Deck 12: Corrections Issues and Practices

Question 1

Which of the following demands by hostage takers is nonnegotiable?

A) Allowing release or escape, weapons, an exchange of hostages
B) Pardon or parole
C) Both of the above are negotiable.
D) Neither of the above is negotiable.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

In Graham v.Florida,the U.S.Supreme Court decided that:

A) it is constitutional to give juveniles who commit capital offenses the death penalty.
B) it is constitutional to sentence juveniles who commit non-homicide crimes to LWOP.
C) it is unconstitutional to give juveniles who commit capital offenses the death penalty.
D) it is unconstitutional to sentence juveniles who commit non-homicide crimes to LWOP.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Three-strikes laws are:

A) sentence enhancements mandating longer prison terms for violent offenders with records of violent crimes.
B) used primarily against offenders who kidnap youths.
C) largely nonexistent as yet west of the Mississippi River.
D) responsible for earlier releases of inmates.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which of the following did Wolff and Shi find to be a prevalent characteristic of sexual assault?

A) Having mental health problems
B) Being a repeat offender
C) Being Caucasian
D) Being younger than 30

Question 5

Inmates who are ______________ have a higher risk of sexual victimization in prison.

A) serving a sentence for sex-related crimes
B) gang affiliated
C) old
D) physically large

Question 6

In their examination of prison victimizations,Wolff and Shi found that __ of inmates reported they had been physically assaulted,and _____reported having been sexually assaulted.

A) 58% / 76%
B) 32% / 3%
C) 12% / 56%
D) 87% / 25%

Question 7

Arguments against issuing condoms to prison inmates do not include which one of the following?

A) Public opinion concerning cost, due to studies showing inmates would not use them anyway.
B) Prison rapists might use condoms to avoid leaving DNA evidence after their assaults.
C) Condoms can be used to conceal drugs.
D) Prison rapists might use condoms to avoid leaving DNA evidence after their assaults, and condoms can be used to conceal drugs.

Question 8

When founded in the early 1980s,the goal of shock incarceration was to reduce:

A) recidivism
B) prison and jail populations.
C) operating costs.
D) All of the above

Question 9

Which of the following is not true concerning the Wolff and Shi study of prison assaults?

A) Physical assaults were most likely to occur between noon and midnight.
B) Sexual assaults were most likely to occur in the inmate's own cell.
C) Roughly half of the incidents involved the use of a weapon.
D) The victims typically knew the motive for their being attacked, and retaliated instantly.

Question 10

"Three-strikes" laws refer to:

A) murders.
B) rapists.
C) repeat offenders.
D) gangs.

Question 11

The goals of hostage negotiation are to:

A) open communication lines and reduce stress and tension.
B) build rapport, obtain intelligence, and stall for time.
C) allow hostage takers to express emotion, and establish a problem-solving atmosphere
D) All of the above

Question 12

Which of the following is a highly vulnerable area in prisons where sexual assaults occur?

A) Intake area
B) Shower rooms
C) The exercise yard
D) The isolated cell

Question 13

It is of utmost importance during the hostage incident debriefing to learn:

A) whether or not there were lax inmate search activities or contraband.
B) whether or not there were unlocked doors or gates.
C) whether or not more staff training and procedures must be put in place.
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Question 14

According to a recent annual survey,_____ allegations of sexual violence were brought by prison and jail inmates.

A) 2,500
B) 750
C) 12,000
D) 6,500

Question 15

One of the best-known corrections riots involved the horrific incidents at the ______________________ where 39 inmates and staff were killed.

A) HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attica_Correctional_Facility" \o "Attica Correctional Facility" Attica Correctional Facility, New York, 1971.
B) Thurston Jail, Pennsylvania, 1948.
C) Walla Walla, Washington, State Prison, 1979.
D) San Quentin Prison, California, 2002.

Question 16

Returning the facility back to normal operations at the conclusion of a disturbance is also a major priority,and includes all but which of the following?

A) Searching for contraband, securing inmates, assessing damages, counting inmates, providing medical care to hostages and inmates, and collecting evidence for future prosecutions
B) Providing continued support and counseling to staff in coping with their experiences, repairing damage to facilities, normalizing institutional operations
C) Undertaking a thorough investigation of the causes of the crisis
D) Relocating all disruptive inmates who were involved to other state prisons

Question 17

Studies of hostage negotiations indicate that they tend to follow a common cycle:

A) Both sides first establish the give-and-take rules of debate and negotiation.
B) Both parties will make exaggerated demands.
C) There is a period of withdrawal and a return to negotiations with more moderate demands.
D) Both parties will make exaggerated demands, and there is a period of withdrawal and a return to negotiations with more moderate demands.

Question 18

A critical element of emergency planning in corrections is a use-of-force policy,which should cover which of the following?

A) Which staff members are authorized to order the use of force
B) What weapons and less-lethal munitions are appropriate
C) Who will be authorized to "spin" the force used with the press following the incident
D) Which staff members are authorized to order the use of force, and what weapons and less-lethal munitions are appropriate

Question 19

Before correctional administrators can begin to plan for emergencies within their facilities,the following three broad elements are especially important:

A) swarm, gas, and overwhelm.
B) command, planning, and training.
C) unity of command-members of an organization are accountable to a single superior.
D) command, planning, and training, and unity of command-members of an organization are accountable to a single superior.

Question 20

Which of the following is a staffing level that can be developed for hostage taking incidents in corrections?

A) Traditional crisis response teams (CRTs)
B) Armed crisis response teams
C) Tactical teams
D) All of the above

Question 21

Several studies,including those by the RAND Corporation and the National Institute of Justice,have concluded that states with three-strikes laws:

A) are overall much more successful in dealing with crime and neighborhood disorder.
B) do not appear to have experienced faster declines in crime since those laws were implemented than have states without such laws.
C) have not experienced a greater increase in incarceration rates.
D) do not appear to have experienced faster declines in crime since those laws were implemented than have states without such laws, and have not experienced a greater increase in incarceration rates.

Question 22

Housing needs of inmates can involve the grouping of inmates into three broad categories:

A) heavy-victimizers; light-victims; and moderate-neither intimidated by the first group nor abusers of the second.
B) maximum, medium, or supermax.
C) suicidal-first-tier; non-suicidal-top tier; questionable-middle tier.
D) All of the above

Question 23

The two types of intensive supervision in probation and parole are those that stress:

A) diversion and enhancement.
B) diversion and education.
C) education and enhancement.
D) punishment and diversion.

Question 24

To be effective,an alternative to incarceration must:

A) be publicly accepted and palatable.
B) be administered at the federal level.
C) include some form of restitution.
D) interfere with inmates' lives and protect society.

Question 25

_______________________ allows the judge to recall an offender from prison and place that offender on probation.

A) Electronic monitoring
B) Shock parole
C) Shock probation
D) Just deserts

Question 26

Program classification of inmates involves:

A) which hobbies the inmates should be awarded, as a reward system.
B) determining where the newly arrived inmate should be placed in work, training, and treatment programs.
C) assigning inmates to a particular form of psychological and counseling group.
D) having inmates meet with free-world people 6 months before their parole date.

Question 27

Security needs of inmates are classified in terms of:

A) the number and types of architectural barriers that must be placed between the inmates the outside world.
B) how many correctional officers are needed per tier.
C) the number of inmates that can eat in the cafeteria at one time.
D) how many personal possessions inmates may keep in their cells.

Question 28

Which of the following is not a reason why more people are going to prison and staying there longer?

A) Truth-in-sentencing laws
B) Three-strikes legislation
C) Tougher war on drug policies
D) Plea bargaining

Question 29

According to the national Justice Policy Institute,the passage of three-strikes laws in California:

A) has had a disproportionate impact on racial and ethnic communities.
B) has had the impact on crime that its proponents thought it would have.
C) resulted in an overwhelming number of additional police officers being needed.
D) None of the above

Question 30

A study comparing a private prison with a federal BOP facility found all but which of the following?

A) Inmates in private prisons are more likely to be involved in overall misconduct.
B) BOP institutions have a higher rate of violence and sexual assaults.
C) Inmates in private prisons are more likely to be involved in drug-related misconduct.
D) The performance of the private prison in the study was generally less favorable than that of the BOP.

Question 31

Robert Levinson delineated four categories for classification of new inmates,which include all except?

A) Security and custody
B) Housing and programs
C) Dangerous and less-dangerous
D) Security and custody, and housing and programs

Question 32

Which of the following is not a legitimate alternative to imprisonment?

A) Intensive supervision
B) Narcotics/drug deterrence
C) Electronic surveillance
D) Court-administered restitution

Question 33

Criteria most often used for inmate classification include such things as:

A) escape history and prior commitments.
B) criminal history, prior institutional adjustment, and history of violence.
C) length of sentence.
D) All of the above

Question 34

The three-strikes law in California has:

A) had significant fiscal impacts on the state's budget, as well as on prison sentences.
B) resulted in an additional $8.1 billion in prison and jail expenditures.
C) resulted in many of the state's children being greatly affected by the law due to longer sentences.
D) All of the above

Question 35

Custody assignments of inmates determine:

A) how many family visits an inmate may receive.
B) the level of supervision and types of privileges an inmate will have.
C) whether or not the inmate must be accompanied while in the infirmary.
D) None of the above

Question 36

Corrections staff must make decisions about at least two issues regarding inmates:

A) Whether or not to enforce the three-strikes laws under which inmates are sentenced.
B) The inmate's spiritual and financial needs
C) The inmate's level of physical restraint or "security level," and the inmate's level of supervision or custody grade.
D) None of the above

Question 37

Jeffrey Ulner found that the sentence combination associated with the least likelihood of re-arrest was:

A) probation / work release.
B) incarceration / parole.
C) incarceration / work release.
D) house arrest / probation.

Question 38

A BOP study of staff issues in privatized prisons found all but which of the following?

A) BOP facilities had higher random drug hit rates than private prisons.
B) Private prisons used more custody staff.
C) Private prisons had higher escape rates from secure institutions.
D) Private prisons had much higher separation rates for correctional officers.

Question 39

Critics of three-strikes laws argue that:

A) defendants facing lengthy mandatory sentences would be more likely to avoid plea bargaining and demand trials, thereby slowing the processing of cases.
B) convicted offenders would serve long terms of incarceration and thus explode prison populations.
C) no one should be punished beyond a five-year maximum prison term.
D) defendants facing lengthy mandatory sentences would be more likely to avoid plea bargaining and demand trials, thereby slowing the processing of cases, and convicted offenders would serve long terms of incarceration and thus explode prison populations.

Question 40

The acronym ISP stands for:

A) Intensive Supervision Prisons.
B) Instituted Supervised Punishment.
C) Intensive Supervision Probation.
D) Institutionally Supervised Prisons.

Question 41

Which of the following is not a characteristic of the Day Reporting Centers in Waukesha County,Wisconsin?

A) Offenders on pretrial release, probation, or parole are required to appear regularly.
B) The centers provide an intermediate sanction for high-risk offenders.
C) Most referrals have drug and alcohol problems and are monitored closely through tests.
D) The centers offer classes in anger management, life skills, cognitive skills, etc.

Question 42

The second level of response is the traditional CRT,which is composed of staff from all job specialties who train in riot control formations and use of defensive equipment.

Question 43

Prison and jail administrators typically believe the issuance of condoms to inmates sends the wrong message,encouraging consensual or coercive sex.

Question 44

Tactical teams are the most highly trained and skilled corrections emergency response staff.

Question 45

A corrections hostage-taking event is when any person-staff,visitor,or inmate-is held against his or her will by an inmate seeking to escape,gain concessions,or achieve other goals.

Question 46

Which of the following is not a reason why inmate access to illicit drugs poses a major problem?

A) Safety concerns for staff and other inmates
B) Increased costs to hire many more counselors
C) Undermining administrative authority
D) Working against rehabilitative goals

Question 47

Which of the following is not true concerning electronic monitoring (EM)?

A) EM has met with no controversy thus far.
B) The use of EM is accelerating rapidly.
C) EM can cost between $5-$12 per day.
D) Survey respondents indicated that they preferred EM to incarceration.

Question 48

Over the past 10-15 years,juvenile offenders have received less attention from the U.S.Supreme Court,and have seen far less benevolent justice system as a result.

Question 49

In California,after a record number of prison suicides,a judge ordered the governor to spend more than $600 million to improve mental health services.

Question 50

Today,given more lax parole policies,few states are struggling with what to do about inmates who are very violent,out of control,and also mentally ill.

Question 51

It is extremely important for therapeutic community drug-abusing inmates to obtain aftercare upon release.

Question 52

Riot and hostage situations are the jail and prison administrator's least worry,because they can seldom if ever occur in such a facility.

Question 53

A BJS survey of federal and state prisons and local jails found that the number of allegations of sexual violence decreased by 21 percent following enactment of the PREA.

Question 54

Corrections administrators must assign training about hostage-taking a high priority so that people in each component clearly understand the functions of people in other components.

Question 55

U.S.jails-like prisons-have become increasingly dangerous because of overcrowded conditions,and their clientele are certainly capable of hostage-taking.

Question 56

Sexual violence decreased by 21 percent following the enactment of the Prison Rape Elimination Act of 2003.

Question 57

In a hostage incident in a corrections facility,traditional CRTs are the first,primary level of response.

Question 58

Jail/prison records are of little intelligence value to negotiators concerning the hostage taker.

Question 59

A critical incident debriefing and review will very likely be conducted in the aftermath of a hostage incident.

Question 60

Some authors indicate concern that instead of being ________ to prisons and probation,intermediate sanctions often become ________ to our existing correctional system.

A) similar / contradictory
B) supplements / alternatives
C) contradictory / similar
D) alternatives / supplements

Question 61

In 2012 the Court,combining two cases,ruled that the ___________ ___________also prohibits sentencing any juvenile offender who commits a murder to serve a term of LWOP sentence.

Question 62

To date,the Vermont Department of Corrections is the only state making ___________ available throughout its prison system.

Question 63

As part of the Prison Rape Elimination Act of 2003,the U.S.Department of Justice's Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS)was mandated to develop a new national ________ ________effort on the incidence and prevalence of sexual assault in correctional facilities.

Question 64

Respondents to an electronic monitoring (EM)survey complained about the restrictive nature of personal freedoms while being on EM.

Question 65

Wolff and Shi also found that inmate-on-inmate physical and sexual assault incidents most often involved attackers with a _________ _______and with whom the victim was acquainted.

Question 66

Historically,arguments for private prisons include the prominent "free-market" argument,which states that private prisons deliver significant cost savings and equal or higher levels of quality.

Question 67

Many people apparently feel that house arrest (HA)is not effective or punitive enough.Indeed,one study reported that nearly half (44%)of the public feels that HA is not very effective or not effective at all.

Question 68

Intensive probation and parole programs are used to ease the burden of prison overcrowding.

Question 69

Opponents of privatizing correctional facilities maintain that there are guarantees that standards will be upheld and that security will be maintained if employees go on strike.

Question 70

Intensive supervision,house arrest,and electronic monitoring are some of the most frequently implemented alternatives to incarceration.

Question 71

Mental illness treatment for inmates can be delayed as part of post-release tracking in the community.

Question 72

The two largest companies,the Corrections Corporation of America (CCA)and the
Geo Group,reported combined revenues of $2.9 billion in 2010.

Question 73

Factors that appear to increase sexual coercion rates include large population size (more than 1,000 inmates),________ _______,racial conflict,barracks-type housing,inadequate security,and a high percentage of inmates incarcerated for crimes against persons.

Question 74

In the past,most prison systems never used a highly subjective system of classifying inmates.

Question 75

The most recent development in classification is unit management,in which a large prison population is subdivided into several mini-institutions analogous to a city and its neighborhoods.

Question 76

The U.S.Supreme Court decided _____________________,which held that the Eighth Amendment's ban on cruel and unusual punishment prohibits juveniles who commit non-homicide crimes from being sentenced to life without parole (LWOP).

Question 77

Studies show that house arrest is ineffective when used in combination with other forms of sentencing options.

Question 78

Makarios and Maahs found a significant difference in the comparison of state prisons versus private ones.State prisons were much more likely to be under a court order for the conditions of confinement than private prisons.

Question 79

Despite the loss of freedom and embarrassment of serving time on EM,survey respondents indicated that they preferred EM to incarceration.

Question 80

The number of boot camps has declined in recent years due to their failure to reduce recidivism.