Deck 11: Earth Materials

Question 1

Which of the following is a mafic extrusive rock?

A)gabbro
B)peridotite
C)basalt
D)andesite
E)granite

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following statements best describes mafic rocks?

A)high in calcium and iron
B)high in magnesium and iron
C)high in magnesium and feldspar
D)high in feldspar and calcium
E)high in feldspar and silica

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Two landforms that are classified as extrusive volcanic are:

A)a dyke and sill
B)an anticline and syncline
C)a laccolith and batholith
D)a lava flow and cinder cone
E)a sill and anticline

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Rocks which are modified by heat or pressure or both are classified as __________.

A)sedimentary rocks
B)igneous rocks
C)plutonic rocks
D)metamorphic rocks
E)extrusive igneous rocks

Question 5

Granite and basalt differ because __________________.

A)Granite is extrusive and basalt is intrusive.
B)Granite is intrusive and basalt is extrusive
C)Granite is an igneous rock and basalt is a metamorphic rock
D)Basalt is an igneous rock and granite is a metamorphic rock
E)Basalt is an sedimentary rock and granite is a metamorphic rock

Question 6

Which of the following rocks and their metamorphosed forms is correct?

A)sandstone and slate
B)shale and quartzite
C)shale and halite
D)limestone and halite
E)granite and gneiss

Question 7

Which of the following is a type of chemically precipitated rock?

A)Sandstone
B)Coal
C)Mudstone
D)Limestone
E)Conglomerate

Question 8

Which of the following is a mafic intrusive rock?

A)gabbro
B)peridotite
C)basalt
D)andesite
E)granite

Question 9

A very fine-grained or glassy rock originated in which of the following situations?

A)volcanic lava flow
B)batholith
C)sill
D)dyke
E)beach deposit

Question 10

Which of the following is a felsic intrusive rock?

A)gabbro
B)peridotite
C)basalt
D)andesite
E)granite

Question 11

When magma inserts itself as a thin layer between the strata of existing rocks without disturbing these older layers to any great extent,it is termed a _____________.

A)dike
B)sill
C)stock
D)pluton
E)batholith

Question 12

Which of the following minerals is most resistant to chemical alteration?

A)quartz
B)mica
C)pyroxene
D)amphibole

Question 13

Which of the following elements is the most abundant in the Earth's crust

A)Silicon
B)Aluminum
C)Iron
D)Oxygen
E)Calcium

Question 14

Which of the following is a felsic extrusive rock?

A)gabbro
B)peridotite
C)basalt
D)andesite
E)granite

Question 15

Which of the following elements is the least abundant in the Earth's crust

A)Silicon
B)Aluminum
C)Iron
D)Oxygen
E)Calcium

Question 16

Which of the following is a type of clastic sedimentary rock?

A)Limestone
B)Dolomite
C)Shale
D)Chert
E)Coal

Question 17

Which of the following is an example of a felsic mineral?

A)quartz
B)mica
C)pyroxene
D)amphibole

Question 18

Which of the following statements best describes mafic rocks?

A)high in calcium and iron
B)high in magnesium and iron
C)high in magnesium and feldspar
D)high in feldspar and calcium
E)high in feldspar and silica

Question 19

Which of the following is not a type of sedimentary rock?

A)Breccia
B)Evaporite
C)Conglomerate
D)Sandstone
E)Batholith

Question 20

Sediments accumulate in layers known as _____________ separated by surfaces known as _______________.

A)lava / strata
B)strata / bedding planes
C)shales /planes
D)sills / shales
E)sediments / stratifications

Question 21

Which of the following features is not associated with diverging crustal plate boundaries?

A)Island arcs
B)mid-ocean ridge
C)rift valley
D)Fluid,low-silica lava
E)Lava containing significant amounts of magnesium

Question 22

Halite is a mineral that is commonly mined to create which of the following commodities?

A)cement
B)natural gas
C)limestone
D)salt
E)gypsum

Question 23

The boundary between the crust and the mantle is referred to as the: ____________.

A)Inner core
B)Outer core
C)Asthenosphere
D)Lithosphere
E)Moho

Question 24

Which of the following rocks results from the metamorphosis of shale?

A)slate
B)schist
C)quartzite
D)gneiss
E)marble

Question 25

The rocks of the continental crust are most commonly described as ________.

A)ferrous
B)felsic
C)granitic
D)mafic
E)basaltic

Question 26

Which of the following rocks results from the metamorphosis of limestone?

A)slate
B)schist
C)quartzite
D)gneiss
E)marble

Question 27

The rocks of the oceanic crust are largely composed of ________.

A)ferrous metals
B)felsic minerals
C)granite
D)mafic minerals
E)silica only

Question 28

Which of the following rocks results from the metamorphosis of sandstone?

A)slate
B)schist
C)quartzite
D)gneiss
E)marble

Question 29

Which of the following is a type of carbonate rock?

A)sandstone
B)limestone
C)coal
D)rhyolite
E)basalt

Question 30

A sedimentary rock that is comprised largely of clays and breaks easily into flakes or plates is a:

A)mudstone
B)claystone
C)shale
D)siltstone
E)conglomerate

Question 31

What are the two sources of energy that drive the rock cycle?

A)solar radiation and the force of gravity
B)the carbon cycle and the force of gravity
C)the hydrological cycle and the carbon cycle
D)solar radiation and radiogenic heat
E)the force of gravity and the hydrological cycle

Question 32

Which of the following types of rock can be split into hard flat plates?

A)slate
B)schist
C)quartzite
D)gneiss
E)marble

Question 33

What is bitumen?

A)an organic sedimentary rock
B)a hydrocarbon deposit
C)a metamorphic rock
D)a silicate mineral
E)an evaporite

Question 34

Comparatively inactive regions of very old continental rocks are referred to as:

A)continental shields
B)suspect terrains
C)alpine chains
D)mountain arcs
E)orogenic belts

Question 35

Which layer of the Earth is liquid and comprised largely of iron and nickel?

A)Inner core
B)Outer core
C)Lower mantle
D)Upper mantle
E)Asthenosphere

Question 36

Petroleum,coal and natural gas are referred to as:

A)evaporates
B)carbonates
C)hydrocarbons
D)schists
E)metamorphic rocks

Question 37

A clastic rock containing pebbles of hard rock is a:

A)mudstone
B)claystone
C)shale
D)siltstone
E)conglomerate

Question 38

The so-called "Moho" __________.

A)is an abbreviation for the famous "mole hole" bore hole which yielded the deepest crustal core sample ever collected
B)is the name given to the contact plane between the crust and mantle
C)is the name given to the sharp break in composition between oceanic and continental crust
D)refers to a research station on the coast of Yugoslavia where much of the early research on earthquakes was performed
E)is the name given to the boundary between the core and the mantle

Question 39

Two large plates moving away from the mid-Atlantic ridge are the __________ and the _____________.

A)Australian Plate / Nazca Plate
B)Atlantic Plate / Antarctic Plate
C)North American Plate / Juan de Fuca Plate
D)South American Plate / African Plate
E)Cocos Plate / Nazca Plate

Question 40

How does the age of ocean rock vary with distance from ocean ridges?

A)Only young rocks are found near the ridges with progressively older rocks appearing with distance from the ridges.
B)The oldest rocks are found adjacent to the ridges,with progressively younger rocks found with distance from the ridges.
C)All rocks in oceans basins are the same age.
D)The age of rocks varies with distance from subduction zones only.
E)The age of rocks within ocean basins varies with depth rather than distance from ocean ridges.

Question 41

The process of seafloor spreading involves the creation of new crust and its continuous movement away from its source.Which of the following serve as that source?

A)mid-oceanic ridges
B)hotspots on the ocean floor called magma oases
C)oceanic trenches,oftentimes several thousand meters below the surface of the seafloor
D)the sources are varied,with little seeming logic to their locales

Question 42

What is the approximate age of the Earth?

A)1)9 billion years
B)2)8 billion years
C)3)4 billion years
D)4)6 billion years
E)6)5 billion years

Question 43

Folding accompanied by faulting where slices of rock move over the underlying rock is referred to as:

A)rift fault
B)reverse fault
C)overthrust fault
D)transform fault
E)normal fault

Question 44

What type of boundary is associated with the San Andreas fault?

A)converging boundary
B)spreading boundary
C)transform boundary
D)continental suture
E)boundary that is currently not classified

Question 45

The radius of the Earth is approximately:

A)4200 kilometers (2600 miles)
B)6400 kilometers (4000 miles)
C)7200 kilometers (4400 miles)
D)8300 kilometers (5100 miles)
E)9100 kilometers (5600 miles)

Question 46

A boundary whereby two plates have become permanently attached and ending tectonic activity is referred to as a:

A)converging boundary
B)spreading boundary
C)transform boundary
D)continental suture
E)boundary that is currently not classified

Question 47

Mountain arcs are a type of:

A)continental shield
B)exposed shield
C)covered shield
D)mountain root
E)alpine chain

Question 48

The boundary between the North American Plate and the northern portion of the Pacific plate is a:

A)converging boundary
B)spreading boundary
C)transform boundary
D)continental suture
E)boundary that is currently not classified

Question 49

The ________ is the soft,hot layer of rock located in the ________.

A)lithosphere/crust
B)crust/mantle
C)asthenosphere/mantle
D)asthenosphere/crust
E)crust/asthenosphere

Question 50

If you were to move from a continental landmass out to sea,in what order would you encounter continental and ocean basin relief features?

A)continental slope,continental shelf,continental rise,abyssal plain
B)continental shelf,continental rise,continental slope,abyssal plain
C)continental shelf,continental slope,continental rise,abyssal plain
D)continental rise,continental slope,continental margin,abyssal plain
E)continental margin,continental slope,continental shelf,abyssal plain

Question 51

Which of the following features is not associated with converging crustal plate boundaries?

A)deep-ocean trench
B)island arcs
C)non-explosive volcanoes
D)mountain building
E)explosive volcanoes

Question 52

The original supercontinent first envisaged by Wegener is referred to as:

A)Koppenland
B)Wegenerland
C)Pangea
D)Laurasia
E)Gondwanaland

Question 53

The boundary between the North American Plate and the Eurasian Plate is a:

A)converging boundary
B)spreading boundary
C)transform boundary
D)continental suture
E)boundary that is currently not classified

Question 54

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the composition of continental crust?

A)Continental crust is composed of rocks very similar to basalt
B)Continental crust is made up entirely of mafic rocks
C)Continental crust is made up entirely of felsic rocks
D)Continental crust has a composition identical to oceanic crust
E)Continental crust is made up of both mafic and felsic rock

Question 55

Which tectonic plate is located between the South American Plate and the Antarctic Plate?

A)Philippine plate
B)Bismark plate
C)Caroline plate
D)Scotia plate
E)Cocos plate

Question 56

A fold that is arch-like and has completely folded over itself is:

A)an recumbent anticline
B)an overturned syncline
C)a plunging anticline
D)a divergent anticline
E)a recumbent syncline

Question 57

Which of the following is associated with a subduction zone?

A)oceanic trench
B)midocean ridge
C)rift valley
D)axial rift
E)continental shield

Question 58

The Canadian shield is an example of a:

A)continental shelf
B)exposed shield
C)covered shield
D)mountain root
E)alpine chain

Question 59

A fault boundary where there is horizontal motion of two adjacent plates,one sliding past the other is referred to as a:

A)rift fault
B)reverse fault
C)overthrust fault
D)transform fault
E)normal fault

Question 60

The Nazca Plate is wedged between the __________.

A)South American and Pacific Plates
B)Pacific and North American Plates
C)Eurasian and African Plates
D)South American and African Plates
E)South American and Caribbean Plates

Question 61

A pluton is a type of structure associated with the accumulation of hydrocarbons.

Question 62

The bulk of igneous rocks are made up of silicate minerals.

Question 63

The formation of mountain ranges such at the Himalayas are due to__________.

A)sea floor spreading
B)continent-continent collision
C)subduction zone ativity
D)Ocean- island arc collision
E)volcanism

Question 64

Carbon dioxide,dissolved in water,creates an acid that effectively alters calcium carbonate minerals.

Question 65

Granite is a mafic extrusive rock.

Question 66

Quartz,biotite and feldspar are all examples of silicate minerals.

Question 67

The boundary marked by the mid-Atlantic ridge is a:

A)converging boundary
B)spreading boundary
C)transform boundary
D)continental suture
E)boundary that is currently not classified

Question 68

Rocks that are deposited from solution like rock salt,halite,and borates are all _______________.

A)crystals
B)dissolved
C)refractories
D)metamorphic
E)evaporates

Question 69

Silicon is the most common element in the Earth's crust.

Question 70

An example of a fine-grained felsic rock is gabbro.

Question 71

Chert forms from layers of silica deposited in sea water.

Question 72

Intrusive igneous rocks are noted for

A)their large mineral crystals.
B)their interesting mineral composition.
C)their hardness,compared to extrusive igneous rocks.
D)their darker colors.
E)proximity to the earth's surface.

Question 73

____________ is formed from shale that is heated and compressed by mountain-making forces.

A)Slate
B)Quartzite
C)mica
D)Marble
E)Dolomite

Question 74

The type of rock that most closely resembles the composition of limestone is dolomite.

Question 75

The current geologic epoch we are in is called ______________.

A)Cambrian
B)Paleocene
C)Triassic
D)Precambrian
E)Holocene

Question 76

An example of continental rupture is:

A)The Mediterranean Sea
B)The Andes
C)The islands of the South Pacific
D)The Red Sea
E)The Rockies

Question 77

Rifting is associated with compression associated with folding.

Question 78

Magma that solidifies below the earth's surface and remains surrounded by older,preexisting rock is called__________________.

A)extrusive igneous rock
B)intrusive igneous rock
C)lava
D)magmatic rock
E)minerals

Question 79

A _____________ is a naturally occurring,inorganic substance that usually possesses a definite chemical composition and characteristic atomic structure.

A)crystal
B)mineral
C)rock
D)metamorphic rock
E)volcano

Question 80

Sandstone has smaller particles sizes than shale.