transport chain
Involves the removal of hydrogen electrons and CO₂ from the substrate molecule.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Figure 23.1
Using Figure 23.1, match the following:
Produces the CO₂ involved during glucose oxidation.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Match the following:

A) Glycolysis
B) Krebs cycle
C) Electron transport chain
Involves the use of oxygen to pick up excess hydrogen and electrons.

Question 5

Figure 23.1
Using Figure 23.1, match the following:
Where the hydrogen atoms removed during the oxidation of food fuels are combined with O₂.

Question 6

Match the following:

A) Glycolysis
B) Krebs cycle
C) Electron transport chain
Occurs in the cytosol of a cell.

Question 7

Match the following:

A) glycogenesis
B) gluconeogenesis
C) glycogenolysis
D) glycolysis
Breakdown of glycogen to release glucose.

Question 8

Figure 23.1
Using Figure 23.1, match the following:
ATP formed by oxidative phosphorylation.

Question 9

Figure 23.1
Using Figure 23.1, match the following:
Ten-step enzymatically driven process that converts glucose into pyruvic acid.

Question 10

Match the following:

A) Glycolysis
B) Krebs cycle
C) Electron transport chain
Produces the most ATP.

Question 11

Match the following:

A) Glycolysis
B) Krebs cycle
C) Electron transport chain
Glucose serves as the initial reactant.

Question 12

Match the following:

A) glycogenesis
B) gluconeogenesis
C) glycogenolysis
D) glycolysis
Breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid.

Question 13

Figure 23.1
Using Figure 23.1, match the following:
Involves sugar activation, sugar cleavage, and oxidation and ATP formation.

Question 14

Match the following:

A) beta oxidation
B) ketogenesis
C) lipogenesis
D) lipolysis
Formation of ketone bodies.

Question 15

Figure 23.1
Using Figure 23.1, match the following:
Occurs via substrate-level phosphorylation.

Question 16

Match the following:

A) glycogenesis
B) gluconeogenesis
C) glycogenolysis
D) glycolysis
Formation of glucose from proteins or fats.

Question 17

Match the following:

A) beta oxidation
B) ketogenesis
C) lipogenesis
D) lipolysis
Splitting of triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids.

Question 18

Match the following:

A) beta oxidation
B) ketogenesis
C) lipogenesis
D) lipolysis
Conversion of fatty acids into acetyl groups.

Question 19

Figure 23.1
Using Figure 23.1, match the following:
Contains ATP synthases, small rotary motors.

Question 20

Match the following:

A) beta oxidation
B) ketogenesis
C) lipogenesis
D) lipolysis
Synthesis of lipids from glucose or amino acids.

Question 21

There are no complete proteins. All animal products should be eaten with plant material to make a complete protein.

Question 22

The preferred energy fuel for the brain is fat.

Question 23

The amount of protein needed by each person is determined by the age, size, and metabolic rate of the person.

Question 24

Glycogenesis begins when ATP levels are high, and glucose entering cells is phosphorylated to glucose-6-phosphate and converted to its isomer, glucose-1-phosphate.

Question 25

Match the following:

A) convection
B) evaporation
C) conduction
D) radiation
Heat loss in the form of infrared waves.

Question 26

In order for amino acids to be oxidized for energy, the amine group (NH₂) must be removed.

Question 27

Beta oxidation is the initial phase of fatty acid oxidation, and it occurs in the cytoplasm.

Question 28

Match the following:

A) convection
B) evaporation
C) conduction
D) radiation
Heat exchange when you are under a ceiling fan.

Question 29

When blood glucose levels are low, the body begins to use more noncarbohydrate fuels for energy production. This process is called glucose activation.

Question 30

Cellular respiration is an anabolic process.

Question 31

The body is considered to be in nitrogen balance when the amount of nitrogen ingested in lipids equals the amount excreted in urine.

Question 32

The term essential nutrient refers to the chemicals that can be interconverted in the liver so that the body can maintain life and good health.

Question 33

The increased use of noncarbohydrate molecules for energy to conserve glucose is called glucose sparing.

Question 34

Match the following:

A) convection
B) evaporation
C) conduction
D) radiation
Heat loss during sweating.

Question 35

Except for lactose and some glycogen, the carbohydrates we ingest are mainly from animals.

Question 36

Match the following:

A) convection
B) evaporation
C) conduction
D) radiation
Heat transfer into the chair you are sitting on.

Question 37

All athletes require diets high in protein and calories in order to perform and to maintain their muscle mass.

Question 38

Processes that break down complex molecules into simpler ones are anabolic.

Question 39

The most abundant dietary lipids in the diets of most Americans are triglycerides.

Question 40

Vitamins are inorganic compounds that are essential for growth and good health.

Question 41

It is important to ensure that your diet is adequately rich in vitamins because ________.

A) vitamins provide protection against the common cold
B) very few foods contain vitamins
C) most vitamins are coenzymes needed to help the body utilize essential nutrients
D) all vitamins are water soluble and pass out of the body too quickly to ensure utilization

Question 42

Carbohydrate and fat pools are oxidized directly to produce cellular energy, but amino acid pools must first be converted to a carbohydrate intermediate before being sent through cellular respiration pathways.

Question 43

The term basal metabolic rate reflects the ________.

A) energy the body needs to perform only its most essential activities
B) loss of organic molecules in urine
C) energy needed to make all organic molecules
D) loss of energy to perspiration

Question 44

It would not be healthy to eliminate all fats from your diet because they serve a useful purpose in maintaining the body.

Question 45

Diets high in cholesterol and saturated fats tend to produce high HDL concentrations.

Question 46

The primary function of carbohydrates is energy production within cells.

Question 47

Triglycerides and cholesterol do not circulate freely in the bloodstream.

Question 48

Cholesterol, though it is not an energy molecule, has importance in the body because it ________.

A) is a stabilizing component of the plasma membranes and is the parent molecule of steroid hormones
B) helps provide essential nutrients to the brain and lungs
C) helps mobilize fats during periods of starvation
D) enters the glycolytic pathway without being altered

Question 49

The term metabolism is best defined as ________.

A) the length of time it takes to digest and absorb fats
B) a measure of carbohydrate utilization, typically involving measurement of calories
C) the number of calories it takes to keep from shivering on a cold day
D) the sum of biochemical reactions involved in building breaking down molecules

Question 50

Ghrelin, produced by the stomach, is a powerful appetite stimulant.

Question 51

The molecule that serves as the major source of readily available fuel for neurons and blood cells is ________.

A) fat
B) glucose
C) acetyl CoA
D) protein

Question 52

Peptides called NPY and AgRP are powerful appetite enhancers.

Question 53

Minerals required by the body in moderate amounts include all but which of the following?

A) calcium and phosphorus
B) sulfur and potassium
C) sodium and chlorine
D) iron and selenium

Question 54

Which of the choices below is not a fate of carbohydrate taken into the body?

A) ATP production
B) lipogenesis
C) amino acid synthesis
D) direct conversion to a nucleic acid
E) glycogenesis

Question 55

For use as fuel, all food carbohydrates are eventually transformed to glucose.

Question 56

When proteins undergo deamination, the waste substance found in the urine is mostly ________.

A) urea
B) ammonia
C) acetyl CoA
D) ketone bodies

Question 57

The major role of HDLs is to store energy in the form of fat.

Question 58

Which of the following is the major role of leptin in the body?

A) promote weight loss with activity
B) protect against weight loss during nutritional deprivation
C) shrink fat stores
D) decrease appetite and food intake

Question 59

High levels of HDLs are considered good.

Question 60

Which of the following statements best describes complete protein?

A) derived from meat and fish only
B) meets all the minimum daily requirements for a healthy diet
C) derived only from legumes and other plant material
D) must contain all the body's amino acid requirements for maintenance and growth

Question 61

Oxidative deamination takes place in the ________.

A) liver
B) muscles
C) brain
D) blood

Question 62

The primary function of cellular respiration is to ________.

A) determine the amount of heat needed by the human body
B) provide the body with adequate amounts of vitamins and minerals
C) efficiently monitor the energy needs of the body
D) break down food molecules and generate ATP

Question 63

Prostaglandins play a role in ________.

A) skeletal muscle contraction
B) control of blood volume
C) noninflammatory responses
D) control of blood pressure

Question 64

Transamination is the process whereby the amine group of an amino acid is ________.

A) transferred to acetyl CoA
B) converted to urea
C) transferred to a keto acid
D) converted to ammonia

Question 65

What is the outcome of ketosis?

A) water retention and edema
B) metabolic acidosis
C) metabolic alkalosis
D) glycogen buildup
E) glucogenesis

Question 66

Anabolism includes reactions in which ________.

A) carbohydrate utilization increases
B) larger molecules or structures are built from smaller ones
C) structural proteins are used as a potential energy source
D) ketone bodies are formed

Question 67

Lipogenesis occurs when ________.

A) there is a shortage of fatty acids
B) glucose levels drop slightly
C) excess proteins are transported through the cell membrane
D) cellular ATP and glucose levels are high

Question 68

Which hormone directs essentially all the events of the absorptive state?

A) growth hormone
B) thyroid hormone
C) epinephrine
D) insulin

Question 69

The process of breaking triglycerides down into glycerol and fatty acids is known as ________.

A) gluconeogenesis
B) fat utilization
C) lipogenesis
D) lipolysis

Question 70

Which of the choices below happens during the absorptive state?

A) Anabolic processes exceed catabolic ones.
B) Catabolic processes exceed anabolic ones.
C) No metabolism occurs.
D) Only glucose metabolism occurs.

Question 71

In the case of a person who consumes a normal, balanced diet, proteins are essential to the body for all of the following except ________.

A) production of energy
B) production of some hormones
C) production of enzymes, clotting factors, and antibodies
D) formation of functional molecules like hemoglobin and cytochromes

Question 72

Catabolism would be best described as a process that ________.

A) causes a decline in circulating ketone bodies
B) builds up triglycerides during the postabsorptive state
C) breaks down complex structures to simpler ones
D) elevates glucagon levels

Question 73

The ingestion of which nutrient type results in the greatest food-induced thermogenesis?

A) lipids
B) carbohydrates
C) proteins
D) vitamins

Question 74

Glycolysis is best defined as a catabolic reaction based upon the ________.

A) conversion of glucose into carbon dioxide and water
B) conversion of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid
C) conversion of pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide and water
D) formation of sugar

Question 75

Which of the following is a normal consequence of the activation of the heat-promoting center?

A) release of epinephrine
B) sympathetic sweat gland activation
C) increase in ADH production
D) vasodilation of cutaneous blood vessels

Question 76

Which of the following mechanisms produces the most ATP during cellular respiration?

A) oxidative phosphorylation
B) substrate-level phosphorylation
C) lactic acid production
D) oxidation reactions

Question 77

Glycogen is formed in the liver during the ________.

A) postabsorptive state
B) absorptive state
C) starvation period
D) period when the metabolic rate is lowest

Question 78

The most abundant dietary lipids are ________.

A) cholesterol
B) phospholipids
C) fatty acids
D) triglycerides

Question 79

Gluconeogenesis is the process in which ________.

A) glycogen is broken down to release glucose
B) glucose is formed from noncarbohydrate precursors
C) glycogen is formed
D) glucose is converted into carbon dioxide and water

Question 80

Which of the choices below describes the pathway of cellular respiration (the complete oxidation of glucose)?

A) glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation
B) gluconeogenesis, Krebs cycle, lipolysis
C) lipolysis, glycogenolysis, beta oxidation
D) glycogenesis, lipogenesis, electron transport chain