Deck 14: Fresh Water of the Continents

Question 1

An upward-pointing rod-shaped structure in a limestone caves is referred to as a:

A)travertine
B)column
C)stalagmite
D)stalactite
E)uvala

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following factors can negatively impact the quality of groundwater?

A)high temperature incineration
B)sanitary land-fill disposal sites
C)salt water intrusion
D)volumes of extraction that is less than recharge
E)infiltration

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following situations is required for an artesian well?

A)an aquifer between two aquicludes
B)an aquiclude between two aquifers
C)an aquifer positioned on top of one aquiclude
D)an aquiclude positioned on top of one aquifer
E)an aquifer positioned below one aquiclude

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Minerals eroded by acid action in karst regions and then deposited on the walls of caves are known as:

A)calcite
B)dolomite
C)limestone
D)travertine
E)chert

Question 5

Stream discharge at a location on a stream is determined by noting the height or:

A)stage
B)volume
C)aspect
D)gauge
E)bed

Question 6

The relationship between stream discharge and precipitation is best studied using a:

A)hygrometer
B)graphic scale
C)flood stage
D)hydrograph
E)flood current

Question 7

The portion of water carried by a stream that is contributed by groundwater is referred to as:

A)infiltration
B)runoff
C)overland flow
D)discharge
E)base flow

Question 8

How does urbanization impact stream flow?

A)The development of large areas of permeable surfaces
B)Overland flow across the urban area decreases
C)Storm sewers slow the rate at which water is delivered to nearby rivers and streams
D)Recharge of groundwater beneath the urban area is reduced
E)Decrease the frequency and height of flood peaks after heavy storms

Question 9

Icicle-like features suspended from the ceilings of caves are called _________.

A)travertines
B)columns
C)stalagmites
D)stalactites
E)uvalas

Question 10

Which of the following features defines the upper surface of groundwater?

A)the soil-water belt
B)the unsaturated zone
C)the saturated zone
D)the water table
E)the regolith

Question 11

Surface depressions that develop in a karst landscape are referred to as:

A)uvalas
B)cones
C)swallow holes
D)sinkholes
E)caves

Question 12

The level below which a stream cannot erode its bed is referred to as ___________.

A)basin
B)base level
C)floodplain
D)levee
E)stream capacity

Question 13

Stream discharge is defined as:

A)height of water per unit time passing though a cross section of the stream at that location
B)volume of water per unit time passing though a cross section of the stream at that location
C)velocity of water passing though a cross section of the stream at that locatio
D)volume of water per unit time passing though a length of the stream
E)velocity of water per unit time passing though a length of the stream

Question 14

The difference between the cone tip and the original water table after water has been drawn from a well is known as the:

A)recharge
B)runoff
C)yield
D)drawdown
E)withdrawal

Question 15

A topographic barrier which separates two drainage basins is referred to as a (an)______________.

A)trunk
B)brook
C)network
D)divide
E)distributary

Question 16

The absorption of water by a soil,delivered by light or moderate rain is

A)infiltration
B)runoff
C)overland flow
D)discharge
E)base flow

Question 17

Which of the following phenomena results from water being pumped from a well?

A)the surrounding water table is raised in a upward pointing cone
B)the surrounding water table is lowered in a downward pointing cone
C)the surrounding water table is raised in a cone that points upslope
D)the surrounding water table is lowered in a cone that points downslope
E)the surrounding water table is unaffected

Question 18

The difference between the time at which precipitation occurs and the time at which a stream gauge begins to show a rise in the stream is referred to as the:

A)base flow
B)time lag
C)hydrograph period
D)stream lapse
E)discharge

Question 19

Which of the following is the potential result of water table depletion?

A)increase in base level of surrounding streams
B)the water table becomes more shallow
C)volumes of groundwater increase
D)sinking of the land known as subsidence
E)decrease in risk for groundwater contamination

Question 20

The height above which inundation of the floodplain occurs:

A)flood level
B)discharge
C)flood stage
D)flash flood
E)base flow

Question 21

What are exotic rivers?

A)Rivers that contain such a broad array of pollutants that they no longer function in the way they would under natural conditions.
B)Rivers that cross urbanized areas and so are considerably changed from their natural state.
C)Rivers that cross a variety of terrains including changes in vegetation and elevation
D)Rivers that do not flow all year round and that may remain dry for possibly many years
E)Rivers that flow through arid regions although the source of their water derives from regions with a water surplus

Question 22

The accumulation of excess nutrients that stimulate freshwater plant growth may lead to which of the following processes?

A)salinization
B)acidification
C)eutrophication
D)subsidence
E)sublimation

Question 23

In moist climates the water level of lakes does not reflect the level of the water table.

Question 24

Overland flow occurs when dry soil receives rain or snowmelt.

Question 25

Pollutants from a land-fill disposal site may eventually pollute nearby streams.

Question 26

Drainage basis size is the most important factor in the delay in discharge response to heavy rain.

Question 27

The entire surface area within a drainage basin is known as its ____________ .

A)landmass
B)flow potential
C)collection zone
D)watershed
E)acreage

Question 28

___________ landscapes are covered with flat-bottomed valleys,sinkholes,and caverns.

A)Travertine
B)Karst
C)Carbonate
D)Dolomite
E)Earth's

Question 29

Which of the following statements concerning lakes is incorrect?

A)In moist climates,the water level of lakes coincides closely with the water table of the surrounding area
B)Lakes can disappear due to climate changes
C)Lakes receive water from streams,overland flow and groundwater
D)Lakes are generally long-lived phenomena on the geologic time scale
E)Lakes are formed from an array of geologic processes

Question 30

Lakes in arid regions with no surface outlet often display which of the following characteristics?

A)development of bogs
B)gradual decline in lake area due to the growth of vegetation
C)gradual increase in water levels
D)development of salt flats
E)accumulation of organic sediments

Question 31

Sand or Sandstones' ability to hold water often make it a good ____________ .

A)recreational site
B)construction material
C)aquifer
D)building location
E)none of the above

Question 32

Most areas of urban landscapes are not permeable and therefore nearby streamflow is impacted.

Question 33

Venice,Italy provides a dramatic example of __________________ because of heavy ground water withdrawals.

A)water table depletion
B)building damage
C)ground subsidence
D)ground water contamination
E)transportation

Question 34

Artesian wells derive water from an open perched water table.

Question 35

Lakes without outlets,other than evaporation,often show ______________.

A)salt buildup
B)lesser surface area
C)silty bottoms
D)reduced volumes
E)flooding

Question 36

Surface runoff is also known as ____________ .

A)flooding
B)overland flow
C)infiltration
D)erosion
E)stream flow

Question 37

Stream flow discharge quantities (Q)are measured in ____________ .

A)cps
B)cfs
C)hours
D)days
E)annual precipitation

Question 38

Salinization refers specifically to the build-up of salts in which of the following features?

A)vegetation
B)lakes
C)soils
D)rivers
E)rocks

Question 39

A bed of clay and shale would be an effective aquifer

Question 40

Changes in a stream's cross-sectional area and average velocity are related to changes in _____________________.

A)gradient of the stream channel.
B)the amount of sediment in the stream.
C)the flow velocity of the stream.
D)the stream channel difficult to measure
E)type of bedrock

Question 41

Describe the effects of groundwater extraction with particular reference to the problems of over extraction.

Question 42

Describe the passage of a raindrop from its arrival to the ground surface and following its potential pathways to stream,lakes and groundwater.

Question 43

The Aral Sea is rapidly shrinking due to the diversion of water from rivers entering the sea to irrigation.

Question 44

Describe and explain the processes responsible for the development of karst caves.

Question 45

Describe the local effects of urbanization upon rivers in your region.Compare and contrast these impacts between different urban centers or between an urban and a rural area.

Question 46

The movement of water in all of its physical states in the atmosphere,on land and in the oceans is called the Hydrologic Cycle.

Question 47

Using a recent example of a flood from the news or a historic case study,describe and explain the factors that lead to the flood.

Question 48

Describe the problems apparent in the shrinking of the Aral Sea with particular reference to the causes.Consider the likely future state of the Aral Sea over the next few decades.

Question 49

Identify local river pollution problems and describe the likely effects on the nature of the river and its ecosystem

Question 50

Using a hydrograph of a local river,compare and contrast any evident variations such as seasonality or sudden storms.

Question 51

Using an annotated diagram,describe the drainage basin of a local river or a well known example of a river.Label using terms associated with drainage systems such as divides or stream basins