Deck 7: Crime and Deviance

Question 1

Which of the following is an example of deviance?

A)serving alcohol at a dinner party with friends or co-workers
B)standing up and singing during a chemistry exam
C)travelling 10 km over the speed limit
D)telling your friends your hopes and dreams

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which perspective asserts that people are sometimes exposed to cultural goals that they are unable to obtain because they do not have access to culturally approved means of achieving them?

A)the conflict perspective
B)the symbolic interactionist perspective
C)the functionalist perspective
D)the social control perspective

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following is an example of criminal behaviour?

A)taking the belongings of another person without permission
B)robbery
C)having beliefs that go against the grain in your community
D)violations of norms

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which theory of Robert Merton's suggests that the macrolevel structures of a society can produce social pressures resulting in a higher rate of deviant behaviour?

A)strain
B)conflict
C)developmental
D)opportunity

Question 5

According to a sociologist,which phrase best describes deviance?

A)an objective fact
B)an natural construct
C)a social construction
D)arbitrary and random

Question 6

According to the text,what is it called when a 12-year-old girl steals a car?

A)deviance
B)truancy
C)youthful misconduct
D)juvenile delinquency

Question 7

Which of the following is a typical form of social control?

A)behaviour that echoes a belief in conformity and commitment to social order
B)rewards parents give to encourage good behaviour
C)a fine of $300
D)a jail sentence of two years less a day

Question 8

Your sociology class takes place at predictable times and on scheduled days each week.All who are enrolled in the class are expected to show up on these days at the appropriate time.Which of the following best describes such systematic practices developed by social groups to encourage student conformity?

A)mechanisms of retaliation
B)mechanisms of punishment
C)mechanisms of social control
D)mechanisms of deviance

Question 9

Cyberbullying,including the use of cell phones,text messaging,or social networking sites,demonstrates how new forms of deviance can bring about which of the following?

A)new legitimate opportunities
B)new illegitimate opportunities
C)old legitimate opportunities
D)technological opportunities

Question 10

The text uses the example of Conrad Black,who was convicted in 2007 of misappropriating millions of dollars from the newspaper he once headed,and sentenced to 6.5 years in prison.Despite his wealth,he took money from the Hollinger Company,which belonged to shareholders.What is this case used to illustrate?

A)strain theory and upper-class deviance
B)differential association and lower-class deviance
C)control of crime
D)conflict perspective

Question 11

What form does social control typically take?

A)internalized societal norms and values
B)positive sanctions used to punish rule-breakers
C)arrests or fines
D)jail sentences

Question 12

How would sociologists define crime?

A)an act that is accompanied by punishment
B)an act that violates criminal law and is punishable with fines,jail terms,and other sanctions
C)any belief that violates cultural norms
D)any behaviour that violates cultural norms

Question 13

According to sociologists,how is deviance relative?

A)Certain acts are always considered wrong,regardless of the society.
B)An act becomes deviant when it is socially defined as such.
C)Most deviant acts occur within families or among relatives.
D)Everyone in society is a deviant;it's just that some are more deviant than others.

Question 14

Elijah Anderson draws on opportunity theory to argue that a particular economy is an employment agency superimposed on the gang network for many young men who lack other opportunities.To which of the following is he referring?

A)weapons
B)prostitution
C)drugs
D)stolen goods

Question 15

What term do Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin use for the circumstances that provide access to wanted things through illegal behaviours?

A)illegitimate opportunity structures
B)deviant channels
C)illicit techniques
D)opportunity moments

Question 16

Teachers at Elmwood Elementary have a strict policy on bullying,which prohibits physical,psychological,or emotional abuse of teachers or students.Which of the following terms best applies to this process?

A)mechanisms of retaliation
B)mechanisms of social control
C)mechanisms of punishment
D)mechanisms of deviance

Question 17

Which of the following statements supports the assertion that deviance is relative?

A)Behavioural deviance is based on intentional or inadvertent actions.
B)People may be regarded as deviant if they express a radical or unusual belief system.
C)People may be regarded as deviant because of specific characteristics or conditions that they have had since birth or have acquired.
D)What one community defines as deviant differs from the next,and over time what one group views as deviance can change.

Question 18

Which phenomena did Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin describe with such terms as criminal,conflict,and retreatist?

A)delinquent subcultures
B)conflicted groups
C)subcultures
D)rebellious youth

Question 19

Who suggested that people must have access to illegitimate opportunity structures in order for deviance to occur?

A)Talcott Parsons and Robert Bales
B)Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin
C)Carl Taylor and Anne Campbell
D)Herbert Spencer and Auguste Comte

Question 20

How would sociologists define deviance?

A)any aberrant behaviour or belief
B)a serious violation of consistent moral codes
C)behaviours,beliefs,or conditions that violate cultural norms
D)acts that violate the law

Question 21

What theory would argue that Stefan has a greater likelihood of committing deviant acts if he associates with peers who look favourably upon crime and deviance?

A)illegitimate opportunity
B)labelling theory
C)strain
D)differential association

Question 22

Your parents are upset about the new group of peers with whom you are spending time because they feel that this new group of friends is encouraging you to behave in inappropriate and deviant ways.Which of the theorists below developed the theory that best fits this scenario?

A)Travis Hirschi
B)Edwin Sutherland
C)Richard Cloward
D)Robert Merton

Question 23

What theory would view Alex as deviant if his teachers define him as a troublemaker?

A)strain theory
B)social control theory
C)differential association theory
D)labelling theory

Question 24

Drinking alcohol is legal for those over a certain age,while mainlining heroin is not.Who of the following would explain this as people with economic and political power defining as criminal any behaviour that threatens their own interests?

A)symbolic interactionists
B)functionalists
C)conflict theorists
D)proponents of differential association

Question 25

What does the conflict perspective argue about criminal law?

A)It is applied equally to the different social classes.
B)It attempts to reverse the inequalities present in society.
C)It was created in order to label deviants as "criminals."
D)It protects the interests of the affluent and powerful.

Question 26

What theory,by Travis Hirschi,holds that the probability of deviant behaviour increases when a person's ties to society are weakened or broken?

A)social bond
B)strain
C)illegitimate opportunity
D)differential association

Question 27

Labelling theory is based on what perspective?

A)conflict perspective
B)symbolic interactionist perspective
C)feminist perspective
D)postmodernist perspective

Question 28

What did sociologist William Chambliss conclude in his study of the Saints and the Roughnecks?

A)Although both groups engaged in similar behaviours,only the Roughnecks-who came from lower-income families-were stigmatized by a deviant label.
B)Since both groups engaged in similar behaviours,their members were equally stigmatized by deviant labels,regardless of their class background.
C)The Roughnecks were stigmatized by a deviant label because they committed more criminal offences than the Saints.
D)The Saints were stigmatized by a deviant label because they committed more "trouble-making" acts than the Roughnecks.

Question 29

A young girl in middle school decides,for the first time,not to attend school today because she has a test.What would sociologist Edwin Lemert call this initial act of rule breaking?

A)primary deviance
B)secondary deviance
C)residual deviance
D)undetected deviance

Question 30

What theory would examine the relationship between a woman's role as mother and the crime of infanticide?

A)functionalist theory
B)feminist theory
C)social control theory
D)egalitarian theory

Question 31

Single mother Jeannette works at two minimum wage jobs.She routinely writes bad cheques and eventually gets arrested for fraud.Which theory would explain Jeannette's deviance in terms of poor wages and her inability to provide economically for her children?

A)functionalist theory
B)feminist theory
C)social control theory
D)conflict theory

Question 32

Suppose that Becky,who is under the legal age,orders and is served a drink in a bar.She is not discovered,so she is not labelled.What form of deviance has taken place,according to Edwin Lemert's labelling theory?

A)secondary deviance
B)primary deviance
C)residual deviance
D)undetected deviance

Question 33

Which of the following situations contributes to conformity,according to social bond theory?

A)Bill is a loner.
B)Ryan sells drugs.
C)Nicole has abandoned her parents' value system.
D)Parvana always plays by the rules.

Question 34

Tom and Jared grew up in the inner city and have been living on the streets since age 15.To survive,they panhandle,take on odds jobs,and squeegee windshields for change.What theory would locate their crimes at the level of economic inequality?

A)conflict theory
B)functionalism theory
C)symbolic interactionism theory
D)social control theory

Question 35

Sara,Maria,and Stephanie have skipped school since the end of February,and now that it is approaching end-of-year exams,their teachers,parents,and friends are concerned that the girls do not care.According to social bond theory,what might be the problem?

A)attachment
B)commitment
C)involvement
D)belief

Question 36

What perspectives might make the claim,as Jeffrey Reiman does,that "the rich get richer and the poor get prison"?

A)functionalist
B)conflict
C)social control
D)symbolic interactionist

Question 37

Which term would Howard Becker use to describe animal rights activists who protest Lucy the Elephant's residence at the Valley Zoo in Edmonton?

A)professional speakers
B)moral entrepreneurs
C)modern prophets
D)ethical brokers

Question 38

Ned,Carson,and Roy are teenagers who find the gang lifestyle appealing,but there are no gangs in their rural community.According to Cloward and Ohlin,what are these young men likely turn to?

A)theft and extortion
B)fighting over turf
C)drinking and drug use
D)relocating to another city

Question 39

Don does his first break-and-enter at age 16.During his teens,he continues to break into cars and homes until he is sent to jail shortly after his 19th birthday.According to Edwin Lemert's labelling theory,what is he demonstrating?

A)career deviance
B)primary deviance
C)secondary deviance
D)undetected deviance

Question 40

Why is labelling theory criticized?

A)for not explaining what causes the original acts that constitute primary deviance
B)for placing too much emphasis on why some people accept deviant labels and others do not
C)for not addressing the ways in which social control and personal identity are intertwined
D)for stressing questions of why at the expense of how

Question 41

What perspective would make the argument that prisons punish through technology?

A)conflict
B)feminist
C)functionalist
D)postmodern

Question 42

A politician awards government contracts to a company in which he has financial interests.What is this an example of?

A)white-collar crime
B)political crime
C)occupational crime
D)organized crime

Question 43

In terms of crime prevention,what theory is most likely to propose that a recreation centre offer art and sports programming to at-risk youth?

A)Sutherland's differential association theory
B)Lemert's labelling theory
C)Cloward and Ohlin's opportunity theory
D)Hirschi's social control theory

Question 44

In terms of crime prevention,what theory is most likely to suggest volunteering with Big Brothers or Big Sisters to help develop a social bond with a young person?

A)Merton's strain theory
B)Lemert's labelling theory
C)Cloward and Ohlin's opportunity theory
D)Hirschi's social control theory

Question 45

What is political crime?

A)illegal or unethical acts involving the misuse of power by government officials,or those perpetrated against the government by outsiders
B)illegal activities committed by people in the course of their employment or in dealing with their financial affairs
C)a business operation that supplies illegal goods and services for profit
D)an illegal action voluntarily engaged in by participants,such as prostitution,illegal gambling,the use of illegal drugs,and illegal pornography

Question 46

What is the main difference between occupational crime and corporate crime?

A)Occupational crime is much more prevalent than corporate crime.
B)Corporate crime is done to benefit the corporation,while occupational crime is designed to benefit only the criminal.
C)Corporate crime is not that costly in terms of lives lost and injuries incurred.
D)There is no difference;they mean exactly the same thing.

Question 47

The law divides crime into which of the following groups?

A)street,occupational,organized,and political crimes
B)summary convictions and indictable offences
C)misdemeanors and felonies
D)street crimes and suite crimes

Question 48

What type of crime is typically punished by a fine of up to $2,000 and/or six months in jail?

A)a felony
B)a summary conviction
C)an indictable offence
D)a tort

Question 49

Which theory assumes that deviance is learned in interactions with people who have favourable attitudes toward crime?

A)opportunity theory
B)social control theory
C)differential association theory
D)strain theory

Question 50

Which of the following does the text cite as a reason for many employers being reluctant to implement required safety measures?

A)The costs involved are extremely high.
B)The penalties for violating workplace health and safety laws are so light.
C)Unsafe and illegal working conditions are almost unheard of in our closely regulated country.
D)Government enforcement of rules is very lax.

Question 51

What kind of crime is a business operation committing when it supplies illegal goods and services for profit?

A)a corporate crime
B)a political crime
C)an organized crime
D)an occupational crime

Question 52

Brett is convicted of sexual assault with a weapon.How does the law classify his crime?

A)as a felony
B)as a summary conviction
C)as an indictable offence
D)as a tort

Question 53

What type of crime involves illegal acts committed by an organization's employees on behalf of the organization and with its support?

A)corporate
B)occupational
C)political
D)conventional

Question 54

What does Elizabeth Comack's research on gender and crime conclude?

A)Abuse,race,and class are factors contributing to the criminal behaviour of many of the women.
B)Most crimes committed by women are "crimes of passion" enacted on the spur of the moment.
C)Women do commit the same types and numbers of crimes as men;they just don't get caught as often.
D)Women's crime rates are increasing significantly as a result of the feminist movement.

Question 55

An interest in women and deviance in the 1970s led to what kind of theory of female crime?

A)feminist
B)postmodern
C)emancipation
D)conflict

Question 56

Why does organized crime thrive?

A)There is great demand for illegal goods and services.
B)There are few other illegitimate opportunities.
C)Gang-related killings are on the decline.
D)It remains extremely difficult to infiltrate the world of legitimate business.

Question 57

A big-box store advertises a toaster for the low price of $10 (with no intention of selling it).When customers arrive,they are told that the item is not what they need,and that the more expensive toaster,at $45,is much better.How would a sociologist classify this crime?

A)as a white-collar crime
B)as an occupational crime
C)as a corporate crime
D)as a property crime

Question 58

What kind of crime is a legitimate business involved in when it "fronts" for criminal activity such as racketeering?

A)a street crime
B)a political crime
C)a corporate crime
D)an organized crime

Question 59

All Jamie's friends wear name-brand clothing.Which theory would argue that Jamie's theft of clothes can be attributed to his inability to obtain the same style as his friends?

A)opportunity theory
B)social control theory
C)differential association theory
D)strain theory

Question 60

Your sociology professor uses the phrase "Knowledge is power" several times a week.She is,in all likelihood,which of the following?

A)a feminist
B)a conflict theorist
C)a functionalist
D)a postmodernist

Question 61

What characteristic of the offender is one of the most significant factors associated with crime and deviance?

A)age
B)attitude
C)level of education
D)socioeconomic status

Question 62

Which province/territory in Canada has the highest crime rate?

A)Ontario
B)Prince Edward Island
C)Quebec
D)Northwest Territories

Question 63

What is a major weakness in the information contained in Canadian Uniform Crime Reporting (CUCR)system?

A)Police statistics always overestimate the amount of crime,because of the high number of false alarms.
B)Victims often exaggerate or report crimes that never occurred.
C)Police statistics always underreport the actual amount of crime.
D)The vast majority of offences reported in the CUCR come from criminals,and police are reluctant to trust their information.

Question 64

Why does crime tend to decrease with age?

A)It is more likely for older people to be caught and charged with a crime..
B)Maturation reform occurs by age 15.
C)As we age,we begin to acquire commitments and obligations that limit our freedom to choose a lifestyle that includes crime and other forms of deviance.
D)Adolescence is a time when young people solidify their attachment to parents.

Question 65

In the largest Canadian victimization survey,what percentage of the victimizations reported by respondents had been reported to police?

A)approximately 10 percent
B)approximately 25 percent
C)approximately 40 percent
D)approximately 70 percent

Question 66

In 2006,Aboriginal people made up about 4 percent of the total population in Canada,but accounted for what percentage of admissions to provincial prisons and federal prisons,respectively?

A)4 percent provincially and 10 percent federally
B)8 percent provincially and 15 percent federally
C)20 percent provincially and 15 percent federally
D)24 percent provincially and 18 percent federally

Question 67

In general,who commits most property crimes?

A)people between the ages of 35 and 44
B)people between the ages of 25 and 34
C)people between the ages of 15 and 18
D)people between the ages of 12 and 14

Question 68

What ties together the diverse activities of the police?

A)The police have authority to intervene immediately,which is backed by non-negotiable force.
B)The police have the authority to intervene with approval,which is backed by negotiable force.
C)Nothing;their responsibilities are too varied to be joined by any dimensions of the police role.
D)Historically,the role of the police has been to keep the peace;today,this role supersedes all others.

Question 69

What is the most important source of information on crimes reported in Canada?

A)Law Enforcement Administration System
B)Canadian Criminological Society
C)Canadian Uniform Crime Reporting System
D)Statistics Canada Census Bureau Annual Report

Question 70

What is important to consider when examining the relationship between social class and crime?

A)Crime increases during times of high unemployment.
B)Poor countries have higher rates of crime than rich countries.
C)We do not have the data to adequately assess the relationship between class and crime.
D)Lower-class people are underrepresented in arrest and prison admission statistics.

Question 71

What percentage of those charged with crimes in Canada are men?

A)55 percent
B)60 percent
C)75 percent
D)80 percent

Question 72

How does the text explain the increase in violent crime during the late 1980s and early 1990s?

A)Violence against women is now reported more often than in the past,
B)There were many more assaults and murders during this time period than ever before.
C)A high proportion of crimes are committed by immigrants,and immigration has been increasing for the last 30 years.
D)There is an increase in the use of sophisticated technology that can track violent crime.

Question 73

What does the text claim about age and crime?

A)The relationship between age and criminality is negligible.
B)There is no relationship between age and criminality in most societies.
C)The relationship between age and criminality is unique to Canada.
D)The relationship between age and criminality exists in almost every society.

Question 74

What age group commonly commits violent crimes?

A)people between the ages of 12 and 14
B)people between the ages of 15 and 18
C)people between the ages of 25 and 34
D)people between the ages of 35 and 44

Question 75

Why are victimization surveys more accurate crime statistics than police records?

A)Police records provide information only from offenders,not victims.
B)Victimization surveys provide us with information about crimes that have not been officially reported.
C)People are more inclined to remember minor types of crime on victimization surveys.
D)Police records can be problematic because police tend not to get many reports from victims.

Question 76

Which province/territory in Canada has the lowest crime rate?

A)New Brunswick
B)Ontario
C)Saskatchewan
D)Alberta

Question 77

A police officer is witness to a disturbance.She assesses the situation and determines that there are no reasonable grounds to lay a charge.What has she exercised?

A)discretion
B)optional processing
C)reasonable suspicion
D)probable cause

Question 78

According to the text's discussion of the relationship between social class and crime,which of the following is accurate?

A)Degree of inequality is a better predictor of crime than amount of poverty.
B)Self-report findings indicate that class and crime are highly correlated.
C)Lower-class people are underrepresented in arrest and prison admission statistics.
D)There is no evidence that forms of deviance,such as suicide,alcoholism,mental illness,and drug addiction are more common among the underclass.

Question 79

What did the 1993 National Violence Against Women Survey find?

A)Men with university degrees assaulted their wives more often than men with a high-school education.
B)Men who were unemployed were much less likely to assault their wives than men who were employed.
C)Men who made less than $15,000 per year were much more likely to assault their wives than men with higher incomes.
D)Wife assault was actually most common in the very highest income levels.

Question 80

How does the text explain high rates of criminality among Aboriginal people?

A)Canada's Aboriginal people have far more power and resources than other Canadians and use it through crime.
B)Forced attendance at residential schools and forced adoption outside the community has worked to strengthen family ties.
C)Crippling rates of unemployment in many areas mean no job ties,and school curricula that are irrelevant to the lives of Aboriginal students mean few school ties.
D)Symbolic interactionism is more powerful an explanation than conflict and social control theories.