Deck 5: Society, social Structure, and Interaction

Question 1

What do sociologists call material signs that inform others of a person's specific status?

A)status indicators
B)status markers
C)status symbols
D)status capital

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following is the best example of a stigma?

A)owning an expensive suit
B)wearing a psychiatric hospital uniform
C)carrying a sociology textbook
D)being right-handed

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Annie is born into a Chinese family.What kind of statuses are her gender and ethnicity?

A)achieved
B)socioeconomic
C)ascribed
D)occupational

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Jeff feels like both an insider and an outsider in his rural community.What term would Robert Park (1928)use to refer to Jeff's experience?

A)alienation
B)being stigmatized
C)social marginality
D)anomie

Question 5

Which kind of symbol are the bags of aluminum cans and glass bottles a homeless man carries down the street?

A)status
B)role
C)group
D)disadvantage

Question 6

What term did Everett Hughes use to refer to the most important status that a person occupies?

A)conferred
B)master
C)achieved
D)ascribed

Question 7

Students in primary school are expected to address their teachers as Mr.or Mrs.rather than by their first names.What are students consistently conforming to when they follow the rules and refer to their teacher as Mr.or Mrs.?

A)conferred status
B)role expectations
C)expected norms
D)good manners

Question 8

What is the process by which people act toward or respond to other people?

A)social structure
B)social interaction
C)psychological behaviour
D)group interaction

Question 9

What is the stable pattern of social relationships that exist within a particular group or society?

A)social interaction
B)structurally patterned behaviour
C)social structure
D)group interaction

Question 10

John is a computer programmer,a husband,a father,a resident of Ontario,and Italian.What do all these socially defined positions constitute?

A)role identity
B)status set
C)socioeconomic position
D)role diagram

Question 11

Bill is a CEO at Water Works Inc.and a father of twin boys.After his divorce he received full custody of his sons.What is his master status?

A)father
B)man
C)divorcee
D)CEO

Question 12

Susan has been diagnosed with life-threatening bone cancer,and she's been told her condition is terminal.What is Susan's illness likely to define?

A)her social position
B)her social status
C)her status set
D)her master status

Question 13

What would a sociological perspective attribute homelessness to?

A)personal problems of the homeless person
B)the growth of affordable housing
C)poverty
D)employment

Question 14

Ramandeep is a student,a daughter,a niece,a friend and an employee.How would we refer to this list?

A)social infrastructure
B)master statuses
C)status set
D)role set

Question 15

In the past,what were the most common master statuses for women related to?

A)to ethnicity
B)to age
C)to position in the family
D)to occupation

Question 16

Karen is a recently divorced single mother of three.After her landlord increased her rent she was forced to go to a homeless shelter.What is her master status?

A)mother
B)woman
C)single
D)homeless

Question 17

What kind of status does someone assume voluntarily through personal choice,merit,or direct effort?

A)valued
B)socioeconomic
C)ascribed
D)achieved

Question 18

What name did Erving Goffman give to "any physical or social attribute or sign that so devalues a person's social identity that it disqualifies that person from full acceptance?"

A)deviant quality
B)stigma
C)negative identity
D)derogatory label

Question 19

What do sociologists mean when they employ the term status?

A)having a higher economic position relative to other members of society
B)a socially defined position with a group that has certain expectations,duties,and rights
C)the expectations,duties,and rights that come with financial security
D)specific people who occupy socially defined positions in any given society

Question 20

What do most Canadians who have never experienced homelessness tend to take for granted?

A)happiness
B)love and acceptance
C)economic and social resources to meet their human needs
D)good health and medical care

Question 21

What occurs when people consciously foster the impression of a lack of commitment or attachment to a particular role and merely go through the motions of role performance?

A)role distancing
B)role conflict
C)role ambiguity
D)role strain

Question 22

What do sociologists call the way a person actually plays a role?

A)role expectation
B)expected behaviour
C)normative evaluation
D)role performance

Question 23

What kind of group would be formed if a community wanted to get involved in developing a park and playground on the site of a new school?

A)a primary social group
B)a social network
C)a secondary social group
D)a formal organization

Question 24

The text points out that people sometimes prioritize their roles or compartmentalize their lives.Why is such behaviour likely?

A)role ambiguity
B)role frustration
C)role inconsistency
D)role conflict

Question 25

As an employee at a local grocery store,Sohail sometimes stocks shelves with canned goods.What term would we use to refer to his stocking the shelves?

A)status
B)stigma
C)role strain
D)role

Question 26

Which of the following is an example of a secondary group?

A)families
B)best friends
C)corporations
D)colleagues from work

Question 27

Shawna has to study for her sociology exam in the morning,but her daughter is very sick all night,thus preventing her from getting any studying done.What kind of problem is this an example of?

A)role conflict
B)role strain
C)status conflict
D)role exit

Question 28

Mandeep is scheduled to write her final exam in sociology at 9:00am on December 15th.She is also scheduled to work an eight-hour shift from 9:00 am to 5:00 pm on the same day for her employer.What is Mandeep about to experience?

A)role conflict
B)role strain
C)status conflict
D)role exit

Question 29

What is the term for a set of organized beliefs and rules that establish how a society will attempt to meet its basic social needs?

A)a group
B)a social organization
C)a social institution
D)a working group

Question 30

When is role distancing most likely to occur?

A)when social identities are consistent with how a person wants to live his or her life
B)when people are in roles inconsistent with how they think of themselves or how they want others to view them
C)when role strain and role conflict are completely absent
D)when a person is unsure about his or her role expectations

Question 31

What is a series of social relationships that link an individual to others called?

A)cultural bond
B)cohesive structure
C)social network
D)clique

Question 32

Which term refers to behaviours such as starting a class on time,giving lectures,and answering questions that go along with the status of professor?

A)status expectation
B)role performance
C)role expectation
D)status performance

Question 33

Which of the following relates to a group's ability to maintain itself in the face of obstacles?

A)social networking
B)social solidarity
C)cultural bonding
D)cultural diffusion

Question 34

Which of the following best reflects the text's discussion of roles?

A)Role expectations do not always match role performance.
B)Role expectations vary little in terms of specificity.
C)Role expectations are typically based on strictly defined standards.
D)Role expectations are not defined in the context of roles performed by others.

Question 35

Robert retires after three decades as an administrator and educator.What process is Robert undergoing?

A)role rejection
B)role ambiguity
C)role exit
D)role conflict

Question 36

Women's work tends to involve less money,less prestige,fewer job openings,and more career roadblocks.What is one implication of many women holding jobs that are less satisfying and more stressful than men's jobs?

A)role strain
B)role conflict
C)status inconsistency
D)status frustration

Question 37

According to the text,for which group are social networks typically ineffective?

A)poor and homeless people
B)lower-middle class executives
C)middle-level management personnel
D)upper-level corporate vice presidents

Question 38

After his mother remarries and his stepfather and two children move in to Andrew's home,he becomes confused about his place in this new blended family.What would a sociologist suggest is happening to Andrew?

A)He is depressed.
B)He is experiencing role ambiguity.
C)He is frustrated.
D)He is experiencing role conflict.

Question 39

What typically occurs when incompatible demands are built into a single status that a person occupies?

A)status inconsistency
B)role strain
C)status frustration
D)role conflict

Question 40

Which term best describes the postsecondary institution you are currently attending?

A)a social group
B)a primary group
C)a formal organization
D)a social structure

Question 41

What is civil inattention an example of?

A)regulation of the content of social interaction
B)interaction order
C)how interactions are disordered
D)how forms and processes of social interaction go unregulated

Question 42

What did sociologist Carol Brooks Gardner determine in her study of women's reactions to street encounters?

A)Women generally engage in conversations with the initiator.
B)Women are generally unafraid during such encounters.
C)Women do not perceive street encounters as "routine" rituals.
D)Women view street encounters in the same way that men do.

Question 43

What is a false belief or prediction that produces behaviour that makes the originally false belief come true?

A)definition of the situation
B)interactionist dialogue
C)reality impression
D)self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 44

According to symbolic interactionists,what strongly influences what we "see" and how we respond to situations?

A)our social construction of reality
B)our objectification of social reality
C)our subjective assessment of reality
D)our situational assessment of reality

Question 45

What kind of group is the "street family" that homeless youth develop on the street?

A)a primary social group
B)a social network
C)a secondary social group
D)a friendship group

Question 46

Suppose you choose to study the homeless by analyzing how social institutions have operated to produce current conditions.What kind of approach would you take?

A)macrosociological
B)microsociological
C)interactionist
D)developmental

Question 47

Which of the following sociologists used the terms Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft to characterize the degree of social solidarity and social control found in societies?

A)Emile Durkheim
B)Ferdinand Tönnies
C)Max Weber
D)Talcott Parsons

Question 48

What does the term Gesellschaft refer to?

A)a society largely based on ascribed status
B)a traditional society in which social relationships are based on personal bonds of friendship and kinship and on intergenerational stability
C)a traditional society in which social relationships have come to be based on corporate procedures
D)a large,urban society in which social bonds are based on impersonal and specialized relationships,with little long-term commitment to the group or consensus on values

Question 49

What did Emile Durkheim call social interaction characterized by face-to-face,intimate,primary-group relationships in societies?

A)organic solidarity
B)cohesive solidarity
C)primitive solidarity
D)mechanical solidarity

Question 50

What does a functionalist believe is needed to replace and teach members of society,preserve order,and produce and distribute goods and services?

A)a democratic government
B)social institutions
C)primary groups
D)social solidarity

Question 51

According to the structural functional perspective,why are social institutions necessary?

A)They meet certain human biological needs.
B)They ensure specific groups conform to ideologist and behaviour patterns.
C)They provide symbolic meaning to individuals.
D)They perform essential tasks to meet society's needs.

Question 52

According to Goffman,what kind of behaviour is someone displaying when they show they are aware that others are present but do not make them the object of their attention?

A)civil inattention
B)selective attention
C)passive rudeness
D)reserved non-attention

Question 53

What does the term Gemeinschaft refer to?

A)a traditional society in which social relationships are based on personal bonds of friendship and kinship and on intergenerational stability
B)a large,urban society in which social bonds are based on impersonal and specialized relationships,with little long-term commitment to the group or consensus on values
C)a traditional society in which social relationships have come to be based on corporate procedures
D)a social order that is largely based on achieved status

Question 54

Emile Durkheim believed that people in preindustrial societies felt a more-or-less automatic sense of belonging.What did he name this condition?

A)organic solidarity
B)cohesive solidarity
C)primitive solidarity
D)mechanical solidarity

Question 55

What kind of social cohesion involves a minimal division of labour and results in people who feel united by shared values and common social bonds?

A)organic solidarity
B)mechanical solidarity
C)primitive solidarity
D)preindustrial solidarity

Question 56

If you follow Durkheim's reasoning for why industrial societies have organic solidarity,which of the following statements might you make?

A)Individuals rely on each other,similar to the way that the organs of the body function together.
B)The relationships between people have a specific birth,growth,and death cycle.
C)The social interaction is generally face-to-face and intimate.
D)People are bound together by shared values.

Question 57

Who described shared meanings in his observation about two pedestrians approaching each other on a public sidewalk?

A)Emile Durkheim
B)Ferdinand Tönnies
C)Erving Goffman
D)Georg Simmel

Question 58

In what perspective are both the ethnomethodological and dramaturgical approaches strongly rooted?

A)social conflict
B)symbolic interactionist
C)structural functionalist
D)postmodern

Question 59

What concept do sociologists use to define the various tasks of a society that are divided up and performed?

A)occupational structure
B)socioeconomic structure
C)division of labour
D)pecking order

Question 60

According to the text,what behaviour among the homeless has recently become an issue of public debate and government policy?

A)sleeping in the rough
B)theft
C)panhandling
D)vandalism

Question 61

Which term refers to the transfer of information between persons without the use of speech?

A)on-stage dramatization
B)nonverbal communication
C)emotional interaction
D)back stage implication

Question 62

Erving Goffman compared day-to-day interactions with being in a theatrical presentation.What did he name this approach?

A)ethnomethodology
B)dramaturgical analysis
C)impression management
D)presentational analysis

Question 63

Which of the following best reflects the potential negative effects of emotional labour?

A)emotionless labour
B)broken feeling rules
C)alienation and commercialization of feelings
D)absence of feeling rules

Question 64

What are people doing when they present the most favourable image of themselves to others?

A)impression management
B)presentational analysis
C)dramaturgical presentation
D)spin doctoring

Question 65

How are social class and emotional labour related?

A)Middle- and upper-class parents are more likely to teach their children the importance of emotional labour.
B)There is no relationship between social class and emotional labour.
C)Working-class parents,who are more likely to work with people,put the most emphasis on emotional labour.
D)All three social classes put a strong emphasis on emotional labour.

Question 66

How does ethnomethodology contribute to our knowledge of social interaction?

A)It cautions us against breaching experiments.
B)It demonstrates our definition of the situation.
C)It makes us aware of the subconscious realities in our daily lives.
D)It teaches us to follow conventional behaviour patterns,both consciously and unconsciously.

Question 67

Which of the following is the most serious personal space violation?

A)a child who enters an adult's personal space without invitation
B)an adult who enters the personal space of a child
C)an adult who enters the personal space of an adult
D)a child who is invited into an adult's personal space

Question 68

What term did sociologist Erving Goffman use to refer to the area where a player is not required to perform a specific role because it is out of view of a given audience?

A)front stage
B)back stage
C)centre stage
D)behind the scenes

Question 69

Suppose a friend of yours had a memory lapse during an important speech.What would you be doing if you continued to smile and clapped at the end of the performance?

A)studied nonobservance
B)the definition of the situation
C)front stage behaviour
D)back stage behaviour

Question 70

Suppose you witnessed a customer at a local grocery store accidentally knock down a large display of cereal boxes,and then heard the customer say,"Where did all that wind come from?" Following Goffman,what kind of strategy would you have observed the customer using?

A)studied nonobservance
B)front and back stage behaviour
C)studied observance
D)face-saving behaviour

Question 71

What name did Hall give to the immediate area surrounding us that we claim as private?

A)private zone
B)distance zone
C)personal space
D)public distance

Question 72

According to sociologist Arlie Hochschild,what shapes the appropriate emotions for a given role or specific situation,including how,where,when,and with whom an emotion should be expressed?

A)emotional labours
B)face-saving behaviours
C)feeling rules
D)socio-emotional norms

Question 73

Suppose an employee disagrees with a supervisor's order but goes along with it anyway.What is the term for the employee's behaviour?

A)demeanour
B)facial expression
C)deference
D)verbal communication

Question 74

Carrie decides to leave a dinner date early after she perceives that her companion is showing more interest in his upcoming basketball tournament than in getting to know her.Her date appears surprised when she cuts the evening short.What sociological concept would help explain what happened here?

A)definition of the situation
B)interaction order
C)civil inattention
D)self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 75

The text cites an investigation involving students' interactions and discussions following the return of exam grades.In this study,what characterized the students' presentations of self?

A)Managed impressions were consistent,regardless of the grade each of them earned on the exam.
B)Managed impressions had little to do with the grade that each student earned on the exam.
C)Managed impressions varied,depending on the grade earned by the other students with whom they interacted.
D)Managed impressions were related to how the professor returned the graded exams to the class.

Question 76

Jack believes that Mary is shy,so every time Mary smiles or tries to initiate a conversation with Jack,he ignores her.Eventually Mary wants nothing to do with Jack.This demonstrates the power of what kind of beliefs?

A)the objective nature of reality
B)a self-fulfilling prophecy
C)attention deprivation
D)organic solidarity

Question 77

What are students specifically attempting to make use of when they try to reduce their anxiety during exam time?

A)feeling rules
B)face saving
C)role strain
D)emotional labour

Question 78

When are gender and power differences in tactile communication evident?

A)from birth
B)in the first year of life
C)when children reach age 2-3 years
D)by the time children enter school

Question 79

What has research on gender differences in nonverbal communication revealed about how women show their interest and involvement with others?

A)Women typically maintain eye contact during conversation.
B)Women typically avoid eye contact during conversation.
C)Women typically stare at others in order to show their interest.
D)Women typically assert their own,dominant status through prolonged eye contact when not speaking.

Question 80

What is the study of the commonsense knowledge that people use to understand the situations in which they find themselves?

A)behavioural modification
B)dramaturgical analysis
C)ethnomethodology
D)impression management