Deck 13: Sustaining Aquatic Biodiversity

Question 1

Which term refers to a fish population that is temporarily reduced due to over-fishing? 

A) biologically extinct 
B) commercially extinct 
C) economically extinct 
D) locally extinct

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which animal is a cetacean? 

A) a penguin 
B) a porpoise 
C) a sea turtle 
D) a seal

Answer 2

B

Question 3

What is caused by purple loosestrife? 

A) displacement of native vegetation 
B) enhanced habitat for some wetland species 
C) cross-pollination with native plants 
D) increased wetland diversity

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which of the following is an outcome of human activities? 

A) an increase in large open-ocean fish such as tuna and sharks 
B) introducing fish species that have enhanced native species 
C) large catches of non-targeted species 
D) bountiful cod stocks

Question 5

Which statement would a conservationist make about whales? 

A) Whales are a resource that should be harvested. 
B) Whales should be protected on ethical grounds. 
C) Whales pose a threat to humans. 
D) Whales should be carefully hunted with small quotas set.

Question 6

What percentage of marine fish species exist in coastal waters? 

A) 20% 
B) 30% 
C) 40% 
D) 50%

Question 7

What is the depletion of the world's marine fish stocks due to overfishing a classic example of? 

A) failure of fisheries management plans of individual countries 
B) the tendencies of species to become extinct over time 
C) the tragedy of the commons 
D) failure to adapt new technologies to exploiting fish more efficiently

Question 8

Which device has saved many thousands of sea turtles from shrimp trawlers? 

A) gill nets 
B) shrimp rakers 
C) sonic devices that scare turtles away 
D) turtle exclusion devices

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a likely cause for species loss in marine ecosystems? 

A) pollution 
B) overfishing 
C) habitat destruction 
D) recreational fishing

Question 10

What percentage of the world's original coastal wetlands has been lost to agriculture and development? 

A) about 25% 
B) about 50% 
C) about 66% 
D) about 75%

Question 11

Why is protecting marine biodiversity difficult? 

A) All the damage is highly visible to most people and they feel hopeless. 
B) Most of the world's oceans lie within legal jurisdiction of a country. 
C) People view the ocean as exhaustible. 
D) Coastal development has contributed massive inputs of waste.

Question 12

What is the definition of bycatch? 

A) a catch above the allowable quota 
B) a catch of a very rare species 
C) a catch of targeted species 
D) a catch of non-targeted species

Question 13

How many of the world's 651 biosphere reserves include coastal or marine habitats? 

A) about 100 
B) about 50 
C) about 20 
D) about 10

Question 14

Where is most marine biodiversity found? 

A) in tide pools 
B) in salt flats 
C) on coral reefs 
D) on the deep ocean floor

Question 15

What was the cause of over half of North America's fish extinctions in coastal waters,wetlands and lakes? 

A) introduction of non-native species 
B) excess agricultural runoff 
C) overfishing 
D) oil spills

Question 16

What percentage of fish species exist in marine systems? 

A) 43% 
B) 53% 
C) 63% 
D) 73%

Question 17

Which ocean region has the most biodiversity? 

A) the intertidal 
B) the pelagic 
C) the surface 
D) the benthic

Question 18

What has had massive destructive effects on ocean floor ecosystems? 

A) trawl fishing 
B) shipwrecks 
C) sport fishing 
D) boat anchors

Question 19

Which habitat do humans know little about? 

A) deep ocean basins 
B) Antarctica 
C) deep space 
D) tropical rainforests

Question 20

Which country has a significant whaling industry and a market for whale meat? 

A) Great Britain 
B) Australia 
C) the United States 
D) Japan

Question 21

What is the greatest problem of Lake Nipissing and many other inland lakes in Canada? 

A) increasing the genetic diversity of the remaining fish population 
B) controlling overfishing by various user groups 
C) the need to add new species of fish that can become commercially viable 
D) eliminating undesirable fish species that are competing with desirable species

Question 22

Which of the following will contribute to rebuilding the salmon populations? 

A) not releasing juveniles from hatcheries 
B) not releasing extra water from dams 
C) not allowing salmon to bypass dams 
D) banning dams from being built in some stream areas

Question 23

What percent of wetlands have been lost in southern Ontario? 

A) 90 
B) 70 
C) 50 
D) 25

Question 24

Which of the following is a fact about wetlands? 

A) They store greenhouse gas emissions. 
B) They are centres for biodiversity. 
C) They are highly productive ecosystems. 
D) They filter pollutants from water.

Question 25

What is one economic approach to reducing overfishing? 

A) improving the enforcement of fishing regulations 
B) eliminating fishing subsidies 
C) reducing the introduction of alien species 
D) reducing bycatch levels

Question 26

Wetlands in Canada are diminishing due to the expansion of agriculture and subdivisions.

Question 27

Which of the following is better than the current way to manage the aquaculture industry? 

A) restrict the locations of coastal fish farms 
B) depend more on herbivorous fish species 
C) allow more predatory fish to be raised 
D) make the cages even larger

Question 28

What is considered the greatest threat to the Great Lakes? 

A) the spread of alien species 
B) the increase in commercial fishing 
C) the dumping of raw human sewage 
D) the increase in thermal pollution from electric power plants

Question 29

Which animal was once considered the greatest threat to the Great Lakes? 

A) goldfish 
B) sea lamprey 
C) bluegills 
D) carp

Question 30

How did the sea lamprey reach the Great Lakes? 

A) in the ballast water of tankers 
B) through the Welland Canal 
C) attached to zebra mussels 
D) accidental release by human activities

Question 31

What is one feature of provincially significant wetlands? 

A) They have a lower biodiversity rating than other wetlands. 
B) They are not protected from development. 
C) They are only found close to development. 
D) They may offer tax advantages to the land owner.

Question 32

Almost one-third of the global annual fish catch,from all sources,is thrown overboard.

Question 33

Where is the Sackville Waterfowl Park located? 

A) in New Brunswick 
B) in Nova Scotia 
C) in Ontario 
D) in Prince Edward Island

Question 34

Which approach to estimating marine fish populations is the most beneficial to fish populations? 

A) commercial sustained yield 
B) maximum sustained yield 
C) potential sustained yield 
D) optimum sustained yield

Question 35

What situation is being faced by Canada's wetlands? 

A) Over 20% of the wetlands in southern Ontario have been converted to farms. 
B) Less than 25% of the prairie pothole region is gone. 
C) Wetlands are diminishing in Canada. 
D) There are no staunch defenders of wetlands in Canada.

Question 36

What contributed to the decline of Canada's west coast salmon populations? 

A) the introduction of the sea lamprey 
B) overharvesting by efficient fishing vessels 
C) the bycatch of the tuna industry 
D) larger numbers of smolts every year

Question 37

What is one way to reduce the bycatch problem? 

A) use narrow-meshed nets 
B) ban the throwing of edible and marketable fish back into the sea 
C) control pollution more strictly 
D) use escape-proof devices for turtles and seabirds

Question 38

Proponents of whaling say that people in one country have no right to tell people in another country not to eat whales.

Question 39

The Eurasian ruffe is native to Canadian aquatic ecosystems.

Question 40

Which destructive organism was introduced into the Great Lakes and has now spread to most of the major river systems in the central and eastern U.S.? 

A) the sea lamprey 
B) the round goby 
C) the walking catfish 
D) the zebra mussel

Question 41

Over half of all fish species live in marine systems.

Question 42

Integrated coastal management tries to balance environmental quality with the need to meet economic and social demands.

Question 43

Algal blooms in east Africa's Lake Victoria led to the water becoming turbid which in turn created poor conditions for the mating of cichlids.

Question 44

One of the reasons for the collapse of the cod fishery in eastern Canada was that the Canadian government ignored early warnings that stocks might be in jeopardy.

Question 45

Currently,the fishery throws away about ____________________% of the annual global catch.

Question 46

Overfishing leads to commercial extinction.

Question 47

More than one-fourth of the world's coral reefs are severely damaged.

Question 48

The greatest threat to the biodiversity of the world's oceans is the loss and degradation of habitats.

Question 49

Maximum sustained yield has helped prevent the collapse of most commercially valuable stocks of fish.

Question 50

____________________ are used to prevent turtles from becoming caught by U.S.shrimp trawling boats.

Question 51

Before 1989,one bycatch of the U.S.shrimp trawling industry was loggerhead turtles.

Question 52

Turtle exclusion devices are used in the U.S.in the long lining of swordfish to prevent capture of cetaceans.

Question 53

East Africa's Lake Victoria declined in biodiversity due to the introduction of the Nile perch.

Question 54

One source of invasive species in aquatic environments is the _________________________ of ships.

Question 55

After a lengthy period of being closed,Canada's cod fishery is showing signs of recovery according to statements by the Canadian government.

Question 56

Non-native species are an increasing threat to marine and freshwater biodiversity.

Question 57

Seaweeds and other organisms are sources of some chemicals used in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals.

Question 58

Currently,no nations hunt whales.

Question 59

____________________ whales are filter feeders.

Question 60

More than half of the world's virgin mangrove forest swamps have disappeared.

Question 61

How can invasions by non-native species be stopped?

Question 62

____________________% of the wetlands of the prairie pothole region has been lost due to human activities.

Question 63

The ________________________________________ approach takes into account interactions with other species and has some room for error.Many countries ignore this approach for short-term political and economic reasons.

Question 64

The Organization called Ducks Unlimited is a staunch defender of ____________________.

Question 65

New Brunswick's Sackville Waterfowl Park is home to roughly ____________________ species of plants.

Question 66

_____________________________________________ is a community-based effort to develop and use coastal resources more sustainably.

Question 67

One way to help build Canada's salmon populations is to protect their ____________________ beds.

Question 68

Sackville Waterfowl Park is located in ____________________,New Brunswick.

Question 69

What are some ways to rebuild salmon populations?

Question 70

What are the ethical reasons for not allowing whaling activities to increase?

Question 71

One reason for the decline in Canada's salmon stocks is that salmon fishing has ____________________ dimensions.

Question 72

What ecological services do wetlands provide?

Question 73

Do international agreements work in protecting fish stocks?

Question 74

Asian carp have escaped from ____________________ aquaculture sites and at least two species are headed toward the Great Lakes.

Question 75

The ____________________ mussel invaded the Great Lakes because European ships emptied their ballast waters into the lake system.

Question 76

Some people suggest that _________________________ and escapees from Canadian salmon farming operations are negatively affecting stocks of wild salmon.

Question 77

Canada's salmon populations fluctuate from year to year in response to a variety of influences,including changes in ocean ____________________.