Deck 16: The Biology of Modern Homo Sapiens

Question 1

Genetic changes which favor survival of a population in a stressful environment are called:

A)adaptations
B)adjustments
C)acclimatization
D)none of the above

Answer 1

adaptations

Question 2

Cold stress,as found in the Arctic,can result in:

A)dehydration
B)hypothermia
C)hypoxia
D)hyperventilation

Answer 2

hypothermia

Question 3

Body heat may be lost through:

A)conduction
B)radiation
C)evaporation
D)all of the above

Answer 3

all of the above

Question 4

Which of the following is an example of a behavioral adjustment?

A)increased lung capacity
B)vasoconstriction
C)construction of an igloo
D)increased breathing rate

Question 5

Types of adjustments include:

A)behavioral
B)acclimatory
C)developmental
D)all of the above

Question 6

The basal metabolic rate is:

A)the rate at which the body uses up certain minerals in the blood
B)the total calories used by the body to maintain the functioning of the brain
C)the total energy used by the body to maintain those body processes necessary for life
D)the rate at which the body replaces fluids lost by sweating

Question 7

The critical temperature is the temperature at which:

A)the body must begin to combat a rise in body temperature due to warm air temperature
B)the body must begin to combat a lowering of body temperature due to cold air temperature
C)normal body temperature is maintained (98.6°F or 37°C)
D)sweating begins to occur in order to lower body temperature

Question 8

A nude body at rest loses the most heat by:

A)evaporation
B)conduction
C)radiation
D)convection

Question 9

Nongenetic changes which aid in survival are called:

A)adaptations
B)adjustments
C)acclimatization
D)none of the above

Question 10

In desert habitats the most significant method of ridding the body of excess heat is:

A)evaporation
B)convection
C)radiation
D)conduction

Question 11

A person moves from a cold humid to a hot dry climate.At first she feels tired most of the time,very hot,and often faint.Gradually she feels better and notices a reduction in the amount of urine she produces.This scenario illustrates a(n):

A)acclimatory adjustment
B)behavioral adjustment
C)development adjustment
D)adaptation

Question 12

The use of bottled oxygen at high altitude is an example of a(n):

A)behavioral adjustment
B)acclimatory adjustment
C)developmental adjustment
D)none of the above

Question 13

People living in desert habitats:

A)produce greater volumes of sweat
B)have more sweat glands than other people
C)show vasoconstriction of the skin capillaries
D)all of the above

Question 14

A reversible physiological adjustment to a stressful environment is called a(n):

A)acclimatory adjustment
B)behavioral adjustment
C)developmental adjustment
D)stressful adjustment

Question 15

Survival in a stressful environment through cultural means is called a(n):

A)acclimatory adjustment
B)behavioral adjustment
C)developmental adjustment
D)technological adjustment

Question 16

A group of people have moved from a temperate to a tropical climate.In their new home they wear different types of clothing than they did in their former home.This is an example of:

A)acclimatory adjustment
B)behavioral adjustment
C)developmental adjustment
D)adaptations

Question 17

Acclimatory adjustments are:

A)physiological responses
B)alterations in the growth patterns of children
C)aspects of technology which permit survival
D)genetic changes in populations

Question 18

Vasodilation and reduced urine volume are adjustments to:

A)arctic habitats
B)high altitude habitats
C)desert habitats
D)outer space

Question 19

The nude human body at rest must begin to combat a lowering of body temperature when the air temperature is approximately:

A)0°C (32°F)
B)20°C (68°F)
C)31°C (87.8°F)
D)37°C (98.6°F)

Question 20

A long-term acclimatory response to cold stress is:

A)vasodilation of the capillaries in the skin
B)increased rate of breathing
C)increase in the basal metabolic rate
D)reduction in the volume of urine produced

Question 21

Oxygen makes up __________ percent of the air we breathe.

A)12
B)21
C)47
D)99

Question 22

Low oxygen pressure in the body's tissues results in a condition known as:

A)hypothermia
B)hypoxia
C)hyperventilation
D)homeothermy

Question 23

Gloger's rule concerns a correlation between:

A)latitude and skin color
B)latitude and height
C)latitude and body weight
D)high altitude and lung capacity

Question 24

Individuals who grow up at high altitudes develop a greater lung capacity.This is an example of a:

A)acclimatory adjustment
B)behavioral adjustment
C)developmental adjustment
D)environmental adjustment

Question 25

Most of the oxygen in the blood is transported by:

A)myoglobin
B)fibrinogen
C)hemoglobin
D)cytochrome

Question 26

It has been suggested that one of the major functions of melanin is the regulation of the production of:

A)vitamin D
B)vitamin C
C)hemoglobin
D)phenylalanine

Question 27

An example of variation due to developmental adjustment is:

A)males being taller and more muscular
B)individuals who grow up at high altitudes having larger chest circumference
C)increased biacromial width in females
D)all of the above

Question 28

People with dark skin are often found in more equatorial regions.This is an example of an:

A)adaptation
B)adjustment
C)acclimatization
D)none of the above

Question 29

Within the same species of mammals,there is a tendency to find more heavily pigmented forms near the equator and lighter forms away from the equator.This is known as:

A)Allen's rule
B)Gloger's rule
C)Bergmann's rule
D)Stein's rule

Question 30

Which of the following is true about skin color?

A)the only major skin pigment is melanin
B)dark skin is more susceptible to frostbite than light skin
C)melanin is involved with the regulation of vitamin D manufacture
D)all of the above are true

Question 31

Within the same species of mammals,populations with less bulk are found nearer the equator while those with greater bulk are found farther from the equator.This is known as:

A)Allen's rule
B)Gloger's rule
C)Bergmann's rule
D)Stein's rule

Question 32

Human adaptations for life in a warm climate,as seen in the Nilote,include:

A)tall stature
B)long,linear trunks
C)long arms and legs
D)all of the above

Question 33

Alterations in the pattern of growth and development resulting from environmental influences are called:

A)acclimatory adjustments
B)behavioral adjustments
C)developmental adjustments
D)environmental adjustments

Question 34

Adjustments to hypoxia include:

A)increase in the number of red blood cells
B)increase in the number of blood capillaries
C)hyperventilation
D)all of the above

Question 35

The amount of heat that can be lost from an object by radiation depends on:

A)only the surface area
B)only the volume
C)the ratio of surface area to volume
D)only the mass

Question 36

Human adaptations for life in a cold climate,as seen in the Inuit (Eskimo),include:

A)short arms and legs
B)tall stature
C)long noses
D)small body size

Question 37

Among mammals,populations of the same species living near the equator tend to have body parts that protrude more and to have longer limbs than those farther away from the equator.This is known as:

A)Allen's rule
B)Gloger's rule
C)Bergmann's rule
D)Stein's rule

Question 38

Environmental stress encountered at high altitude includes:

A)low oxygen partial pressure
B)cold temperature
C)high level of solar radiation
D)all of the above

Question 39

Human skin color is determined by:

A)the pigment melanin
B)small blood vessels underlying the skin
C)exposure to sunlight
D)all of the above

Question 40

Problems often encountered at high altitude include:

A)low birth weights
B)late maturity
C)infant mortality
D)all of the above

Question 41

A velocity curve shows:

A)actual height or weight at a given age
B)changes in the rate of growth with age
C)differences in growth patterns between males and females
D)none of the above

Question 42

Increase in cell size is termed:

A)hyperplasia
B)hypertrophy
C)accretion
D)ontogeny

Question 43

The narrow zone on a bone where bone growth occurs is called a:

A)growth zone
B)development zone
C)growth plate
D)secondary center of ossification

Question 44

The process of turning cartilage into bone is called:

A)diaphysis
B)ossification
C)hardening
D)osteolication

Question 45

The bone age of an individual is defined as:

A)the precise age at which secondary centers of ossification form
B)the average chronological age at which centers of ossification form and fusion of growth plates takes place
C)a fossil human's age at death as determined by x-raying the bones
D)none of the above

Question 46

An adult human body contains an estimated __________ cells.

A)100,000
B)100 million
C)100 billion
D)100 trillion

Question 47

Differences in growth and development between individuals are due:

A)almost exclusively to environmental factors
B)almost exclusively to genetic factors
C)to both genetic and environmental factors
D)to neither genetic nor environmental factors

Question 48

The adolescent growth spurt occurs:

A)earlier in girls than in boys
B)earlier in boys than in girls
C)at about the same time in boys and girls
D)irregularly in both boys and girls

Question 49

Humans have _________ deciduous teeth and __________ permanent teeth.

A)18;30
B)20;32
C)28;32
D)32;32

Question 50

Deciduous teeth are also referred to as:

A)premolars
B)molars
C)wisdom teeth
D)baby teeth

Question 51

Hyperplasia refers to:

A)increase in the size of cells
B)increase in the amount of intercellular material
C)increase in the number of cells
D)all of the above

Question 52

The bone age of an individual can be determined by examining an X-ray for:

A)fusion of growth plates
B)length of long bones
C)bone density
D)none of the above

Question 53

Bergmann's rule concerns a correlation between:

A)latitude and skin color
B)latitude and height
C)latitude and body weight
D)high altitude and lung capacity

Question 54

If we apply Allen's rule,Bergmann's rule,and Gloger's rule,we would expect within a species of mammals that those populations living near the equator would have:

A)longer limbs,weigh less,and be more heavily pigmented
B)shorter limbs,weigh more and be more heavily pigmented
C)longer limbs,weigh more and be less heavily pigmented
D)shorter limbs,weigh less,and be less heavily pigmented

Question 55

The development of two sets of teeth is:

A)unique to humans
B)found in mammals
C)found in all mammals and reptiles
D)found in all animals

Question 56

A fetal limb bone is originally formed of:

A)cartilage
B)actual bone
C)calcium
D)membrane

Question 57

The study of bones is called:

A)dendrology
B)ontology
C)paleontology
D)osteology

Question 58

The specialization and differentiation of cells into different tissues and organs is termed:

A)development
B)phylogeny
C)growth
D)evolution

Question 59

A graph which plots the height of an individual gained in each one year period is a:

A)distance curve
B)adolescent curve
C)velocity curve
D)growth curve

Question 60

Increase in intercellular material is called:

A)accretion
B)hyperplasia
C)hypertrophy
D)ontology

Question 61

The life span of a species is defined as:

A)the average age at which natural death occurs
B)the average age at which death (due to any factor)occurs
C)the theoretical maximum age determined by genetics
D)none of the above

Question 62

The fact that menarche in females today occurs earlier than in their mothers is an example of:

A)ontogeny
B)anthropometry
C)the secular trend
D)a velocity curve

Question 63

Secular trends may be caused by:

A)genetic factors
B)improved nutrition
C)better health services
D)b and c
E)all of the above

Question 64

The adolescent growth spurt:

A)is more pronounced in girls than in boys
B)is identical in girls and boys
C)is less pronounced in girls than in boys
D)does not occur in most girls

Question 65

Twin studies suggest that:

A)genes strongly influence growth,mainly by establishing optimal limits for growth
B)genes determine growth with no influence from the environment
C)the environment more strongly determines growth than do genes
D)no conclusions can be drawn about the relative importance of genes and environment

Question 66

Characteristics of kwashiorkor include:

A)edema
B)retarded growth and development
C)apathy and irritability
D)all of the above

Question 67

The life span for humans is about __________ years.

A)45
B)70
C)85
D)120

Question 68

Which of the following is an example of a secondary sexual characteristic?

A)development of facial hair in the male
B)deepening of the voice in the male
C)increase in the width of the hips in the female
D)all of the above

Question 69

Growth and development are influenced by:

A)hormones
B)genetics
C)nutrition
D)all of the above

Question 70

To properly pronounce the word "menarche," it should rhyme with:

A)marsh
B)march
C)Archie
D)monarchy

Question 71

Anthropometry is the study of:

A)differences in behavior in various societies
B)human heredity
C)biological classification of humans
D)measurements of the human body

Question 72

A spreading caliper is used to measure the width and breadth of the head.Such an activity is a part of the field of:

A)ontogeny
B)phylogeny
C)anthropometry
D)psychology

Question 73

A state of severe protein and carbohydrate deficiency is:

A)diarrhea
B)marasmus
C)kwashiorkor
D)dyspnea

Question 74

The fact that the average male is heavier and taller than the average female is an example of:

A)sexual dimorphism
B)polymorphism
C)ontogeny
D)allometric growth

Question 75

When compared to the female skull,the stereotypic male skull is characterized by:

A)larger teeth
B)more pronounced brow ridges
C)square orbits
D)all of the above

Question 76

Menarche refers to the onset of:

A)menstruation
B)spermatogenesis
C)tooth eruption
D)antibody production

Question 77

When compared with females,males develop as part of the adolescent growth spurt a decrease in:

A)muscle tissue
B)subcutaneous fat
C)lung capacity
D)blood volume

Question 78

At puberty,bitrochanteric width increases:

A)more in the male than the female
B)at the same rate in males and females
C)more in the female than the male
D)not at all;it is determined by age five

Question 79

Secular trend refers to:

A)a change in religious ideas
B)a tendency for succeeding generations to,on the average,mature faster and be larger
C)an increase in the rate of mitosis due to radiation
D)a change in the distribution of any trait due to prolonged migration and interbreeding

Question 80

The earliest sign of puberty in the human female is:

A)the enlargement of the areolar area
B)the development of the breast bud
C)menarche
D)constant talking on the telephone
E)none of the above