Deck 6: Bones and Skeletal Tissues

Question 1

Figure 6.2
Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
Which letter indicates bone that is not arranged in osteons and is called spongy or trabecular bone?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Which skeletal disorder is more common in older persons and has an abnormally high ratio of immature woven bone to mature compact bone?

A) osteomalacia and rickets
B) osteomyelitis
C) osteoporosis
D) achondroplasia
E) Paget's disease

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Which disease of the skeletal system is often associated with decreasing levels of estrogen, but may also result from inadequate weight-bearing exercise and nutritional deficiencies of calcium, vitamin D and protein?

A) osteomalacia and rickets
B) osteomyelitis
C) osteoporosis
D) achondroplasia
E) Paget's disease

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Figure 6.1
Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
Which letter indicates the region of a long bone that contains the medullary cavity?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 5

What skeletal disease results from a bacterial infection of the bone and bone marrow?

A) osteomalacia and rickets
B) osteomyelitis
C) osteoporosis
D) achondroplasia
E) Paget's disease

Question 6

Figure 6.1
Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
Which letter indicates the region of the long bone comprised of a network of trabecular plates?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 7

Which of these is a skeletal disorder resulting from mutations in a gene that leads to the most common form of dwarfism?

A) osteomalacia and rickets
B) osteomyelitis
C) osteoporosis
D) achondroplasia
E) Paget's disease

Question 8

Most bone disorders are characterized by bone loss; which of these diseases is characterized by excessive bone deposition?

A) osteomalacia and rickets
B) osteomyelitis
C) osteoporosis
D) achondroplasia
E) Paget's disease

Question 9

Figure 6.1
Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
Which letter indicates the region of a long bone that in an adult is filled with yellow bone marrow?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 10

Which of these results from a genetic mutation that leads to premature endochondral ossification before adult height can be reached?

A) osteomalacia and rickets
B) osteomyelitis
C) osteoporosis
D) achondroplasia
E) Paget's disease

Question 11

Figure 6.2
Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
Which letter indicates the perforating, or Volkmann's canals which lie at right angles to central canals?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 12

Figure 6.2
Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
Which letter indicates the space where microscopic blood vessels and nerves pass through the center of the osteon?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 13

Which of these would be characterized as a skeletal disorder resulting in weakened bones due to inadequate mineralization?

A) osteomalacia and rickets
B) osteomyelitis
C) osteoporosis
D) achondroplasia
E) Paget's disease

Question 14

Figure 6.1
Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
Which letter indicates the region known as the epiphysis?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 15

Figure 6.2
Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
Which letter indicates the circumferential lamellae?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 16

Figure 6.2
Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
Which letter indicates the collagen fibers of the periosteum known as the perforating, or Sharpey's, fibers?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 17

Figure 6.1
Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
Which letter indicates what is known, in a growing juvenile, as the epiphyseal plate?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 18

What disease might result from a compound fracture of a bone?

A) osteomalacia and rickets
B) osteomyelitis
C) osteoporosis
D) achondroplasia
E) Paget's disease

Question 19

Figure 6.2
Use the diagram above to answer the following questions.
Which letter indicates lamellae located outside the lamellae belonging to the osteon?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 20

Which of these diseases is characterized by a pathological loss of bone density?

A) osteomalacia and rickets
B) osteomyelitis
C) osteoporosis
D) achondroplasia
E) Paget's disease

Question 21

Osteoid is

A) the mineral part of the bone matrix.
B) secreted by osteocytes.
C) the entire extracellular matrix of bone.
D) the organic part of bone matrix prior to mineralization.

Question 22

The process of bone growth is regulated by several hormones throughout the lifetime of an individual. The hormone most influential in skeletal growth prior to adolescence is secreted from the

A) parathyroid gland.
B) pancreas.
C) pituitary gland.
D) adrenal gland.

Question 23

The continual process of bone resorption is under the control of the

A) parathyroid gland.
B) pancreas.
C) pituitary gland.
D) adrenal gland.

Question 24

Which of these is a congenital condition primarily affecting long bones?

A) osteomalacia and rickets
B) osteomyelitis
C) osteoporosis
D) achondroplasia
E) Paget's disease

Question 25

An incomplete, splintery fracture that occurs in the flexible bones of children is a(n) ________ fracture.

A) greenstick
B) depressed
C) comminuted
D) epiphyseal

Question 26

Which of these diseases, if untreated could lead to excessively long epiphyses and bowed legs in children?

A) osteomalacia and rickets
B) osteomyelitis
C) osteoporosis
D) achondroplasia
E) Paget's disease

Question 27

The kneecap, or patella, is an example of

A) a flat bone.
B) an irregular bone.
C) a sesamoid bone.
D) calcified cartilage.

Question 28

Which of the following statements about a long bone is False?

A) It has a diaphysis.
B) It has two distinct ends.
C) It is longer than it is wide.
D) It must be more than 5 inches in length.

Question 29

In an adult, the perichondrium

A) inhibits growth and repair of cartilage.
B) produces new chondrocytes.
C) acts like a girdle to prevent matrix extrusion when cartilage is compressed.
D) binds the cartilage to adjacent bones.

Question 30

Which of these skeletal disorders is characterized in the later stages by excessive rates of bone deposition, where medullary cavities may fill with bony matrix?

A) osteomalacia and rickets
B) osteomyelitis
C) osteoporosis
D) achondroplasia
E) Paget's disease

Question 31

Blood vessels to the diaphysis move through the

A) epiphyseal plate.
B) articular cartilage.
C) foramen magnum.
D) nutrient foramen.

Question 32

Which of these diseases can be treated by administering calcitonin and calcium supplements increased weight-bearing exercise and osteoclast-inhibiting drugs?

A) osteomalacia and rickets
B) osteomyelitis
C) osteoporosis
D) achondroplasia
E) Paget's disease

Question 33

In the bone matrix, osteoblasts become

A) osteocytes.
B) chondrocytes.
C) osteoclasts.
D) mesenchyme cells.

Question 34

Which of these diseases is more prevalent in children, and was exceedingly common in the United States and other industrialized nations before vitamin D was added to milk?

A) rickets
B) osteomyelitis
C) osteoporosis
D) achondroplasia
E) Paget's disease

Question 35

The type of cartilage that forms the long bones of the embryonic skeleton is

A) hyaline cartilage.
B) fibrocartilage.
C) elastic cartilage.
D) calcified cartilage.

Question 36

A long bone that is fractured midshaft has damaged the

A) meniscus.
B) articular cartilage.
C) epiphysis.
D) diaphysis.

Question 37

In which type of fracture does the bone fragment into three or more pieces?

A) greenstick
B) epiphyseal
C) comminuted
D) spiral

Question 38

Bones in the wrists and ankles are

A) long bones.
B) short bones.
C) irregular bones.
D) flat bones.

Question 39

A disease that is characterized by excessive and abnormal remodeling of bone tissue and affects 3% of the elderly is

A) Paget's disease.
B) osteosarcoma.
C) osteomyelitis.
D) osteomalacia.

Question 40

Which of the following is the correct progression in the healing of a skeletal fracture?

A) bone remodeling, bony callus, hematoma, fibrocartilage callus
B) fibrocartilage callus, bone remodeling, bony callus, hematoma
C) hematoma, fibrocartilage callus, bony callus, bone remodeling
D) hematoma, bony callus, bone remodeling, fibrocartilage callus

Question 41

A hormone that increases the bone-degrading activity of osteoclasts is

A) an androgen (male sex hormone).
B) an estrogen (female sex hormone).
C) thyroid hormone.
D) parathyroid hormone.

Question 42

The only membrane bone that occurs inferior to the skull is the

A) femur.
B) sternum.
C) rib.
D) clavicle.

Question 43

Cartilage repairs slowly after adolescence because

A) the perichondrium thickens, preventing diffusion of gasses and nutrients.
B) the cartilage matrix becomes mineralized.
C) chondrocytes no longer are able to divide.
D) collagen synthesis ceases.

Question 44

Which term applies to a number of disorders in adults in which the bones are inadequately mineralized?

A) rickets
B) osteomalacia
C) Paget's disease
D) osteosarcoma

Question 45

An osteon is composed of

A) a cell body and a long, threadlike extension.
B) cartilage.
C) layers of bone lamellae surrounding a central canal.
D) interstitial lamellae.

Question 46

If a bone is thin, flattened, and somewhat curved, that bone is a(n) ________ bone.

A) long
B) short
C) irregular
D) flat

Question 47

Which type of fracture tends to occur where cartilage cells are dying and the matrix is calcifying?

A) greenstick
B) epiphyseal
C) spiral
D) comminuted

Question 48

If a bone located in a limb is longer than it is wide, that bone is a(n) ________ bone.

A) long
B) short
C) irregular
D) flat

Question 49

The type of cartilage that comprises the epiglottis is

A) hyaline cartilage.
B) fibrocartilage.
C) elastic cartilage.
D) calcified cartilage.

Question 50

The cartilage of the epiphyseal plates is organized into zones based upon the unique processes occurring in each of these regions. Identify the correct sequence of these processes, from the epiphyseal end toward the diaphysis.

A) calcification - hypertrophy - growth - resting - ossification
B) ossification - calcification - hypertrophy - growth - resting
C) resting - hypertrophy - growth - calcification - ossification
D) hypertrophy - growth - resting - calcification - ossification

Question 51

Muscles are not likely to tear from their bones because

A) a circumferential lamella sandwiches the ends of the tendon onto the surface of an adjacent lamella.
B) elastin fibers in the tendon can allow for stretching and recoil of the muscle.
C) perforating fibers of collagen attach the tendons and periosteum to the cortical surfaces of bone.
D) the tendons are partially ossified at their attachment points to the periosteum.

Question 52

A long bone is able to withstand extreme torsion or twisting stresses because

A) the bone is spongelike with many hollow spaces, such as the central and epiphyseal marrow cavities.
B) within each osteon the collagen fibers and mineral crystals in adjacent lamellae are aligned in opposite directions.
C) the internal and external surfaces are both covered in irregular connective tissue fibers.
D) the trabeculae of spongy bone are aligned along stress trajectories.

Question 53

The type of cartilage that can withstand the strongest compression and tension forces is

A) hyaline cartilage.
B) elastic cartilage.
C) fibrocartilage.
D) calcified cartilage.

Question 54

In the repair of a simple fracture, the step that follows formation of a hematoma is

A) formation of a bony callus.
B) inflammation.
C) formation of fibrocartilaginous callus.
D) bone remodeling.

Question 55

Rickets most often results from a deficiency of vitamin

A) A.
B) B.
C) C.
D) D.

Question 56

Osteoblasts probably originate directly from

A) mesenchyme cells.
B) osteoblasts.
C) osteocytes.
D) blood stem cells.

Question 57

The type of cartilage that forms the costal cartilages at the ends of the ribs is

A) hyaline cartilage.
B) fibrocartilage.
C) elastic cartilage.
D) calcified cartilage.

Question 58

Within a long bone of the skeleton, the circumferential lamellae are located in the

A) trabeculae.
B) osteons.
C) external and internal regions of compact bone.
D) marrow cavity.

Question 59

The primary center of ossification

A) occurs in the 4-week embryo.
B) is in the diaphysis.
C) is in the epiphysis.
D) is in membrane bones but not in endochondral bones.

Question 60

What type of tissue is the embryonic precursor for long bones in the fetal skeleton?

A) elastic connective tissue
B) dense connective tissue proper
C) fibrocartilage
D) hyaline cartilage

Question 61

In an open reduction to repair a broken bone,

A) the ends are close enough to allow them to heal together on their own.
B) the ends are joined by pins or wires.
C) the ends are repositioned by physician's hands.
D) the ends must have chips placed between them to bridge the gap.

Question 62

Which of the following statements about woven bone is False?

A) It is the same as spongy bone of adults.
B) It contains no trabeculae.
C) It is characteristic of the development of embryonic flat bones.
D) As fetal development progresses it is replaced by comapact bone at the periphery.

Question 63

In growing cartilage, the chondroblasts associated with the perichondrium are responsible for

A) interstitial growth.
B) appositional growth.
C) endochondral growth.
D) calcification.

Question 64

The universal loss of skeletal mass that begins after age 40

A) is slower in women than in men.
B) is absolutely uniform throughout the skeleton.
C) reflects an imbalance in the bone-remodeling process.
D) is due to increased blood flow to bones as individuals age.

Question 65

A fracture in which the bone breaks cleanly but does not penetrate the skin is a compound fracture.

Question 66

Which statement about growth of long bones is False?

A) The bone cannot grow longer once the epiphyseal plates are ossified.
B) The diaphysis becomes progressively thinner as the bone lengthens.
C) The epiphyses are pushed further from the center of the diaphysis.
D) The epiphyseal plates remain a constant thickness during growth.

Question 67

As a person ages, some calcium phosphate crystals are deposited within cartilage, leading to a condition called calcified cartilage.

Question 68

The cell responsible for secreting the matrix of bone is the

A) chondroblast.
B) osteoblast.
C) osteoclast.
D) chondrocyte.

Question 69

Which hormone is primarily responsible for bone matrix resorption rather than bone matrix deposition during puberty?

A) growth hormone
B) parathyroid hormone
C) sex hormones
D) thyroid hormone

Question 70

Which of the following is not present in the central canals of osteons?

A) blood vessels
B) nerves
C) endosteum
D) osteocytes

Question 71

The benefits of weight-bearing exercise include stronger muscles

A) but weaker bones.
B) and stronger bones.
C) but bones of the same strength.
D) and stronger compact bone, but weaker spongy bone.

Question 72

Which bone cell type secretes hydrochloric acid?

A) osteoblast
B) osteoclast
C) osteocyte
D) osteoprogenitor

Question 73

In appositional growth, chondrocytes within cartilage divide and secrete new matrix.

Question 74

Microscopic inspection of hyaline cartilage would show prominent parallel bundles of collagen fibers.

Question 75

A large, multinucleate cell with a ruffled border is an

A) osteoclast.
B) adipocyte.
C) osteocyte.
D) osteoblast.

Question 76

The cell responsible for secreting the matrix of cartilage is the

A) osteocyte.
B) osteoblast.
C) osteoclast.
D) chondroblast.

Question 77

Which factor will decrease the rate of bone resorption?

A) inadequate vitamin D intake
B) long zero-gravity exposure
C) mechanical stress
D) prolonged bed rest

Question 78

Repair of a simple fracture begins with

A) calcification of dense connective tissue.
B) granulation tissue formation.
C) hyaline cartilage deposition.
D) inflammation and hematoma formation.

Question 79

Cartilage is strong in resisting twisting and bending but weak in resisting tension and compression.

Question 80

Which of the following is not a function of the bony skeleton?

A) support and protection
B) storage of parathyroid hormone
C) transmission of muscular forces by acting as levers
D) production of blood cells