Deck 12: The Lymphatic System and Body Defenses

Question 1

Which of the following are harmful or disease-causing microorganisms from which nonspecific defenses protect the body?

A) macrophages
B) antibodies
C) pathogens
D) allergens

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Fluids that have escaped the cardiovascular system are picked up by the ________.

A) respiratory system
B) lymphatic system
C) endocrine system
D) immune system

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Bacteria and tumor cells are removed from lymph by ________.

A) lymph nodes
B) tonsils
C) the spleen
D) thymus

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Using Figure 12.2, identify the following:
The lymphoid organ that destroys worn-out blood cells is indicated by ________.

A) Label A
B) Label B
C) Label C
D) Label D

Question 5

Using Figure 12.1, identify the following:
The lymph duct is indicated by ________.

A) Label A
B) Label B
C) Label C
D) Label D
E) Label E

Question 6

The role of the ________ is to trap and remove bacteria or other foreign pathogens entering the throat.

A) thymus
B) spleen
C) tonsils
D) lymph node

Question 7

Using Figure 12.1, identify the following:
Blood capillaries are indicated by ________.

A) Label A
B) Label B
C) Label C
D) Label D
E) Label E

Question 8

Using Figure 12.2, identify the following:
The thymus is indicated by ________.

A) Label A
B) Label B
C) Label C
D) Label D

Question 9

Using Figure 12.2, identify the following:
The spleen is indicated by ________.

A) Label A
B) Label B
C) Label C
D) Label D

Question 10

Using Figure 12.2, identify the following:
The tonsils are indicated by ________.

A) Label A
B) Label B
C) Label C
D) Label D

Question 11

Excess accumulation of fluid, which impairs the exchange of materials within the tissues, is called ________.

A) stroke
B) shock
C) edema
D) MALT (mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue)

Question 12

Redness, heat, swelling, and pain are the four most common indicators of ________.

A) fever
B) dehydration
C) edema
D) acute inflammation

Question 13

Using Figure 12.1, identify the following:
A lymph capillary is indicated by ________.

A) Label A
B) Label B
C) Label C
D) Label D
E) Label E

Question 14

Using Figure 12.2, identify the following:
The lymphoid tissues that trap and remove bacteria that enter the throat are indicated by ________.

A) Label A
B) Label B
C) Label C
D) Label D

Question 15

All lymph flows in a one-way system toward the ________.

A) spleen
B) liver
C) heart
D) pancreas

Question 16

Using Figure 12.2, identify the following:
The Peyer's patches are indicated by ________.

A) Label A
B) Label B
C) Label C
D) Label D

Question 17

What mediates the adaptive defense system (specific defense system)?

A) lymphocytes
B) antigens
C) mucous membranes
D) pathogens

Question 18

Using Figure 12.1, identify the following:
Lymphatic collecting vessels are indicated by ________.

A) Label A
B) Label B
C) Label C
D) Label D
E) Label E

Question 19

Using Figure 12.1, identify the following:
A lymph node is indicated by ________.

A) Label A
B) Label B
C) Label C
D) Label D
E) Label E

Question 20

Peyer's patches and the tonsils are part of the collection of small lymphoid tissues that protect the upper respiratory and digestive tracts from infection and are referred to as ________.

A) lymph nodes
B) MALT or mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue
C) germinal centers
D) lymphatics

Question 21

What are tissue grafts harvested from a different animal species called?

A) xenografts
B) autografts
C) allografts
D) isografts

Question 22

Which one of the following is NOT a mechanism that aids lymph return to the heart?

A) milking action of skeletal muscles
B) pressure changes within the thorax
C) the pumping action of the heart
D) smooth muscle contractions within the lymphatic vessels
E) presence of valves within the larger lymph vessels

Question 23

What small proteins are secreted by virus-infected cells to help defend cells that have not yet been infected?

A) haptens
B) pyrogens
C) interferons
D) antigens

Question 24

Large antigen-antibody complexes can become insoluble and settle out of solution, a reaction called ________.

A) neutralization
B) complement fixation
C) precipitation
D) agglutination

Question 25

The binding of complement proteins to certain sugar or proteins on a foreign cell's surface is called ________.

A) cellular immunity (cellular-mediated immunity)
B) complement fixation
C) positive chemotaxis
D) diapedesis

Question 26

AIDS cripples the immune system by interfering with the activity of cells called ________.

A) antigen-presenting cells
B) plasma cells
C) memory cells
D) helper T cells

Question 27

A(n) ________ is any substance capable of mobilizing our immune system and provoking an immune response.

A) interferon
B) antibody
C) antigen
D) pyrogen

Question 28

Lymph is largely composed of water that has escaped from ________.

A) cytosol
B) cerebrospinal fluid
C) saliva
D) tears
E) blood

Question 29

What is the origin of lymphatic vessels?

A) veins of the blood vascular system
B) the organs of the digestive system
C) arteries of the blood vascular system
D) the glands of the endocrine system

Question 30

T cells or B cells that are capable of responding to a specific antigen by binding to it with antigen-specific receptors that appear on the lymphocyte's surface are considered ________.

A) clones
B) complement
C) self-tolerant
D) immunocompetent

Question 31

Which blood vessels receive lymph from the right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct?

A) inferior vena cava
B) subclavian veins
C) external jugular veins
D) subclavian arteries
E) aorta

Question 32

What type of cell specializes in killing virus-infected, cancer, or foreign graft cells directly?

A) cytotoxic T cells
B) regulatory T cells
C) antigen-presenting cells
D) helper T cells

Question 33

What is the region of the antibody that varies from antibody to antibody?

A) regional or R region
B) variable or V region
C) constant or C region
D) stable or S region

Question 34

Systemic (body-wide) acute allergic response caused by allergens that directly enter the blood, as with certain bee stings or spider bites, is called ________.

A) myasthenia gravis
B) rheumatic fever
C) anaphylactic shock
D) delayed hypersensitivity

Question 35

Antibodies provided by serum from an immune donor or an animal donor do not challenge the B cells and thus provide ________.

A) cellular or cell-mediated immunity
B) active immunity
C) natural immunity
D) passive immunity

Question 36

Within a lymph node, what cells engulf and destroy bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances in the lymph?

A) trabeculae
B) macrophages
C) follicles
D) erythrocytes
E) lymphocytes

Question 37

Active immunity to tetanus, whooping cough, and polio can be artificially acquired when we receive ________.

A) vaccines
B) serum
C) antivenom
D) antitoxin

Question 38

From what part of the body does the right lymphatic duct collects lymph?

A) right arm
B) right leg
C) left leg
D) left side of the head
E) right and left legs

Question 39

What are troublesome small molecules or incomplete antigens that may mount an attack that is harmful rather than protective called?

A) haptens
B) antibodies
C) pyrogens
D) interferons

Question 40

Which of the following is NOT a cell that behaves as an antigen-presenting cell (APC)?

A) virus
B) B lymphocytes
C) macrophages
D) dendritic cells

Question 41

What lymphoid organ stores platelets and acts as a blood reservoir?

A) thymus
B) spleen
C) appendix
D) tonsils
E) Peyer's patches

Question 42

Which system is a functional system, not an organ system in the anatomical sense, that consists of innate and adaptive defense mechanisms?

A) respiratory system
B) lymphatic system
C) endocrine system
D) immune system
E) cardiovascular system

Question 43

The inflammatory process begins with release of chemicals, which do all of the following EXCEPT ________.

A) dilate blood vessels
B) attract neutrophils to the area
C) stimulate the release of lysozyme
D) cause capillaries to become leaky
E) activate pain receptors.

Question 44

Which lymphatic organ's major job is to destroy worn-out red blood cells and return some of the products to the liver?

A) tonsils
B) spleen
C) thymus gland
D) appendix
E) Peyer's patches

Question 45

Which of the following is NOT one of the four most common indicators of the inflammatory response?

A) redness
B) heat
C) swelling
D) chills
E) pain

Question 46

Which of the following substances is NOT likely to trigger the immune response?

A) pollen grains
B) bacteria
C) self-antigens
D) fungi
E) virus particles

Question 47

Jill felt small, swollen structures under her chin in her neck during a recent head cold. She probably had swollen ________.

A) axillary lymph nodes
B) cervical lymph nodes
C) tonsils
D) Peyer's patches
E) inguinal lymph nodes

Question 48

What does fever accomplish?

A) Fever inhibits bacterial reproduction and speeds the repair process.
B) Fever promotes cell lysis by direct cell attack.
C) Fever enables macrophages to attack microorganisms.
D) Fever prevents the spread of pathogens to adjacent tissues.
E) Fever prevents the formation of complement fixation.

Question 49

Which of the following is NOT one of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT)?

A) tonsils
B) appendix
C) lymph nodes
D) Peyer's patches

Question 50

What is the body's first line of defense against the invasion of disease-causing microorganisms?

A) phagocytes
B) natural killer cells
C) skin and mucous membranes
D) inflammatory response
E) fever

Question 51

What inhibits viruses from entering and attacking healthy cells?

A) membrane-attack complexes (MAC)
B) keratin
C) interferons
D) pyrogens
E) complement

Question 52

Membrane attack complexes (MAC) form holes in attacked cells causing them to burst; this is a result of ________.

A) interferon
B) complement fixation
C) natural killer cells
D) keratin
E) phagocytes

Question 53

Humoral immunity is provided by ________.

A) pyrogens
B) skin and mucous membranes
C) interferon
D) antibodies
E) complement fixation

Question 54

Which of the following is NOT applicable to the third line of defense?

A) This system recognizes and acts against particular pathogens or foreign substances.
B) Humoral immunity is provided by antibodies in the body's fluids.
C) The injection of serum containing antibodies will always provide immunity against disease.
D) Immunity in this system is not restricted to the initial infection site.
E) This system recognizes and mounts even stronger attacks on previously encountered pathogens.

Question 55

The process by which neutrophils are squeezed through the capillary walls during the inflammatory process is called ________.

A) agglutination
B) chemotaxis
C) diapedesis
D) coagulation
E) antibody production

Question 56

Which of the following best describes positive chemotaxis?

A) the movement of neutrophils through capillary walls
B) the movement of cells toward a high concentration of signaling molecules
C) the dilation of blood vessels, which causes local edema
D) the release of a lytic chemical by perforins
E) the limitation of joint movement

Question 57

Which of the following lymphoid organs functions at peak level during youth?

A) Peyer's patches
B) lymph nodes
C) thymus
D) spleen
E) tonsils

Question 58

Where are the tonsils located?

A) throat (pharynx)
B) small intestine
C) large intestine
D) overlying the heart
E) left side of the abdominal cavity

Question 59

The adaptive (specific) defense system ________.

A) is an innate defense
B) issues an attack specific to particular foreign substances
C) includes the skin and mucous membranes
D) is the body's first line of defense against invading pathogens
E) provides mechanical barriers to the body

Question 60

Which one of the following is NOT one of the nonspecific body defenses?

A) intact skin
B) antibody production
C) the inflammatory response
D) fever
E) natural killer cells

Question 61

Which antibody-antigen interaction results when a foreign blood type is transfused and clumped?

A) opsonization
B) agglutination
C) neutralization
D) precipitation
E) phagocytosis

Question 62

Which portion of the antibody's structure determines the antibody's class?

A) variable region
B) heavy chain
C) constant region
D) disulfide bonds
E) light chain

Question 63

Which statement regarding the role of T lymphocytes (T cells) is True?

A) T lymphocytes (T cells) constitute the cell-mediated arm of the adaptive defenses.
B) T lymphocytes (T cells) produce antibodies.
C) T lymphocytes (T cells) activate lymphocytes that respond to specific antigens.
D) T lymphocytes (T cells) can target specific extracellular antigens.
E) T lymphocytes (T cells) oversee humoral immunity.

Question 64

Which of the following is often used to treat allergies?

A) vaccines
B) antihistamines
C) blood transfusions
D) bone marrow transplants
E) immunosuppressor drugs

Question 65

Which statement is True of antibody IgE?

A) IgE is mainly found in secretions such as tears and saliva.
B) IgE is passed from mother to fetus during pregnancy.
C) IgE is the most abundant antibody in blood plasma.
D) IgE can fix complement.
E) IgE is involved in allergies.

Question 66

What is the chief way the body responds to cellular antigens, such as bacteria or mismatched red blood cells?

A) agglutination
B) chemotaxis
C) complement fixation
D) neutralization
E) precipitation

Question 67

Where do B cells develop immunocompetence?

A) thymus gland
B) bone marrow
C) spleen
D) thyroid gland
E) lymph nodes

Question 68

What is the best graft to have so as to avoid rejection of a transplanted tissue?

A) an autograft
B) a graft from a recently deceased individuals
C) a graft from another primate
D) a xenograft
E) an allograft

Question 69

Which one of the following is NOT True of the constant (C) regions of antibodies?

A) The constant regions are the same or nearly the same on all antibodies of a given class.
B) The constant regions form the "stem" of an antibody.
C) The constant regions determine the specific type of antibody class formed.
D) The constant regions form an antigen-binding site.
E) The constant regions determine how an antibody class will carry out its immune role.

Question 70

Due to a recent respiratory illness from a viral infection, Jennifer has now developed ________.

A) naturally acquired active immunity
B) artificially acquired active immunity
C) naturally acquired passive immunity
D) artificially acquired passive immunity
E) passively acquired natural immunity

Question 71

How do plasma cells assist with humoral immunity?

A) Plasma cells reproduce rapidly to crowd pathogens out of the blood.
B) Plasma cells bind to viruses and bacteria to immobilize them.
C) Plasma cells produce interferons.
D) Plasma cells secrete highly-specific antibodies.
E) Plasma cells secrete pyrogens.

Question 72

Allergic contact dermatitis following skin contact with poison ivy would normally lead to ________.

A) immediate hypersensitivity
B) acute hypersensitivity
C) delayed hypersensitivity
D) anaphylactic shock
E) immunodeficiency

Question 73

What type of T cell releases cytokines to indirectly rid the body of antigens?

A) helper T cells
B) cytotoxic T cells
C) regulatory T cells
D) killer T cells
E) suppressor T cells

Question 74

The specific foreign substances that an individual's immune system has the ability to recognize and resist are determined by ________.

A) individual exposure to the specific foreign substance
B) individual genetic makeup
C) the total number of lymphocytes present at a given time
D) the total number of macrophages at a given time
E) the total number of self-antigens at a given time

Question 75

For which of the following would a vaccine NOT be suitable?

A) pneumonia
B) tetanus
C) measles
D) snake bites
E) polio

Question 76

Which abundant antibody is the only one to cross the placental barrier?

A) IgA
B) IgM
C) IgD
D) IgG
E) IgE

Question 77

Antigen presentation is essential for the activation and clonal selection of ________.

A) T cells
B) B cells
C) plasma cells
D) antigen-presenting cells
E) antibodies

Question 78

The process by which antibodies bind to specific sites on bacterial exotoxins (toxic chemicals secreted by bacteria) to block their harmful effects is called ________.

A) agglutination
B) chemotaxis
C) complement fixation
D) neutralization
E) precipitation

Question 79

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) present fragments of cells so they can be recognized by ________.

A) inteferon
B) T cells
C) macrophages
D) antigens
E) histamine

Question 80

What are T lymphocytes (T cells) and B lymphocytes (B cells) self-tolerant of?

A) fungi
B) foreign blood cells
C) the body's own cells
D) viruses
E) bacteria