Deck 11: Gender

Question 1

Mothers are gradually gaining more recognition for their identity and contribution outside the home.What does this reflect?

A)a change in gendered institutions
B)a change in gender orientation
C)a change in gender identity
D)a change in gender belief system

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The family,the school,and the media all perpetuate gender inequality.As such,what do these represent?

A)gendered institutions
B)sexual structures
C)interrelated components of gender
D)societal determinants

Answer 2

A

Question 3

At birth,how are male and female infants distinguished?

A)gonads and fallopian tubes
B)primary sex characteristics
C)secondary sex characteristics
D)biological tendencies

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Who is disadvantaged by gender inequality?

A)girls
B)men
C)women
D)men and women

Question 5

Boys are discouraged from wearing feminine clothing,playing with dolls,or enjoying ballet.This demonstrates the effect of which of the following?

A)sexual identities
B)gender identities
C)biological influences
D)gender roles

Question 6

What name do sociologists give to the attitudes,behaviour,and activities that are socially defined as appropriate for each sex and are learned through the socialization process?

A)sexual identity
B)gender identity
C)gender role
D)social role

Question 7

Males are strong,dominant,independent,and invulnerable.What is this statement an example of?

A)sexual identity
B)gender identity
C)gender role
D)sex typing

Question 8

People continually distinguish between males and females and evaluate them differentially.This best demonstrates the social importance of which of the following?

A)sex
B)gender
C)sex typing
D)culture

Question 9

Which statement accurately reflects women's role with respect to work in and outside the home today?

A)Women's employment status dramatically reduces their participation in domestic work.
B)Men's participation in domestic work has enabled most women to spend more time working outside the home
C)Women and men equitably share domestic work,regardless of women's employment status.
D)Regardless of their employment status,women continue to do the majority of unpaid domestic work.

Question 10

In Canada,males are traditionally expected to demonstrate aggressiveness while females have been expected to be passive and nurturing.What is this an example of?

A)sexual identity
B)gender identity
C)gender roles
D)biological roles

Question 11

What term do sociologists use to refer to the biological and anatomical differences between females and males?

A)sex
B)gender
C)primary distinctions
D)secondary distinctions

Question 12

Nellie has a negative body image and is often complaining to her mother that she looks fat.Which of the following may her mother be concerned about?

A)sexual identity
B)gender identity
C)body consciousness
D)gender role

Question 13

Amber believes that she was born with the body of a male.What term would a sociologist use to describe Amber?

A)hermaphrodite
B)transsexual
C)transvestite
D)homosexual

Question 14

When do human beings acquire a gender identity?

A)at birth
B)between 18 months and 3 years of age
C)when they enter school
D)when they reach adolescence

Question 15

Which term refers to all of the ideas regarding masculine and feminine attributes that are held to be valid in a society?

A)sexual image
B)gender beliefs
C)biological correlate
D)body consciousness

Question 16

Which of the following individuals is in the process of developing a gender identity?

A)a six-month-old baby
B)a two-and-a-half-year-old child
C)a child in grade three
D)a teenager

Question 17

What is gender identity?

A)how others treat a person,as a male or a female
B)a person's perception of the self as female or male
C)sexual identification
D)a person's consciousness of his or her gender

Question 18

Young men and women are influenced by societal scripts that impose accepted parameters of being male or female.In other words,they live what kind of lives?

A)heterosexual lives
B)sexed lives
C)gendered lives
D)homosexual lives

Question 19

What sociological concept defines the culturally and socially constructed differences between females and males?

A)gender
B)sex
C)primary sexual identifier
D)sexual identity

Question 20

Doug works out every day.He wears only muscle T-shirts and routinely can be seen drinking protein shakes.To a sociologist,what does Doug's behaviour illustrate?

A)acting against the norms
B)obsession with fitness
C)doing gender
D)sexed lives

Question 21

What is the means by which a society gains the basic necessities of life,including food,shelter,and clothing?

A)the technoeconomic base
B)the division of labour
C)subsistence
D)pastoralism

Question 22

According to the text,what hierarchical system of social organization is sexism interwoven with?

A)patriarchy
B)bureaucracy
C)sexual stratification
D)institutionalized,gender-based discrimination

Question 23

Which statement best characterizes post-industrial societies?

A)Men and women are no longer segregated into different occupations.
B)The division of labour in paid employment is increasingly based on whether people provide or apply information or are employed in service jobs such as fast-food counter help.
C)Formal education is less crucial for economic and social success.
D)Many men face the double burden of familial responsibilities and paid employment.

Question 24

Which of the following is a consequence of the stereotype that women are emotional,nurturing,and concerned about their appearance?

A)More males begin to take on caregiving roles.
B)Young women are vulnerable to anorexia and other eating problems.
C)There is an increase in programs for new mothers.
D)More women are majoring in science and math.

Question 25

Which of the following is determined by these three important factors: the type of subsistence base,the supply of and demand for labour,and the extent women's child-rearing activities are compatible with certain types of work?

A)status of women
B)gender equality
C)socialization patterns
D)division of labour

Question 26

What is happening when one sex (usually female)is subordinated based on the assumed superiority of the other sex?

A)sexism
B)sexual stratification
C)gender discrimination
D)gender control

Question 27

In an attempt to challenge gender discrimination,a male teacher spends more time speaking with female students during class discussions.What problem does his behaviour illustrate?

A)sexual discrimination
B)sexual harassment
C)gender bias
D)sexism

Question 28

What does the case of Islamic feminism demonstrate?

A)Sexism is no longer deeply interwoven with patriarchy throughout the world.
B)Women's inequality is a complex issue to study across nations.
C)The focus of Islamic feminism is similar to Western feminism.
D)Culture plays a minor role in defining what's appropriate for men and women.

Question 29

According to research on peers and gender socialization,where is peer pressure at its strongest?

A)in relation to behavioural norms
B)in relation to appearance norms
C)in relation to attitudes
D)in relation equally to behaviour and attitudes

Question 30

Which of the following situations is a consequence of the stereotype that men are strong,dominant,and independent?

A)An eight-year-old boy feels comfortable crying in front of his friends.
B)A 13-year-old girl feels confident excelling on the track team.
C)A woman feels guilty for not pursing postsecondary education.
D)A man feels shame for losing his job.

Question 31

Where does gender-appropriate behaviour come from?

A)We acquire it at birth.
B)We tap into it once we reach 18 months to 3 years of age.
C)We learn it through the socialization process.
D)We develop into males and female regardless of cultural influences.

Question 32

In what way is the cultural expectation of women's role as homemaker most apparent in post-industrial societies?

A)in that many women are mothers and employees
B)in that women continue to bear the heavy burden of caring for children and meeting demands of workplace
C)in the introduction of the ideology of the male breadwinner
D)in the increase of technology available to ease the burden of domestic labour

Question 33

In what hierarchical system of social organization are cultural,political,and economic structures controlled by women?

A)systematic female discrimination
B)gender bureaucracy
C)matriarchy
D)institutionalized,gender-based discrimination

Question 34

In their investigation of college women,what did anthropologists Dorothy C.Holland and Margaret A.Eisenhart conclude?

A)The peer system propelled women into a world of romance in which their attractiveness to men counted most.
B)The college women's peers influenced everything from their initial choices of majors and careers to their final courses of action in making plans for the future.
C)Peer pressure did not involve appearance norms.
D)Peer pressure has diminished on college campuses in recent years.

Question 35

In which type of societies did gender inequality and male dominance become institutionalized?

A)in horticultural societies
B)in agrarian societies
C)in industrial societies
D)in post-industrial societies

Question 36

What impact did the gendered division of labour have on women?

A)It increased the economic and political status of women.
B)It decreased the economic and political status of men.
C)It increased the economic and political subordination of women.
D)It decreased the economic and political subordination of women.

Question 37

How do parents affect stereotypical gender-role development of children?

A)They pass on their own beliefs about gender.
B)They act toward children on the basis of a child's age.
C)They apply similar expectations and standards for male and female children.
D)They challenge societal gender expectations in their modelling.

Question 38

What belief may an Islamic female superhero dispel?

A)Sexism is universal.
B)Sexism is deeply rooted in Islam.
C)Sexism is increasing around the world.
D)Sexism is decreasing around the world.

Question 39

How do parents influence nonstereotypical gender-role development of children?

A)They pass on their own beliefs about gender.
B)They act toward children only on the basis of a child's age.
C)They apply different expectations and standards for male and female children.
D)They challenge societal gender expectations in their modelling.

Question 40

Eric treats his co-worker,Susan,like a child.At meetings he is demeaning and condescending to Susan,interrupting her when she speaks and shaking his head at her ideas.What specific problem is Susan experiencing?

A)sexual stratification
B)gender control
C)gender discrimination
D)sexism

Question 41

What does the text point out about gender-segregated occupations?

A)Thirty-nine percent of lawyers are women
B)Fifteen percent of senior managers are women.
C)Twenty-five percent of cashiers are women
D)Sixty percent of sewing machine operators are women.

Question 42

Which term refers to the belief that women and men are equal and that they should be valued equally and have equal rights?

A)sexual freedom
B)feminism
C)women's liberation
D)women's rights

Question 43

From a functionalist perspective,on which assumption is the division of labour into instrumental tasks and expressive tasks based?

A)Men and women are socialized differently.
B)A traditional division of labour is natural.
C)Men can provide expressive tasks.
D)Women are unable to be adequate nurturers.

Question 44

Which statement best reflects the current research on ethnicity and gender socialization?

A)Children from middle-class and upper-income families are more likely to be assigned gender-linked chores.
B)Ethnicity invariably influences gender socialization.
C)The influence of ethnic and class differentiation varies across groups.
D)Parents from all ethnic groups socialize their daughters into subordinate roles and their sons into dominant ones.

Question 45

According to the text,what do conflict and feminist perspectives have in common?

A)They emphasize factors external to individuals that contribute to the oppression of women.
B)They have been criticized for overemphasizing the commonalities shared by men and women.
C)They have been criticized for ignoring male dominance.
D)They view the gendered division of labour as natural and perhaps inevitable.

Question 46

Suppose you came across a number of job advertisements that indicate women,persons with disabilities,and members of minority groups are strongly encouraged to apply.What are these a reflection of?

A)the disappearance of inequality in the workplace
B)employment equity policies
C)pay equity practices
D)the male-female earnings ratio

Question 47

Which statement best summarizes the text's discussion of the mass media and gender socialization?

A)An equal number of men and women play leading characters during prime time television.
B)An intended message of advertising is that if women embrace femininity and heightened sexuality,their personal and social success is assured.
C)TV commercials do little to influence how we perceive ourselves and others.
D)Advertisers have demanded change in television programming to lessen gender stereotyping.

Question 48

How do women's earnings today compare to that of men's?

A)Women earn just over 50 cents for every dollar men earn.
B)Women earn just over 70 cents for every dollar men earn.
C)Women earn just over 80 cents for every dollar men earn.
D)Women earn just over 95 cents for every dollar men earn.

Question 49

What is one implication of occupational segregation?

A)a wage gap
B)sexual wage differentiation
C)sexual harassment
D)a cult of domesticity

Question 50

What term do sociologists use to describe the disparity between earnings for men and women?

A)work gap
B)labour gap
C)wage gap
D)wage disparity

Question 51

Which of the following statements reflects evidence on the gender wage gap,as outlined in the text?

A)The wage gap is smallest between single never-married women and married men
B)The wage gap is largest between married men and married women.
C)A young university education woman who works full-time earns 95 cents for every $1 her male counterpart receives.
D)Men's earnings and women's earnings have climbed,but very slowly,over the last several decades.

Question 52

What does pay equity imply?

A)the belief that wages ought to reflect the worth of a job,not the gender or race of the worker
B)the belief that different kinds of jobs cannot be compared and classified in terms of wages
C)the belief that men and women receive equal pay for work of equal value
D)the belief that comparable worth policies are ineffective

Question 53

What does the term second shift refer to?

A)men's unpaid work in the home,done in addition to a paid job outside the home
B)that many men,and some women,must work two paying jobs to make ends meet
C)children working a part-time job in additional to school work
D)women's unpaid work in the home,done in addition to a paid job outside the home

Question 54

What term refers to the division of jobs into categories with distinct working conditions?

A)labour market stratification
B)labour market equalization
C)labour market segmentation
D)labour market integration

Question 55

Based on a conflict analysis,in what kind of society would one expect that male sexual dominance would be at its peak?

A)industrialized
B)agrarian
C)hunting and gathering
D)horticultural

Question 56

Male peer groups pressure boys to do "masculine" things more than female peer groups pressure girls to do "feminine" things.What does this suggest?

A)Being female is more devalued.
B)Being male is more devalued.
C)Being male and being female are equally valued.
D)Peers are out of step with parents' socialization patterns.

Question 57

According to the human capital model,why do women as a category earn less money than men?

A)Women diminish their earning capacity when they leave the labour market to engage in child-bearing and child-care activities.
B)Men have control of and dominance over women and resources.
C)Capitalists reap higher profits by paying women lower wages.
D)Women often choose lower-paying occupations and careers relative to men.

Question 58

If you were a conflict theorist,which statement would you agree with?

A)Gender stratification results from public ownership of the means of production.
B)Some women gain control over property and the distribution of goods.
C)Marriage reinforces male dominance.
D)Men's ability to use physical power to control women increases in industrial societies.

Question 59

Which term refers to the concentration of women and men in different occupations,jobs,and places of work?

A)the gender ghetto
B)the sexist division
C)gender-segregated work
D)gender ratio labour

Question 60

For couples with children,how has men's participation in meeting child care responsibilities changed over the last decades?

A)It has remained the same.
B)It has decreased.
C)It has undergone noticeable change.
D)It has substantially increased.

Question 61

SCENARIO-BASED QUESTIONS
Scenario 1
Instructions: Read the following scenario and answer the questions that follow.
Jane is a married mother of two boys living in Winnipeg,Manitoba.Jane is pregnant with her third child.Jane opts to find out whether the baby is a boy or a girl through ultrasound.Routinely,friends,family and complete strangers ask Jane,"Is the baby a boy or a girl?" Jane often replies "a girl." Almost invariably,this is followed by comments about how nice it will be to have a girl or questions about whether Jane and her husband were "hoping for a girl this time." When the baby arrives,the labour and delivery nurse hands the new arrival to Jane and says,"It's a girl,and she is so sweet." When Jane and her husband get home a day later,they find several cards in the mail.The cards are all decorated in pink and purple with angels and princesses.One reads: "Congratulations on your little princess."
Refer to Scenario 1.What is the card that reads "Congratulations on your little princess" an example of?

A)gender bias
B)gender socialization
C)gender identity
D)gender roles

Question 62

Scenario 2
Miranda Mathews is a married mother and registered nurse.Until the birth of her son,Max,she worked full-time at a local hospital.Now that her son is approaching his first birthday,she is looking forward to returning to work part-time.Her husband's work as electrical engineer has not been interrupted.Miranda has experienced much frustration in her solo attempts to secure child care for Max.Finally,Miranda meets Karen,a mother of two who provides child care in her home a few blocks away.Miranda decides to take Max to Karen's place when she returns to work.Each workday Miranda gets Max up and ready and then off to Karen's.After work she picks him up,gets home,prepares dinner,eats with her husband,then begins her evening bedtime ritual,followed by laundry,and kitchen cleanup.Miranda thinks to herself,"will this ever get easier?"
Refer to Scenario 2.From a feminist perspective,what is Miranda referring to when she asks: "Will this ever get easier?"

A)her responsibilities as a mother
B)her dual responsibilities for paid and unpaid work
C)her relationships with her spouse
D)her work as a nurse

Question 63

What would a scholar who approaches gender stratification from a multicultural feminist perspective attempt to do?

A)analyze how alternative institutions,such a daycare centre at her workplace,would better meet Miranda's needs
B)analyze how Miranda's rights as a citizen are denied by lack of access to quality child-care options
C)analyze how Miranda's race,class,and gender influences her experience of family and work
D)analyze how Miranda is being exploited at home and at work

Question 64

SCENARIO-BASED QUESTIONS
Scenario 1
Instructions: Read the following scenario and answer the questions that follow.
Jane is a married mother of two boys living in Winnipeg,Manitoba.Jane is pregnant with her third child.Jane opts to find out whether the baby is a boy or a girl through ultrasound.Routinely,friends,family and complete strangers ask Jane,"Is the baby a boy or a girl?" Jane often replies "a girl." Almost invariably,this is followed by comments about how nice it will be to have a girl or questions about whether Jane and her husband were "hoping for a girl this time." When the baby arrives,the labour and delivery nurse hands the new arrival to Jane and says,"It's a girl,and she is so sweet." When Jane and her husband get home a day later,they find several cards in the mail.The cards are all decorated in pink and purple with angels and princesses.One reads: "Congratulations on your little princess."
Refer to Scenario 1.If Jane and her husband are like most parents,which of the following is most likely?

A)They are less prone to talk and sing to the baby than they were with her brothers.
B)They purchase toys that challenge the distinction between the baby and her brothers.
C)They strongly encourage her to be strong and independent like her brothers.
D)They perceive her to be more fragile than her brothers.

Question 65

Which feminist perspective argues that women's responsibilities for children are undervalued?

A)postmodern
B)socialist
C)liberal
D)radical

Question 66

Which feminist perspective argues that women's oppression results from their dual roles as paid and unpaid workers in a capitalist economy?

A)socialist
B)postmodern
C)liberal
D)radical

Question 67

Candace West and Don Zimmerman argue that people create and modify gender.What phrase do they use to explain this?

A)being gendered
B)doing gender
C)gendering
D)acting gendered

Question 68

Which feminist perspective views discourses as constructs of reality that are mechanisms of social control?

A)postmodern
B)socialist
C)liberal
D)radical

Question 69

SCENARIO-BASED QUESTIONS
Scenario 1
Instructions: Read the following scenario and answer the questions that follow.
Jane is a married mother of two boys living in Winnipeg,Manitoba.Jane is pregnant with her third child.Jane opts to find out whether the baby is a boy or a girl through ultrasound.Routinely,friends,family and complete strangers ask Jane,"Is the baby a boy or a girl?" Jane often replies "a girl." Almost invariably,this is followed by comments about how nice it will be to have a girl or questions about whether Jane and her husband were "hoping for a girl this time." When the baby arrives,the labour and delivery nurse hands the new arrival to Jane and says,"It's a girl,and she is so sweet." When Jane and her husband get home a day later,they find several cards in the mail.The cards are all decorated in pink and purple with angels and princesses.One reads: "Congratulations on your little princess."
Refer to Scenario 1.What information did the ultrasound determine about Jane's baby?

A)age
B)gender
C)sex
D)health

Question 70

Which feminist perspective criticizes mainstream feminism for ignoring some women's experiences?

A)liberal
B)socialist
C)multicultural
D)radical

Question 71

Which feminist perspective has been criticized for viewing the category woman as fluid,artificial,and malleable?

A)multicultural
B)socialist
C)liberal
D)postmodern

Question 72

SCENARIO-BASED QUESTIONS
Scenario 1
Instructions: Read the following scenario and answer the questions that follow.
Jane is a married mother of two boys living in Winnipeg,Manitoba.Jane is pregnant with her third child.Jane opts to find out whether the baby is a boy or a girl through ultrasound.Routinely,friends,family and complete strangers ask Jane,"Is the baby a boy or a girl?" Jane often replies "a girl." Almost invariably,this is followed by comments about how nice it will be to have a girl or questions about whether Jane and her husband were "hoping for a girl this time." When the baby arrives,the labour and delivery nurse hands the new arrival to Jane and says,"It's a girl,and she is so sweet." When Jane and her husband get home a day later,they find several cards in the mail.The cards are all decorated in pink and purple with angels and princesses.One reads: "Congratulations on your little princess."
Refer to Scenario 1.What assumption is illustrated by the comments individuals made about the baby being "a girl"?

A)A baby's sex is irrelevant in Canadian society.
B)A person's gender identity is less important than his or her biological sex.
C)A gender belief system organizes social life.
D)A baby has no body consciousness.

Question 73

SCENARIO-BASED QUESTIONS
Scenario 1
Instructions: Read the following scenario and answer the questions that follow.
Jane is a married mother of two boys living in Winnipeg,Manitoba.Jane is pregnant with her third child.Jane opts to find out whether the baby is a boy or a girl through ultrasound.Routinely,friends,family and complete strangers ask Jane,"Is the baby a boy or a girl?" Jane often replies "a girl." Almost invariably,this is followed by comments about how nice it will be to have a girl or questions about whether Jane and her husband were "hoping for a girl this time." When the baby arrives,the labour and delivery nurse hands the new arrival to Jane and says,"It's a girl,and she is so sweet." When Jane and her husband get home a day later,they find several cards in the mail.The cards are all decorated in pink and purple with angels and princesses.One reads: "Congratulations on your little princess."
Refer to Scenario 1.What did the nurse's first comment about the new baby reveal?

A)Her sex makes a difference.
B)Her gender matters.
C)Her gender identity is formed.
D)Her gender roles are unclear.

Question 74

Scenario 2
Miranda Mathews is a married mother and registered nurse.Until the birth of her son,Max,she worked full-time at a local hospital.Now that her son is approaching his first birthday,she is looking forward to returning to work part-time.Her husband's work as electrical engineer has not been interrupted.Miranda has experienced much frustration in her solo attempts to secure child care for Max.Finally,Miranda meets Karen,a mother of two who provides child care in her home a few blocks away.Miranda decides to take Max to Karen's place when she returns to work.Each workday Miranda gets Max up and ready and then off to Karen's.After work she picks him up,gets home,prepares dinner,eats with her husband,then begins her evening bedtime ritual,followed by laundry,and kitchen cleanup.Miranda thinks to herself,"will this ever get easier?"
Refer to Scenario 2.What term do sociologists use to refer to Miranda's at-home activities once she returns from work?

A)double day or second shift
B)overtime
C)stalled revolution
D)dual tasks

Question 75

Scenario 2
Miranda Mathews is a married mother and registered nurse.Until the birth of her son,Max,she worked full-time at a local hospital.Now that her son is approaching his first birthday,she is looking forward to returning to work part-time.Her husband's work as electrical engineer has not been interrupted.Miranda has experienced much frustration in her solo attempts to secure child care for Max.Finally,Miranda meets Karen,a mother of two who provides child care in her home a few blocks away.Miranda decides to take Max to Karen's place when she returns to work.Each workday Miranda gets Max up and ready and then off to Karen's.After work she picks him up,gets home,prepares dinner,eats with her husband,then begins her evening bedtime ritual,followed by laundry,and kitchen cleanup.Miranda thinks to herself,"will this ever get easier?"
Refer to Scenario 2.According to a functionalist perspective,what kind of tasks does Miranda's husband perform?

A)expressive tasks
B)instrumental tasks
C)gender-inappropriate tasks
D)traditionally feminine tasks

Question 76

Which of the following statements is characteristic of radical feminism?

A)Gender equality is equated with equality of opportunity.
B)Male domination is seen as the cause of all forms of human oppression,including racism and classism.
C)Women's oppression results from their dual roles as paid and unpaid workers.
D)Women of colour experience a different world than other people because of oppression based on race,ethnicity,gender,and class.

Question 77

Which of the following is a claim of liberal feminism?

A)Gender equality is equated with equality of opportunity.
B)Male domination causes all forms of human oppression,including racism and classism.
C)Women's oppression results from their dual roles as paid and unpaid workers.
D)Women of colour experience a different world than other people because of oppression based on race,ethnicity,gender,and class.

Question 78

A group of workers organizes to challenge the lack of child-care options in the workplace.What form of feminism does this represent?

A)lesbian
B)socialist
C)radical
D)liberal

Question 79

A community leader joins a protest outside a hospital for better maternal and prenatal care.What form of feminism does this represent?

A)patriarchal
B)socialist
C)radical
D)liberal

Question 80

Scenario 2
Miranda Mathews is a married mother and registered nurse.Until the birth of her son,Max,she worked full-time at a local hospital.Now that her son is approaching his first birthday,she is looking forward to returning to work part-time.Her husband's work as electrical engineer has not been interrupted.Miranda has experienced much frustration in her solo attempts to secure child care for Max.Finally,Miranda meets Karen,a mother of two who provides child care in her home a few blocks away.Miranda decides to take Max to Karen's place when she returns to work.Each workday Miranda gets Max up and ready and then off to Karen's.After work she picks him up,gets home,prepares dinner,eats with her husband,then begins her evening bedtime ritual,followed by laundry,and kitchen cleanup.Miranda thinks to herself,"will this ever get easier?"
Refer to Scenario 2.Miranda's employment is typical for women.Which of the following describes why?

A)labour market segregation
B)gender equality
C)gendered division of domestic labour
D)gender-segregated work