Deck 8: Comparative Studies: Anatomy and Genetics

Question 1

As compared to the monkey skeleton,the hominoid skeleton is characterized by:

A)fewer lumbar vertebrae in the spine
B)scapula lying to the side of the body
C)the ability to rotate the forearm 90 degrees
D)all of the above

Answer 1

fewer lumbar vertebrae in the spine

Question 2

The term "semibrachiation" refers to:

A)movement on tops of branches
B)hanging underneath branches
C)movement on the ground
D)leaping from tree to tree

Answer 2

hanging underneath branches

Question 3

True brachiation involves:

A)use of a prehensile tail
B)orthograde posture
C)quadrupedalism
D)none of the above

Answer 3

orthograde posture

Question 4

Which of the following statements about erect bipedalism is not true?

A)humans maintain an orthograde posture while standing and walking
B)erect bipedalism involves a heel-toe stride
C)humans are the only primates to exhibit erect bipedalism
D)humans are the only primates to habitually exhibit erect bipedalism

Question 5

Features of the hominoid skeleton,such as the short broad trunk and the backward positioning of the clavicle,are adaptations for:

A)knuckle-walking
B)true brachiation
C)generalized suspensory behavior
D)erect bipedalism

Question 6

In terms of locomotion,the primates can be said to:

A)be highly specialized for arboreal locomotion
B)show a wide range of locomotor behaviors
C)be specialized for a series of specific niches
D)none of the above

Question 7

As compared to the monkey skeleton,the hominoid skeleton is characterized by:

A)a shallow socket in the scapula for articulation with the humerus
B)a short broad trunk
C)reduction in the number of lumbar vertebrae
D)all of the above

Question 8

The primate skeleton:

A)is highly specialized for arboreal locomotion
B)is highly specialized for suspensory behavior
C)is highly specialized for quadrupedalism
D)has remained basically generalized

Question 9

An example of a primate whose dominant locomotor habit is ground running and walking is the:

A)colobus monkey
B)tarsier
C)gelada
D)chimpanzee

Question 10

In contrast to monkeys,apes and humans:

A)have shorter,broader trunks
B)can rotate their forearms to a much greater extent
C)do not use their backs much in locomotion
D)all of the above

Question 11

True brachiation is found in:

A)chimpanzees
B)gibbons
C)siamangs
D)all of the above

Question 12

A heel-toe stride is a part of:

A)knuckle-walking
B)quadrumanous locomotion
C)erect bipedalism
D)branch running & walking

Question 13

An example of a knuckle walker would be the:

A)chimpanzee
B)gibbon
C)baboon
D)tarsier

Question 14

A form of quadrupedalism in which the animal suspends itself by a prehensile tail is called:

A)branch running and walking
B)ground running and walking
C)New World semibrachiation
D)Old World semibrachiation

Question 15

Orthograde body posture is associated with:

A)vertical clinging and leaping
B)brachiation
C)erect bipedalism
D)all of the above

Question 16

An upright posture is referred to as:

A)orthograde
B)pronograde
C)semigrade
D)none of the above

Question 17

Ape locomotion includes:

A)knuckle walking
B)true brachiation
C)quadrumanous locomotion
D)all of the above

Question 18

When looking at a human,which of the following appeared earliest in evolutionary history?

A)large brain
B)lumbar curve
C)fingernails
D)closed eye socket

Question 19

Quadrumanous locomotion is characteristic of the:

A)tarsier
B)gibbon
C)orangutan
D)chimpanzee

Question 20

Humans maintain a(n)____________ posture while walking and standing.

A)orthograde
B)pronograde
C)monograde
D)bipograde

Question 21

One of the major challenges of bipedal locomotion is:

A)supporting the entire weight on the feet
B)keeping the knees bent
C)balance
D)keeping the head facing forward

Question 22

One of the aspects of the human skeleton that is most specialized for bipedal locomotion is the:

A)foot
B)femur
C)shoulder
D)ankles

Question 23

The length of the radius relative to the length of the humerus is given in the:

A)intermembral index
B)brachial index
C)crural index
D)humeral indez

Question 24

Adaptations for erect bipedalism found in the human skeleton include:

A)lumbar curve
B)reduction in the number of lumbar vertebrae
C)head of humerus points inward
D)all of the above

Question 25

The length of the tibia relative to the length of the femur is given in the:

A)intermembral index
B)brachial index
C)crural index
D)humeral indez

Question 26

Primates whose dominant locomotor pattern is vertical clinging and leaping are characterized by:

A)legs longer than arms
B)arms longer than legs
C)arms and legs of roughly equal length

Question 27

Adaptations for erect bipedalism found in the human skeleton include:

A)development of curvatures of the spine
B)development of a short,broad ilium
C)development of a short,inflexible big toe
D)all of the above

Question 28

The gibbon has an intermembral index of 129.This means that in the gibbon the:

A)arms are longer than the legs
B)arms are shorter than the legs
C)arms and legs are of about equal length
D)none of the above

Question 29

The intermembral index is a measure of:

A)the relative proportion of hindlimbs and forelimbs
B)the overall size of the animal
C)the relative strength of hindlimbs and forelimbs
D)the relative length of the fingers and toes

Question 30

The human intermembral index is closest to:

A)50
B)70
C)90
D)110

Question 31

Features of the human skeleton that are adaptations for suspensory behavior include:

A)reduction in number of lumbar vertebrae
B)lumbar curve
C)five fingers and toes
D)scapula lying to the side of the body

Question 32

Unlike in other primates,in humans the gluteus medius and gluteus minimum muscles act as:

A)abductors
B)flexors
C)adductors
D)extensors

Question 33

The skull articulates with the spine by means of the:

A)occipital condyles
B)foramen magnum
C)nuchal crest
D)mandibular condyles

Question 34

The holding of an object between one or more fingers with the thumb fully opposed to the fingertip is termed the:

A)power grip
B)precision grip
C)opposable grasp
D)none of the above

Question 35

The intermembral index is a measurement of the ratio of the bones of the:

A)upper arm to the lower arm
B)arm to the leg
C)limbs to the tail
D)leg to the trunk

Question 36

Humans have a brachial index of 76,while chimpanzees have a brachial index of 93.This shows that in humans,relative to the apes,the:

A)radius is shorter than the humerus
B)humerus is shorter than the radius
C)tibia is shorter than the femur
D)femur is shorter than the tibia

Question 37

The primate hand is characterized by:

A)pentadactylism
B)nails
C)epidermal ridges
D)all of the above

Question 38

An opposable thumb is found among the:

A)New World monkeys
B)Old World monkeys
C)apes
D)b and c
E)all of the above

Question 39

The foramen magnum is the:

A)birth canal in the female pelvis
B)socket on the pelvis which articulates with the head of the femur
C)hole in the base of the skull through which the spinal cord passes
D)site of attachment for the masseter muscle

Question 40

Which is a specialization for brachiation found in chimpanzees but not in humans?

A)short broad trunk
B)elongated arms and fingers
C)scapula found on back
D)short nongrasping big toe

Question 41

In primates with large facial skeletons powerful muscles are required to keep the head up.The size of this muscle is reflected in the presence on the back of the skull of a:

A)nuchal crest
B)sagittal crest
C)mandibular crest
D)occipital crest

Question 42

In the vertebrates,the area of the brain associated with the association and coordination of impulses coming in from the sense organs and other areas of the brain is the:

A)neocortex
B)medulla oblongata
C)thalamus
D)olfactory bulbs

Question 43

An endocranial cast is a:

A)cast of the inside of the brain case
B)cast of the exterior of the brain case
C)measure of the volume of the brain case
D)measure of the length of the skull relative to its width

Question 44

The zygomatic arch refers to the:

A)cheekbone
B)bony socket that surrounds the eye
C)flange for the attachment of neck muscles
D)eardrum

Question 45

The adult gorilla has how many teeth?

A)44
B)36
C)32
D)20

Question 46

The average cranial capacity for modern humans is:

A)550 cubic centimeters
B)1050 cubic centimeters
C)1350 cubic centimeters
D)1850 cubic centimeters

Question 47

In humans,the occipital condyles and the foramen magnum lie:

A)well forward on the underside of the skull
B)well back on the underside of the skull
C)almost directly in the center of the underside of the skull
D)on the back of the skull

Question 48

The largest encephalization quotient is found in:

A)New World monkeys
B)Old World monkeys
C)apes
D)dolphins
E)humans

Question 49

Which of the following cranial capacities fall outside the normal range of variation for modern humans?

A)900 cubic centimeters
B)1100 cubic centimeters
C)1800 cubic centimeters
D)none of the above

Question 50

Primate dentition is characterized by:

A)heterodonty
B)diphydonty
C)fairly unspecialized tooth structure
D)all of the above

Question 51

Grasping,ripping,tearing,defense,and antagonistic display are the functions of the:

A)incisors
B)canines
C)premolars
D)molars

Question 52

Molars with broad,flat basins and low rounded cusps are characteristic of:

A)folivores
B)insectivores
C)frugivores
D)omnivores

Question 53

With respect to the evolution of the sense organs,the primate skull is characterized by:

A)reduction of the snout
B)an enlarged cranium
C)positioning of the eyes on the front of the skull
D)all of the above

Question 54

Among the anthropoids the cerebral cortex is highly convoluted and differentiated into areas associated with specific functions.Those areas that are greatly expanded in humans include those associated with:

A)vision
B)language
C)hand coordination
D)all of the above

Question 55

The adult human has how many teeth?

A)44
B)36
C)32
D)20

Question 56

The increase in brain size over and beyond that due to an increase in body size is measured by the:

A)allometric index
B)encephalization quotient
C)frontal quotient
D)interhemispheric index

Question 57

The dental formula for an adult chimpanzee is:

A)2.1.2.3/2.1.2.3
B)2.1.3.2/2.1.3.2
C)2.1.3.3/2.1.3.3
D)3.1.4.3/3.1.4.3

Question 58

The cranial capacities of the great apes generally fall between:

A)100-300 cubic centimeters
B)400-500 cubic centimeters
C)850-950 cubic centimeters
D)1000-1250 cubic centimeters

Question 59

Allometric growth is:

A)growth in the first year of life
B)growth of the brain
C)growth that occurs as an adult
D)the growth of some parts of the body faster than others

Question 60

A jutting forward of the jaw,caused by the massiveness of the teeth and jaw,is known as:

A)ectotympanic
B)prognathism
C)nuchalism
D)orthognathism

Question 61

In contrast to ape canine teeth,human canine teeth:

A)do not show sexual dimorphism
B)are not accompanied by a diastema
C)erupt before the second and third molars
D)all of the above

Question 62

A hypothesis that explains why hominin dentition has reduced in size through time includes the idea that:

A)tools perform the same functions in hominids that teeth perform in other hominoids
B)humans use weapons instead of teeth
C)cooperative hunting is inconsistent with canine threat displays
D)all of the above

Question 63

The sagittal crest develops in response to the development of a large:

A)temporalis muscle
B)masseter muscle
C)nuchal muscle
D)none of the above

Question 64

The internal buttress that reinforces the ape mandible is the:

A)chin
B)simian shelf
C)sagittal crest
D)nuchal crest

Question 65

The sectorial premolar in the ape refers to:

A)the anterior upper premolar
B)the anterior lower premolar
C)all upper premolars
D)all premolars

Question 66

A steplike wear pattern of the molars may be indicative of:

A)a diet consisting mostly of nuts and seeds
B)an extended childhood period
C)a longer life span
D)the use of teeth as tools

Question 67

The common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees had how many chromosomes?

A)42
B)44
C)46
D)48

Question 68

The New World monkeys are characterized by how many premolars per quadrant of the mouth?

A)4
B)3
C)2
D)1

Question 69

Which of the following characteristics is found in hominin dentition?

A)sectorial premolar
B)diastema
C)upper incisors implanted vertically
D)all of the above

Question 70

When human chromosomes are compared with chimpanzee chromosomes,all of the chromosomes match except for human chromosome number:

A)2
B)12
C)22
D)X

Question 71

The dental arcade of a chimpanzee is shaped like:

A)a parabola
B)the letter V
C)the letter U
D)a helix

Question 72

When comparing the amino acid sequences of divergent populations,those with the most recent common ancestor:

A)will have the greatest number of amino acid substitutions
B)will have the least number of amino acid substitutions
C)will always have absolutely no amino acid substitutions
D)will have amino acid substitutions that produce abnormalities

Question 73

Graphic representations of evolutionary relationships among animal species are called:

A)karyotypes
B)allopatric trees
C)phylogenetic trees
D)none of the above

Question 74

Human chromosome 2 probably arose by means of a:

A)translocation
B)pericentric inversion
C)fusion of two ancestral chromosomes
D)break in a large ancestral chromosome

Question 75

The great apes are characterized by how many chromosomes in each body cell?

A)36
B)42
C)46
D)48

Question 76

The development of a large brow ridge is related to the development of a large:

A)eye
B)jaw
C)brain
D)none of the above

Question 77

The lower molars of chimpanzees and humans can be described as:

A)X-4
B)Y-5
C)T-3
D)bilophodont

Question 78

Ape dentition is characterized by:

A)upper incisors implanted in the jaw at an angle
B)large and projecting canines
C)U-shaped dental arcade
D)all of the above

Question 79

Which of the following characteristics are lacking in hominin dentition?

A)sexual dimorphism
B)sectorial premolar
C)diastema
D)all of the above

Question 80

The larger size of canine teeth in the male baboon as compared with the female is an example of:

A)allometric growth
B)sexual dimorphism
C)heterodonty
D)neoteny