Deck 5: Calculus and Other Disease-Associated Factors

Question 1

Calculus becomes firmly attached to the tooth surfaces through which mechanism(s)?

A) Serum attachment
B) Pellicle attachment
C) Mechanical attachment
D) Mechanical and pellicle attachments
E) Mechanical, pellicle, and serum attachments

Answer 1

Mechanical and pellicle attachments

Question 2

The hygienic pontic (easy for the patient to keep clean)should have what characteristics?

A) Saddle-shaped design
B) Spherical and 3 mm away from the gingiva
C) Spherical and tightly adapted to the gingiva
D) Saddle-shaped design and 3 mm away from the gingiva
E) Saddle-shaped design and tightly adapted to the gingiva

Answer 2

Spherical and 3 mm away from the gingiva

Question 3

Subgingival calculus forms throughout the mouth.Regular calculus removal results in attachment loss.

A) Both statements are TRUE.
B) Both statements are FALSE.
C) The first statement is TRUE, and the second statement is FALSE.
D) The first statement is FALSE, and the second statement is TRUE.

Answer 3

The first statement is TRUE, and the second statement is FALSE.

Question 4

How long does it take for plaque biofilm to begin to mineralize?

A) Less than 24 hours
B) 24 to 72 hours
C) 36 to 48 hours
D) 72 to 96 hours
E) More than 96 hours

Question 5

The results of calculus removal include:

A) Improved tissue tone
B) Shorter recall intervals
C) No changes in tissue color
D) Little or no tissue shrinkage

Question 6

Significant tissue improvement occurs with calculus removal.Poorly contoured restorations do not affect tissue health.

A) Both statements are TRUE.
B) Both statements are FALSE.
C) The first statement is TRUE, and the second statement is FALSE.
D) The first statement is FALSE, and the second statement is TRUE.

Question 7

The mineral content of subgingival calculus is derived from:

A) Saliva
B) Food particles
C) Salivary ducts
D) Crevicular fluid

Question 8

Subgingival calculus is associated with which of the following?

A) Attachment loss
B) Attachment gain
C) First-molar loss syndrome
D) Nonaggressive forms of periodontal disease

Question 9

The risk of severe periodontal disease is increased by approximately what amount for those who smoke tobacco products?

A) 1.5 times
B) 2 times
C) 2.8 times
D) 3.5 times
E) 4 times

Question 10

Subgingival calculus is made up of crystals that can grow into cemental irregularities and bond to tooth structure.These qualities are important to understand because they explain why:

A) Supragingival calculus is harder to remove than subgingival calculus.
B) Supragingival calculus is often more tenacious than subgingival calculus.
C) Subgingival calculus is often more tenacious than supragingival calculus.
D) Subgingival calculus usually forms on the lower anterior and maxillary molar teeth.

Question 11

Orthodontic bands and brackets are associated with which of the following conditions?

A) Increased gingivitis and increased plaque biofilm
B) Decreased gingivitis and increased plaque biofilm
C) Increased gingivitis and decreased plaque biofilm
D) Decreased gingivitis and decreased plaque biofilm

Question 12

Hydroxyapatite is the predominant crystal type in mature supragingival calculus.Approximately 80% of supragingival calculus is made up of minerals.

A) Both statements are TRUE.
B) Both statements are FALSE.
C) The first statement is TRUE, and the second statement is FALSE.
D) The first statement is FALSE, and the second statement is TRUE.

Question 13

The patient must be actively involved in maintaining their gingival health.Daily plaque control helps a patient maintain gingival health.

A) Both statements are TRUE.
B) Both statements are FALSE.
C) The first statement is TRUE, and the second statement is FALSE.
D) The first statement is FALSE, and the second statement is TRUE.

Question 14

The toxic effects of tobacco are caused by:

A) Changes in gingival epithelium and mucosal cells
B) Decreases in the vascular reaction to inflammation
C) Reduced ability of polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocytes (PMNs) to phagocytize substances
D) All of the above

Question 15

Each of the following characteristics is related to increased rates of calculus formation except one.Which characteristic is the exception?

A) Elevated pH
B) Higher individual inhibitory factors
C) Concentration of salivary bacterial protein and lipid
D) Concentration of calcium in saliva and crevicular fluid

Question 16

Removable partial dentures are important to clean.They are associated with deeper pockets and caries susceptibility,especially on abutment teeth.

A) Both statements are TRUE.
B) Both statements are FALSE.
C) The first statement is TRUE, and the second statement is FALSE.
D) The first statement is FALSE, and the second statement is TRUE.

Question 17

The risk of periodontal disease is increased for moderate drinkers.The protective effects of alcohol consumption and the presence of social habits must be considered when discussing these risk indicators with patients.

A) Both statements are TRUE.
B) Both statements are FALSE.
C) The first statement is TRUE, and the second statement is FALSE.
D) The first statement is FALSE, and the second statement is TRUE.

Question 18

Adequate plaque biofilm control is more difficult to achieve with restored teeth.Poorly contoured restorations do not retain plaque.

A) Both statements are TRUE.
B) Both statements are FALSE.
C) The first statement is TRUE, and the second statement is FALSE.
D) The first statement is FALSE, and the second statement is TRUE.

Question 19

The loss of the first molar is associated with periodontal disease.This condition can affect the extent and severity of disease.

A) Both statements are TRUE.
B) Both statements are FALSE.
C) The first statement is TRUE, and the second statement is FALSE.
D) The first statement is FALSE, and the second statement is TRUE.

Question 20

Subgingival calculus is always covered with dental plaque biofilm.The presence of subgingival calculus and plaque biofilm causes greater progression of periodontal disease than plaque biofilm alone.

A) Both statements are TRUE.
B) Both statements are FALSE.
C) The first statement is TRUE, and the second statement is FALSE.
D) The first statement is FALSE, and the second statement is TRUE.

Question 21

Malocclusion can cause periodontal disease because it can make homecare more difficult for the patient,change the embrasure space,and make it more difficult for the hygienist to débride the teeth.

A) Both statements are TRUE.
B) Both statements are FALSE.
C) The first statement is TRUE, and the second statement is FALSE.
D) The first statement is FALSE, and the second statement is TRUE.

Question 22

Smokeless tobacco causes gingival and periodontal destruction.

Question 23

Calculus is always found in the presence of bacterial plaque biofilm.

Question 24

Which of the following are related to periodontal health?

A) Food impaction
B) Orthodontic bands and brackets
C) Ill-fitting or worn restorations
D) Patient brushing habits
E) All of the above

Question 25

Heavy calculus formers have higher levels of ________________ in their saliva,whereas light calculus formers have higher levels of _______________ secreted from their parotid.

A) Calcium phosphate; trace minerals such as magnesium, potassium, and zinc
B) Calcium carbonate; trace minerals such as magnesium, potassium, and zinc
C) Pyrophosphate; trace minerals such as magnesium, potassium, and zinc
D) Calcium phosphate; pyrophosphate
E) Pyrophosphate; calcium phosphate

Question 26

The composition of the bacterial plaque biofilm changes when a child is in orthodontic brackets and bands.

Question 27

Smoking and excessive alcohol use increase a person's risk for all of the following cancers except:

A) Esophageal
B) Thyroid
C) Throat
D) Oral

Question 28

Supracalculus and subcalculus deposits occur in the maxillary anteriors in approximately _________% of the population.

A) 5
B) 10
C) 15
D) 20
E) 25

Question 29

Smoking accounts for _________% of the periodontal disease among 19 to 30 year olds.

A) 15
B) 32
C) 56
D) 65
E) 74

Question 30

The glycoprotein layer from salivary and crevicular fluids that bonds to the tooth surface is known as _______________________.

Question 31

Which of the following have been found on the root surfaces of extracted teeth that were taken from patients who smoked?

A) Nicotine and tar
B) Cotinine and nicotine
C) Carbon monoxide and nicotine
D) Tar and cotinine
E) Carbon monoxide and tar

Question 32

The primary mechanism of subgingival calculus adherence to the tooth is the _____________.

Question 33

Supragingival calculus is most often located on the:

A) Lingual surfaces of the mandibular posterior teeth and the facial surfaces of the maxillary molars.
B) Lingual surfaces of the mandibular anterior teeth and the facial surfaces of the maxillary molars.
C) Facial surfaces of the mandibular molars and the facial surfaces of the maxillary molars.
D) Lingual surfaces of the mandibular anterior teeth and the lingual surfaces of the maxillary molars.
E) Lingual surfaces of the mandibular anterior teeth and the lingual surfaces of the mandibular molar teeth.

Question 34

Spotting a patient who is a mouth breather is fairly easy.Which of the following conditions will be observed in this patient?

A) The gingiva is dull.
B) Less plaque will have accumulated.
C) Inflammation is localized to the labial gingival tissue of the maxillary anterior teeth.
D) Gingival inflammation responds well to therapy.
E) Tissue is pink and fibrotic.

Question 35

Subgingival calculus is essentially found in all periodontal pockets.Bacterial plaque biofilm causes greater periodontal disease progression than subgingival calculus that is covered in bacterial plaque biofilm.

A) Both statements are TRUE.
B) Both statements are FALSE.
C) The first statement is TRUE, and the second statement is FALSE.
D) The first statement is FALSE, and the second statement is TRUE.

Question 36

All of the following are recommended regarding the margins of restorations except:

A) Gingival tissue should be healthy before placing restorations to enable assessment of the height of the gingival contour.
B) Temporary crowns should fit securely and should be polished to minimize roughness.
C) Embrasure space should be preserved when placing restorations.
D) Margins of restorations should be placed below the gingival margin.

Question 37

Radiographic images should be used in conjunction with the explorer to detect subcalculus.Radiographic images are an accurate measure of the extent of subcalculus on the tooth surface.

A) Both statements are TRUE.
B) Both statements are FALSE.
C) The first statement is TRUE, and the second statement is FALSE.
D) The first statement is FALSE, and the second statement is TRUE.

Question 38

All of the following may take place when a permanent first molar is lost except the:

A) Maxillary first molar extrudes into the empty space on the mandibular arch.
B) Mandibular anterior teeth spread apart as occlusal forces are applied.
C) Mandibular premolars drift distally.
D) Second and third molars drift and tilt mesially.

Question 39

Which is the most predominant mineral in supragingival calculus?

A) Magnesium
B) Sodium
C) Calcium phosphate
D) Potassium
E) Calcium carbonate

Question 40

Which of the following is the best method to detect overhanging amalgam restorations?

A) Evaluation of the tissue surrounding the overhang
B) Radiographic examination
C) Use of the explorer during the clinical examination
D) Combination of the above three evaluations

Question 41

Supragingival calculus and subgingival calculus differ in _____________,____________,and ____________.